Gorm Bruun Andresen

• PhD
• Professor (Assistant) at Aarhus University

As energy systems transform to rely on renewable energy and electrification to mitigate climate change, they encounter stronger year-to-year variability in energy supply and demand. Yet, most infrastructure planning relies on a single weather year, risking a potential lack of robustness. In this paper, we optimize capacity layouts for a European en...

Energy communities are promoted in the European legislation as a strategy to enable citizen participation in the energy transition. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, due to their distributed nature, present an opportunity to create such communities. At Aarhus University (Denmark), we have established an energy community consisting of a 98-kW rooftop...

Future highly renewable energy systems might require substantial storage deployment. At the current stage, the technology portfolio of dominant storage options is limited to pumped-hydro storage and Li-ion batteries. It is uncertain which storage design will be able to compete with these options. Considering Europe as a case study, we derive the co...

Climate change mitigation is a global challenge that, however, needs to be resolved by national-level authorities, resembling a “tragedy of the commons”. This paradox is reflected at the European scale, as climate commitments are made by the EU collectively, but implementation is the responsibility of individual Member States. Here, we investigate...

The European energy system is increasing its renewable share, primarily that of wind and solar photovoltaic energy. Going forward, the system will need better interconnections and storage integration to balance the mismatch between electricity demand and renewable generation. Europe has already a large capacity of pumped-hydro storage installed. Mo...

Russia is the largest contributor of gas to Europe. It supplied 34% of the EU27 + GB gas consumption in 2019. Due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, these imports may be discontinued, challenging Europe’s energy supply. Here, we investigate the subsequent medium- to long-term implications of gas scarcity on the European green transition. Short-term i...

Thermo-mechanical energy storage can be a cost-effective solution to provide flexibility and balance highly renewable energy systems. Here, we present a concise review of emerging thermo-mechanical energy storage solutions focusing on their commercial development. Under a unified framework, we review technologies that have proven to work conceptual...

The transition of Europe's energy supply towards carbon neutrality should be efficient, fair, and fast. In principle, the efficiency of the transition is ensured by the European Emissions Trading System (ETS), creating a common emissions market. Fairness is aimed for with the Effort Sharing Regulation, calibrated for the economic capacity of member...

The transition of Europe's energy supply towards carbon neutrality should be efficient, fair, and fast. In principle, the efficiency of the transition is ensured by the European Emissions Trading System (ETS), creating a common emissions market. Fairness is aimed for with the Effort Sharing Regulation, calibrated for the economic capacity of member...

The ambitious CO2 emission targets of the Paris agreements are achievable only with renewable energy, CO2-free power generation, new policies, and planning. The main motivation of this paper is that future green fuels from power-to-X assets should be produced from power with the lowest possible emissions while still keeping the cost of electricity...

As the world is transitioning towards highly renewable energy systems, advanced tools are needed to analyze the complex energy networks. Energy system design is, however, challenged by real-world objective functions consisting of a blurry mix of technical and socioeconomic agendas, with limitations that cannot always be clearly stated. As a result,...

Over the last two centuries, the growth of fossil fuel combustion is the dominant cause of the increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Timely mitigation strategies are therefore important and can be achieved through energy system transformation, but time is limited. We investigate into sector coupling as a first step towards a carbon neu...

This paper presents data for the estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from public generation of electricity in the period from 1990 to 2018 in European countries. The base data used in the calculation of the proxy are the national emissions reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Euro...

We propose to rethink collaboration between the European countries to robustly materialise the electricity system of the near future. The European countries all agree that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions need to be decreased. The dividing question is who must contribute by how much. Three aspects of collaboration are investigated and set into relati...

The world is facing major challenges related to global warming and emissions of greenhouse gases is a major causing factor. In 2017, energy industries accounted for 46% of all CO2 emissions globally, which shows a large potential for reduction. This paper proposes a novel short-term CO2 emissions forecast to enable intelligent scheduling of flexibl...

