Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy

• Karpagam Academy of Higher Education

The severe neurodegenerative disease known as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is typified by a progressive loss of memory and cognitive function. The prevalence of AD is rising due to an aging global population, calling for novel treatment strategies. A potential treatment option for AD that shows promise is the use of functionalized nanoparticles (NPs)....

This review focuses on the epigenetic factors that play a vital role in the formation of plaques and lead to atherosclerosis and related diseases in humans during current times. Apart from the epigenetics there are plenty more factors that influence the atherosclerotic risk in the older population of the current era. Lack of physical activities has...

The pursuit of novel therapeutics is a complex and resource-intensive endeavour marked by significant challenges, including high costs and low success rates. In response, drug repositioning strategies leverage existing FDA-approved compounds to predict their efficacy across diverse diseases. Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) plays a pivotal role...

The lymphatic system’s multifaceted role within cardiac physiology encompasses fluid balance, lipid absorption, and immune surveillance. It explores recent imaging advancements revealing novel roles such as reverse cholesterol transport and tissue regeneration. Dysregulation may lead to conditions like tissue edema and cardiovascular abnormalities....

Background Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based antineoplastic agent, is widely used to treat colorectal cancer. It is well-known for its capacity to hinder the development and division of cells, especially fast-dividing ones, like cancer cells, via the creation of DNA adduct. The currently published oxaliplatin analytical methods require a complex, diffi...

During the space travel mission, astronauts’ physiological and psychological behavior will alter, and they will start consuming terrestrial drug products. However, factors such as microgravity, radiation exposure, temperature, humidity, strong vibrations, space debris, and other issues encountered, the drug product undergo instability This instabil...

Fisetin (FS) is a flavonoid that possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties against ulcerative colitis. FS shows poor dissolution rate and permeability. An attempt has been made to develop colon-targeted solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SNEDDS) of FS. Initially, liquid (L) SNEDDS were prepared by loading FS into isotr...

Biofilms are complex bacterial colonies embedded in an extracellular matrix. These pose a major obstacle to wound healing and are noticeable in chronic wounds. It protects the bacteria from the host’s immune system and conventional antibiotic treatments. The biofilm’s protective matrix prevents essential nutrients and oxygen from diffusing into the...

This study aims to develop, characterize, and evaluate the best statin‐loaded Collagen Silver nanoparticle‐coated polycaprolactone nanofibers by electrospinning technique. The characterization and evaluation results reveal that nanofibers had shown an aligned Collagen Silver nanoparticle‐coated polycaprolactone nanofibers distribution of fibers and...

One of the most common causes of dementia, which is also becoming the biggest burden socially, economically, and from a public health standpoint to any health care system of the planet, currently, is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is most commonly characterized by the formation of plaques and neuronal tangles and an increase in phosphorylated tau pro...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a significant global health challenge, characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This review comprehensively examines the epidemiology, etiology, hypotheses, risk factors, current treatment modalities, and future predictions in AD management. AD presents in two main forms: familial or ear...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide. The hallmark pathological features of AD are the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein in the brain. Nanomaterials’ unique physical and chemical properties have led to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for AD. In this cont...

The leading cause of mortality worldwide is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, ischemic injury, damaged arteries, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis are among the heart and blood vessel issues referred to as CVD. The most prevalent cause of CVD is atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease of the arterial blood...

Polymeric micelles (PMs) is an innovation approach toward advancement of nanodrug delivery systems. These PMs overcome the issues related to hydrophobic drugs such as solubility, bioavailability, and permeability in crossing biological barriers. PMs are prepared in margins of cost-effective and have special characters such as smaller in size, easy...

The “Warburg effect” provides a novel method for treating cancer cell metabolism. Overexpression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and downregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have been identified as biomarkers of abnormal cancer cell metabolism. Metformin (MET) is an effective therap...

DATS (diallyl trisulfide), an anti-oxidant and cytotoxic chemical derived from the plant garlic, has been found to have potential therapeutic activity against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Its hydrophobicity, short half-life, lack of target selectivity, and limited bioavailability at the tumor site limit its efficacy in treating TNBC. Overe...

Oseltamivir phosphate (OP), which with its potential activity competes with new generations on the market, was the most effective influenza molecule. Researchers have created different forms of modified-release dosage for OP in order to address the main physical and chemical limitations and how the drug is metabolized in the body, such as its low s...