For a given carbon budget over several decades, different transformation rates for the energy system yield starkly different results. Here we consider a budget of 33 GtCO2 for the cumulative carbon dioxide emissions from the European electricity, heating, and transport sectors between 2020 and 2050, which represents Europe’s contribution to the Par...

As the world is transitioning towards highly renewable energy systems, advanced tools are needed to analyze such complex networks. Energy system design is, however, challenged by real-world objective functions consisting of a blurry mix of technical and socioeconomic agendas, with limitations that cannot always be clearly stated. As a result, it is...

In the Paris agreement of 2015, it was decided to reduce the CO2 emissions of the energy sector to zero by 2050 and to restrict the global mean temperature increase to 1.5C above the pre-industrial level. Such commitments are possible only with practically CO2-free power generation based on variable renewable technologies. Historically, the main po...

In the Paris agreement of 2015, it was decided to reduce the CO2 emissions of the energy sector to zero by 2050 and to restrict the global mean temperature increase to 1.5 degree Celcius above the pre-industrial level. Such commitments are possible only with practically CO2-free power generation based on variable renewable technologies. Historicall...

This paper introduces an R package ForecastTB that can be used to compare the accuracy of different forecasting methods as related to the characteristics of a time series dataset. The ForecastTB is a plug-and-play structured module, and several forecasting methods can be included with simple instructions. The proposed test-bench is not limited to t...

Residential demands for space heating and hot water account for 31% of the total European energy demand. Space heating is highly dependent on ambient conditions and susceptible to climate change. We adopt a techno-economic standpoint and assess the impact of climate change on decentralised heating demand and the cost-optimal mix of heat pump and ga...

In the context of increasing public climate change awareness and plummeting costs for wind and solar photovoltaics, discussions on increasing CO$_2$ reduction targets for Europe have started. Here, we model alternative transition paths with strict carbon budget for the sector-coupled networked European energy system. We show that up-to-date costs f...

We are facing major challenges related to global warming and emissions of greenhouse gases is a major causing factor. It is therefore of paramount importance to reduce these emissions. The focus of this study is on reducing CO2 emissions from electricity consumption. We propose a new short-term CO2 emissions forecast to enable scheduling of flexibl...

To limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C, fossil-free energy systems will be required eventually. To understand how such systems can be designed, the current state-of-the-art is to apply techno-economical optimisation modelling with high spatial and temporal resolution. This approach relies on a number of climatic, technical and economic...

We use an open, hourly-resolved, networked model of the European energy system to investigate the storage requirements under decreasing CO2 emissions targets and several sector-coupling scenarios. For the power system, significant storage capacities only emerge for CO2 reductions higher than 80% of 1990 level in that sector. For 95% CO2 reductions,...

PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30 is an open-source, hourly-resolved, networked model of the European energy system which includes one node per country as well as electricity, heating, and transport sectors. The capacity and dispatch of generation and storage technologies in every country can be cost-optimised under different CO2 emissions constraints. This paper p...

PyPSA‐Eur‐Sec‐30 is an open‐source, hourly resolved, networked model of the European energy system that includes one node per country as well as electricity, heating, and transport sectors. The capacity and dispatch of generation and storage technologies in every country can be cost optimized under different CO2 emissions constraints. This paper pr...

Designing large-scale energy system through techno-economical optimisation model depends on specific input parameters, in particular, climatic, technical and economic assumptions. In this paper, European electricity, heating and cooling coupled system is modelled in one-node-per-country, hourly-resolved network under technical constraints. Variable...

Electricity accounts for 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing emissions related to electricity consumption requires accurate measurements readily available to consumers, regulators and investors. In this case study, we propose a new real-time consumption-based accounting approach based on flow tracing. This method traces power flows fro...

Residential demands for space heating and hot water account for 31% of the total European energy demand. Space heating is highly dependent on ambient conditions and susceptible to climate change. We adopt a techno-economic standpoint and assess the impact of climate change on decentralized heating demand and the cost-optimal mix of heating technolo...