Acyclovir (ACY) is an antiviral class of drugs used to treat herpes simplex virus infections such as herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). ACY is widely distributed; Systemic exposure of ACY leads to serious adverse effects. Because of its high pH, intravenous ACY may cause phlebitis and local inflammation if extravasation occurs. This study aims to e...

Chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and the recently emerged COVID-19, are a huge threat to human health, and among the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality every year. Despite availability of various conventional therapeutics, many patients remain poorly controlled and have a poor q...

Artificial intelligence is the leading branch of technology and innovation. The utility of artificial intelligence in the field of medicine is also remarkable. From drug discovery and development till the introduction of products in the market, artificial intelligence can play its role. As people age, they are more prone to be affected by eye disea...

Background Nanosponge, as a carrier for skin delivery system for drugs, plays a vital role. It not only serves to administer the drug to the targeted layer of skin but also increases the drug retention and deposition on the skin. Objective In this review, we aim to highlight the effects of several process and formulation variables prompting the ch...

Peptidylarginine deiminase-4 (PAD4) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arginine into citrulline of macromolecules in the body. It governs several processes including apoptosis, innate immunity (Netosis), and pluripotency. Dysregulated PAD4 plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)....

Nutraceuticals are essential for healthcare which is an alternative medicine that has gained popularity in recent years. Nutraceuticals consist of nutrients, herbals, and dietary supplements, which make them useful in preserving and promoting health, fighting illness, and improving overall quality of life. Its success or failure will be determined...

Background Vanillic acid is a phenolic compound, found in various dietary sources and medicinal plants. Apart from its extraction from these biological sources, it is also synthesized chemically. It is used as flavouring agent in various food products. It possesses anticancer, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxi...

Introduction Non-aqueous nano-emulsions (NANEs) are colloidal lipid-based dispersions with nano-sized droplets formed by mixing two immiscible phases, none of which happens to be an aqueous phase. Their ability to incorporate water and oxygen sensitive drugs without any susceptibility to degradation makes them the optimum dosage form for such candi...

The benefit of personalized medicine is that it allows the customization of drug therapy – maximizing efficacy while avoiding side effects. Genetic polymorphisms are one of the major contributors to interindividual variability. Currently, the only gold standard for applying personalized medicine is dose titration. Because of technological advanceme...

Individualizing drug therapy and attaining maximum benefits of a drug devoid of adverse reactions is the benefit of personalized medicine. One of the important factors contributing to inter-individual variability is genetic polymorphism. As of now, dose titration is the only followed golden standard for implementing personalized medicine. Convertin...

Colon cancer is characterised by the persistent change in bowel habits due to the formation of polyps (cancerous) in the inner lining of the colon. Clinically, there are several anticancer drugs available to treat colon cancer. Oxaliplatin (third generation platinum drug) is widely prescribed anticancer drug due to its broad range anticancer proper...

Polymeric nanoparticles were found to be an effective drug delivery system to improve the bioavailability of drugs by increasing their solubility and circulation half-life in comparison with pure cefixime. In the current investigation, cefixime was used as a model drug and orally administered polymeric nanoparticles were developed using chitosan an...

Advances in personalized medicine are currently impacting positive improvement in the field of metabolic diseases and patient care. The current innovations in integrating nanotechnology & nanobiotechnology tools in pharmaceutical formulation development have proven effectiveness of xenobiotics for diagnosis, treatment and cure of various metabolic...

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a devastating respiratory illness caused by SARS-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has already affected over 64 million people and caused 1.48 million deaths, just 12 months from the first diagnosis. COVID-19 patients develop serious complications, including severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndro...

This chapter comprises of the basic information about nano‐pharmaceuticals tools in personalized and customized drug delivery system dealing in association with genetic polymorphisms as an introduction, followed by the utility and risk parameters involving the conventional nano drug delivery strategies and their pitfalls. The chapter describes the...

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the major complications arising from hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients. In recent years polyphenols present in plants have gained attention to treat DN. The main advantages associated with them are their action via different molecular pathways to manage DN and their safety. However, they failed to...

Aim of the present study was to give a second life to the long-abandoned drug, sulfapyridine (SP) for its anti-arthritic potential by design of nano-vesicular delivery system. For this, intra-articular delivery of its liposomal formulation was tried. As the prepared formulation exhibited rapid drug leakage, an arthritis responsive prodrug of SP sho...