The cover image is based on the Research Article Using validated reanalysis data to investigate the impact of the PV system configurations at high penetration levels in European countries by Marta Victoria and Gorm B. Andresen., https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3126.

Space heating in buildings is becoming a key element of sector-coupled energy system research. Data availability limits efforts to model the buildings sector, because heat consumption is not directly metered in most countries. Space heating is often related to weather through the proxy of heating degree-days using a specific heating threshold tempe...

Several approaches have been proposed to determine the optimal storage capacity and dispatch strategy in a power system with high renewable penetration. The deployment of alternatives such as sector coupling and reinforcing interconnections among neighbouring countries may reduce the storage capacity that results cost-effective. We use the model Py...

We expand the renewable technology model palette and present a validated high resolution hydro power time series model for energy systems analysis. Among the weather-based renewables, hydroelectricity shows unique storage-like flexibility, which is particularly important given the high variability of wind and solar power. Often limited by data avai...

Long‐term hourly time series representing the photovoltaic (PV) generation in European countries have been obtained and made available under open license. For every country, four different PV configurations, ie, rooftop, optimum tilt, tracking, and delta have been investigated. These are shown to have a strong influence on the hourly difference bet...

Falling prices and significant technology developments currently drive an increased weather-dependent electricity production from renewables. In light of the changing climate, it is relevant to investigate to what extent climate change directly impacts future highly weather-dependent electricity systems. Here, we use three IPCC CO2 concentration pa...

Space heating in buildings is becoming a key element of sector-coupled energy system research. Data availability limits efforts to model the buildings sector, because heat consumption is not directly metered in most countries. Space heating is often related to weather through the proxy of heating degree-days using a specific heating threshold tempe...

Ambitious targets for renewable energy and CO2 taxation both represent political instruments for decarbonisation of the energy system. We model a high number of coupled electricity and heating systems, where the primary sources of CO2 neutral energy are from variable renewable energy sources (VRES), i.e., wind and solar generators. The model includ...

Subcooled compressed air energy storage (SCAES) is a system cogenerating heat, cooling, and power at a high coefficient of performance. In this study, hybridization of a SCAES system with a large-scale solar-powered absorption chiller (SPAC) is proposed. The hybrid system sustainably provides cooling and power at high efficiency. The combined SPAC-...

We expand the renewable technology model palette and present a validated high resolution hydro power time series model for energy systems analysis. Among the popular renewables, hydroelectricity shows unique storage-like flexibility, which is particularly important given the high variability of wind and solar power. Often limited by data availabili...

Electricity accounts for 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing emissions related to electricity consumption requires accurate measurements readily available to consumers, regulators and investors. In this case study, we propose a new real-time consumption-based accounting approach based on flow tracing. This method traces power flows fro...

The global climate is currently undergoing vast changes due to the high concentrations of carbon dioxide within the atmosphere. This is already evident through the occurrence of more extreme weather events around the globe. Consequently, in this work the impact of climate change on highly weather dependent electricity systems is assessed by quantif...

Deep decarbonization of power sectors requires high penetration of renewable sources such as wind and solar PV. Hydro power and storage complement their high temporal volatility, and inter-connecting transmission infrastructure helps the power balancing by moving electricity in the space dimension. We study cost optimal Chinese power systems under...

This paper evaluates configurations of indirect solar assisted heat pump systems with building-integrated combined photovoltaic thermal solar collectors (BiPVT) in cold climates. Energy simulations of these systems show that the system coefficient of performance (COP) can reach up to 5.6 for some selected configurations. Other configurations can pr...

Ambitious targets for renewable energy and CO2 taxation both represent political instruments for decarbonisation of the energy system. We model a high number of coupled electricity and heating systems, where the primary sources of CO2 neutral energy are from variable renewable energy sources (VRES), i.e., wind and solar generators. The model includ...

Long-term hourly time series representing the PV generation in European countries have been obtained and made available under open license. For every country, four different PV configurations, i.e. rooftop, optimum tilt, tracking, and delta have been investigated. These are shown to have a strong influence in the hourly difference between electrici...