The objective of study was to develop modified apple polysaccharide (MAP) based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded with mesalamine (MES) for effective treatment of ulcerative colitis in acetic acid induced rat model. AgNPs were prepared by reducing silver nitrate using MAP solution. The size and zeta potential of AgNPs was 89 ± 3 nm and -16.3± 1.5...

Oral colon targeted mini-tablets containing 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) were developed by using guar gum, pectin and Eudragit S100. Probiotics were co-administered to constantly replenish the gut microflora of colon that gets damaged due to pathophysiology of cancer and side effect of 5-FU. Replacement of microbial count ensures that the polysachharide u...

COVID-19 are an unprecedented challenge for healthcare providers; there are no approved treatments for this disease, nor are there no approved vaccines. The sources of infection of novel coronavirus detected mainly from animals to humans or infected human to healthy human through respiratory droplets and long contact period are the most prominent w...

Development of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is reported with the aim to achieve enhanced dissolution rate. The optimized composition of liquid-SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS) formulation was Labrafil® M1944 CS, 47% v/v Tween 80, 27% v/v Transcutol P, and 0.1% v/v DHA. L-SNEDDS were solidified using Syloid XDP...

The study entailed formulation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) upon reduction of chloroauric acid by modified apple polysaccharide (MAP). AuNPs were conjugated with insulin (INS) for its oral delivery to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). The size of MAP conjugated AuNPs loaded with INS was 124 ± 8.55 nm with zeta potential -10.5 ± 0.54 mV. The ani...

An ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of artesunate (ART), dihydroartemisinin (DHA, an active metabolite of ART) and quercetin (QRT) in rat plasma. The separation was achieved using a Zorbax C18 column (3 μm, 50 mm × 4.6 mm) as a stationary phase with a mobile p...

Personalized medicine has been a booming area in clinical research for the past decade, in which the detailed information about the patient genotype and clinical conditions were collected and considered to optimize the therapy to prevent adverse reactions. However, the utility of commercially available personalized medicine has not yet been maximiz...

In recent years, gold nanoparticles have emerged as unique non-invasive drug carriers for targeting drugs to their site of action. Their site specificity has helped in increasing drugs' efficacy at lower dose as well as reduction in their side effects. Moreover, their excellent optical properties and small size offer their utilization as diagnostic...

The aim of present study was to introduce the role of quality by design to produce curcumin crystals with enhanced dissolution rate and bioavailability. The liquid antisolvent method was used to produce crystals. The crystal growth was controlled using the Box-Behnken design. The variables used in the crystallization process included the ratio of p...

Metformin, a well-acknowledged biguanide, safety profile and multiaction drug with low cost for management of type 2 diabetes, makes a first-class candidate for repurposing. The off-patent drug draws huge attention for repositioned for anticancer drug delivery recently. Still few unanswered questions are challenging, among them one leading question...

An attempt has been made to prepare solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of polypeptide-k (PPK) and curcumin (CRM) using Labrafil M1944 CS as oil, Tween-80 as surfactant, Transcutol P as cosurfactant and Aerosil-200 (A-200) as porous hydrophobic carrier for improving their antidiabetic potential through oral delivery. Box-Behnke...

Late onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among elderly. The exact cause of the disease is until now unknown and there is no complete cure for the disease. Growing evidence suggest that AD is a metabolic disorder associated with impairment in brain insulin signalling. These findings enriched the scope for the repurpos...

Malaria, one of the major infectious disease-causing sizeable morbidity, mortality and economic loss worldwide. The main drawback for the failure to eradicate malaria is the spread of multiple drug resistance to the majority of currently available chemotherapy. At present nanotechnology offers an advanced opportunity in the delivery of drugs and va...

Growing evidence suggest that Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia among the elderly is a metabolic disorder associated with impaired brain insulin signaling. Hence, the diabetic drug can be a therapeutic option for the management AD. The researches in this area are ongoing and Pioglitazone (PIO) is one of the most investigat...

The aim of present study was to co-administer curcumin (CRM) liquisolid pellets and coated duloxetine hydrochloride (DXH) pellets in rats to treat neuropathic pain (NP) associated with chronic constriction injury (CCI). To formulate liquisolid pellets of CRM, it was first dissolved in Tween-80 and then adsorbed on the porous surface of MCC PH102 an...

Uveitis is an inflammatory disease causes the damage of eye tissues and leads to the loss of vision once kept untreated. Early detection and identification of the disease are necessary for the prevention of the progressing inflammation and tissue damage. Existing treatment comprise of the administration of oral steroids, immunosuppressant, biologic...

Proteus syndrome (PS) is a hamartomatous disorder with multisystem involvement that results from mutation in the AKT1gene. Since the symptoms and severity of PS are unique to each patient, diagnosis and treatment become hard for the physician. This article is concentrated upon the identification and recognition of specific characteristics of the di...

Objective: A major challenge in targeting orally administered drugs to colon is their passage through the long gastrointestinal path comprising highly variant conditions in terms of pH, viscosity, gut motility and microbial flora. Approaches to pH controlled release and microbially triggered release have proved to be successful in achieving colon...

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a fatal neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection that affects children (below five years old) in sub-Saharan Africa and adults in South-East Asia each year having the fatality rate of 10-25%. The survivors of CM also have high risk of long term neurological or cognitive deficits. The objective of the pre...

Development of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of glimepiride is reported with the aim to achieve its oral delivery. Lauroglycol FCC, tween-80, and ethanol were used as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively as independent variables. The optimized composition of SNEDDS formulation (F1) was 10% v/v Lauroglycol FCC, 45% v...

Terbinafine HCl (TBH) is a broad spectrum antifungal agent used against dimorphic fungi, yeast, molds, dematiaceous fungi and dermatophytes. However, the poor solubility of this potential molecule renders it efficacy limited. So, the combinations of oral and topical doses are prescribed. Hence, the aim of the current study was to increase the solub...

Diabetic wounds are the main cause of mortality in patients with diabetes. Recent reports suggest that even though the pathophysiology of diabetic wound is multifactorial, persistent inflammation with infections and lack of tissue regeneration (tissue management) leads to impaired wound healing in diabetes and leaves these wounds in a chronic nonhe...

Breast cancer is one of the leading reasons for the morbidity and mortality of cancer related death globally. The modern therapies are basically the combination of the breast-preserving surgeries or ablation with or without node biopsy or destroying the carcinoma cells adjuvant with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal or biological therapies depen...

Pharmaceutical spraying technology is an amplified method of delivering aseptic medication. The improved version of spray bandage contains either liquid or solid particle in a container that can be delivered via fine spray nozzle once activated by actuator. In other words, a bandage film formed in situ on a skin surface by actuating a hydrophilic p...

Present study deciphers preparation of co-crystals of lipophilic glipizide by using four different acids, oxalic, malonic, stearic, and benzoic acids, in order to achieve enhanced solubility and dissolution along with stability. All co-crystals were prepared by dissolving drug and individual acids in the ratio of 1:0.5 in acetonitrile at 60–70°C fo...

We reside in an era of technological innovation and advancement despite which infectious diseases like malaria remain to be one of the greatest threats to the humans. Mortality rate caused by malaria disease is a huge concern in the 21(st) century. Multiple drug resistance and non-specific drug targeting of the most widely used drugs are the main r...

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in all working age groups which contribute to patient’s quality of life. Considering the anatomy and physiology of barriers in the eye, the treatment and management of pathologic ocular neovascularization in the posterior segment of the eye in diabetic retinopathy is a challenging task. The curre...

Natural and plant based polymers could be used for control release of drugs and also helps in targeting drug to the site of action. The main objective of present work was to check the feasibility of plant based viz. mango gum polymeric nanoparticles as a carrier for central nervous system (CNS) delivery using model drug donepezil (DZP). The nanopar...

Diabetic wounds are a common complication in patients with diabetes that often lead to amputation. Although the pathophysiology of diabetic wound is multifactorial, chronic inflammation and lack of tissue regeneration leads to impair wound healing in diabetes. Application of curcumin (CUR) which is a well-known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant age...

The current work was carried out by the principles of quality-by-design approach to develop an optimized solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) formulation of diallyl disulfide (DADS) through systematic statistical study. And its antitumor activity of DADS was also evaluated on breast cancer cell lines. To understand the effect of formulation variables (...