Multiple studies show that large installations of rooftop solar PV in residential low voltage grids, typically with many single family dwellings, may cause overvoltage issues during mid-day when local consumption is low and solar PV electricity generation high. Different so-called smart grid technologies, which often requires additional control, co...

The heat load in district heating systems is affected by the weather and by human behavior, and special consumption patterns are observed around holidays. This study employs a top-down approach to heat load forecasting using meteorological data and new untraditional data types such as school holidays. Three different machine learning models are ben...

This paper assesses possibilities of integration of centralised and decentralised storages in the district heating network (DHN) of Aarhus, Denmark and their operation strategy, with the objective to smooth the heat demand during peak hours (Peak-based strategy) or to reduce the operational costs of the DHN (Price-based strategy). The analysis is c...

Efforts to reduce climate change, but also falling prices and significant technology developments currently drive an increased weather-dependent electricity production from renewable electricity sources. In light of the changing climate, it is highly relevant to investigate the extent of weather changes that directly impacts the best system design...

Goals to reduce carbon emissions and changing electricity prices due to increasing penetrations of wind power generation affect the planning and operation of district heating production systems. Through extensive multivariate sensitivity analysis, this study estimates the robustness of future cost-optimal heat production systems under changing elec...

Goals to reduce carbon emissions and changing electricity prices due to increasing penetrations of wind power generation affect the planning and operation of district heating production systems. Through extensive multivariate sensitivity analysis, this study estimates the robustness of future cost-optimal heat production systems under changing elec...

Rapid economic growth in China has lead to an increasing energy demand in the country. In combination with China's emission control and clean air initiatives, it has resulted in large-scale expansion of the leading renewable energy technologies, wind and solar power. Their intermittent nature and uneven geographic distribution, however, raises the...

Rapid economic growth in China has lead to an increasing energy demand in the country. In combination with China's emission control and clean air initiatives, it has resulted in large-scale expansion of the leading renewable energy technologies, wind and solar power. Their intermittent nature and uneven geographic distribution, however, raises the...

A global electricity grid may offer a number of advantages in a future highly renewable energy system dominated by wind and solar power. In this paper, we provide quantitative estimates for the benefits and costs of an intercontinental HVDC grid connecting a number of highly populated super regions in the Northern Hemisphere. The modeling is based...

A new configuration of compressed air energy storage system is proposed and analyzed. • This system, so-called subcooled-CAES, offers cogeneration of electricity, heat and cooling. • A pseudo-dynamic energy, exergy and economic analysis of the system for an entire year is presented. • The annual power, cooling and heat efficiencies of the system ar...

This paper evaluates the potential of unglazed building-integrated combined photovoltaic thermal solar collectors (BiPVT) for electricity production and domestic hot water heating application for multi-family apartment buildings. It compares the energy output and the cost savings of building-integrated photovoltaic (BiPV), solar thermal and BiPVT s...

Supplying the heating demand of the absorption chillers connected to district heating systems is challenging during summertime when there is not enough demand to take advantage of the high temperature discharge water of the chillers. In this work, a new configuration of a bifunctional solar assisted absorption chiller is proposed by which the heati...

Seasonal load variations in district heating systems are so large that some production units become superfluous during summer operations. There is great economic potential in shutting down these units during summer. The economic benefit of summer shutdown is highly dependent on the timing of the shutdown decision. The optimal shutdown and start-up...

Employing a thermal energy storage (TES) as a medium for storing power in an energy storage system was recently proposed and analyzed in two different configurations. The first proposal is employing the TES as the boiler of a Rankin cycle based (RCB) energy storage plant. In this configuration, heat production along with power production may or may...

Solar assisted absorption chiller is one of efficient cooling production systems for large cooling capacities. The main drawback of this system is that in addition to the electricity consumption, it demands for a lot of heat in relatively high temperature range of 90–120 °C, though the solar system may provide a significant portion of this heating...