In the present study, we have investigated the enhanced synergistic and apoptotic activity of immunohybrid nanoparticles encapsulating oxaliplatin and covalently conjugated with TRAIL (Apo-2L/CD-253). Time-dependent cytotoxicity activity of nanoparticles was determined by MTT assay in HT-29 cells. Nuclear morphological changes and assessment of apo...

Aim: The present exploration was aimed to develop and to evaluate a novel polymer based controlled release cefixime nanoparticles prepared using Basella alba leaf mucilage and chitosan as drug carrier to achieve an effective therapeutic concentration and to overcome the limitations associated with conventional dosage forms. Methods: The polymeric c...

Objectives: The present investigation was attempted to develop a natural polymer based cefixime nanoparticles using Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) seed mucilage and chitosan as drug carrier to facilitate controlled drug release at the target site. Methods: The Cefixime nanoparticles were prepared by the modified coacervation method. The prep...

Conventional chemotherapy majorly lacks clinical application attributed to its inspecificity, adverse effects and inability to penetrate into tumor cells. Hence, the aim of the study was to prepare oxaliplatin solid lipid nanoparticles (OP-SLN) by microemulsion method optimizing it by Box–Behnken design and then covalently conjugated to TRAIL (CD-2...

Background: Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the major causes of mortality in diabetic patients. Very few drugs and therapies have regulatory approval for this indication and several agents from diverse pharmacological classes are currently in various phases of clinical trials for the management of diabetic foot ulcers. Scope: The purpose of this r...

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one among the anti-cancer agents in FOLFORINOX treatment along with oxaliplatin and irinotecan for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Despite its potential activity on the tumor cells, it lacks site specificity partly attributed by its biodistribution to healthy cells resulting in toxic effects to healthy cells. Therefore,...

Breast cancer is the second leading cancer-related disease as the most common non-cutaneous malignancy among women. Curative options for breast cancer are limited, therapeutically substantial and associated with toxicities. Emerging nanotechnologies exhibited the possibility to treat or target breast cancer. Among the nanoparticles, various lipid n...

NF-kB regulates the expression of several key genes that are overexpressed in asthmatic airways. Mesalamine is a potent NF-kB inhibitor and is proven to be effective against allergic asthma in an animal model. The established range for optimal aerodynamic particle diameter to achieve efficient deep lung deposition is between 0.5 and 5μm. Particles...

Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) proved to be a promising new target for colorectal cancer treatment. Elevated expression of TRAIL protein in tumor cells distinguishes it from healthy cells, thereby delivering the drug at the specific site. Here, we formulated oxaliplatin immunohybrid nanoparticles (OIHNPs) to deliver...

Significant clinical success of colon targeted dosage forms has been limited by their inappropriate release profile at the target site. Their failure to release the drug completely in the colon may be attributed to changes in the colonic milieu because of pathological state, drug effect and psychological stress accompanying the diseased state or, a...

A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a consequence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and involves complex pathological processes. Among diabetic patients DFU is a major cause of deaths resulting from the amputation of the lower limbs. Various treatment strategies have been developed for the treatment of DFUs, but to this date unfortunately no single treatment fu...

The application of Design of Experiments (DoE) in the pharmaceutical industry is becoming a mandatory tool in recent times. It uses a simple experimental design to screen and optimize a number of experimental parameters in formulation development. DoE provides maximum information about the design with fewer initial experiments or trials. In the las...

The objective of the present study was to design and develop topical nanoemulsion based Terbinafine HCl (TBH) gel to increase its permeability and efficacy using rat as an animal model. Nanoemulsions were prepared by two different techniques viz. high pressure homogenization and high speed homogenization, the prepared nanoemulsions were incorporate...

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) or diabetic wounds are the major causes of death in patients with diabetes. Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (a member of ginger family), widely used as a dietary spice and coloring agent. Curcumin possesses potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-infective properties which makes this molecule a...

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) or diabetic wounds are the major causes of death in patients with diabetes. Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (a member of ginger family), widely used as a dietary spice and coloring agent. Curcumin possesses potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-infective properties which makes this molecule a...

Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems are the alternative for the bioavailability enhancement of poorly soluble BCS classII drugs. Self Nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for BCS classII drug Fenofibrate was designed using Capryol90 and Cremophore:Ethanol mixture. The oil phase was selected based on intestinal lipid digestion model...