Ensemble weather predictions are introduced in the operation of district heating systems to create a heat load forecast with dynamic uncertainties. These provide a new and valuable tool for time-dependent risk assessment related to e.g. security of supply and the energy markets. As such, it is useful in both the production planning and the online o...

A novel energy storage system that produces both electricity and heat at high efficiencies and takes advantage of a high temperature hot rock cavern thermal energy storage was recently introduced and designed. This study aims at evaluating the performance of the system in terms of energy and exergy efficiencies under realistic operational condition...

A major portion of the electricity demand in Denmark is provided by wind farms. As wind power fluctuates sharply, there may be either surplus power or electricity deficit relative to the local demand. Thus, storing the surplus electricity and reclaiming it in demand times can increase the power plant incomes and reliability. On the other hand, as D...

This study explores various scenarios and flexibility mechanisms to integrate high penetrations of renewable energy into the US (United States) power grid. A linear programming model – POWER (Power system Optimization With diverse Energy Resources) – is constructed and used to (1) quantify flexibility cost-benefits of geographic aggregation, renewa...

The increasing transmission capacity needs in a future energy system raise the question how associated costs should be allocated to the users of a strengthened power grid. In contrast to straightforward oversimplified methods, a flow tracing based approach provides a fair and consistent nodal usage and thus cost assignment of transmission investmen...

This paper presents the MATLAB simulation framework, DiSC, for verifying voltage control approaches in power distribution systems. It consists of real consumption data, stochastic models of renewable resources, flexible assets, electrical grid, and models of the underlying communication channels. The simulation framework makes it possible to valida...

The transition to a future electricity system based primarily on wind and solar PV is examined for all regions in the contiguous US. We present optimized pathways for the build-up of wind and solar power for least backup energy needs as well as for least cost obtained with a simplified, lightweight model based on long-term high resolution weather-d...

We present a new global high-resolution renewable energy atlas (REatlas) that can be used to calculate customised hourly time series of wind and solar PV power generation. In this paper, the atlas is applied to produce 32-year-long hourly model wind power time series for Denmark for each historical and future year between 1980 and 2035. These are c...

The greenhouse gas targets of the German federal government can only be achieved if all energy sectors reduce their emissions. For the transportation sector, in particular, this will be a challenge. A possible solution is to use renewable hydrogen as fuel, e.g. in fuel cell vehicles, and IEK-3 has shown that this will allow the 2030 greenhouse gas...

We have recently developed a simple yet powerful method to identify key properties of electricity systems with a high share of renewables. Here, our weather-driven methodology is described and applied to model the Danish power system with combined wind and solar energy gross shares of up to 100% of the total demand. We show that in a wind only scen...

Wind and solar PV generation data for the entire contiguous US are calculated, on the basis of 32 years of weather data with temporal resolution of one hour and spatial resolution of 40x40km$^2$, assuming site-suitability-based as well as stochastic wind and solar PV capacity distributions throughout the country. These data are used to investigate...

The ALPHA collaboration, based at CERN, has recently succeeded in confining cold antihydrogen atoms in a magnetic minimum neutral atom trap and has performed the first study of a resonant transition of the anti-atoms. The ALPHA apparatus will be described herein, with emphasis on the structural aspects, diagnostic methods and techniques that have e...

Our research is centred around the question how to best integrate the variable renewable energy sources (VRES), wind power and solar photovoltaics, into the European electricity grid. The future electricity supply will be based to a large extend on these fluctuating resources. We have conducted a study, extrapolating national historical and targete...

The Silicon Vertex Detector (SVD) is the main diagnostic tool in the ALPHA-experiment. It provides precise spatial and timing information of antiproton (antihydrogen) annihilation events (vertices), and most importantly, the SVD is capable of directly identifying and analysing single annihilation events, thereby forming the basis of ALPHA's analysi...

Spatio-temporal generation patterns for wind and solar photovoltaic power in Europe are used to investigate the future rise in transmission needs with an increasing penetration of these variable renewable energy sources (VRES) on the pan-European electricity system. VRES growth predictions according to the official National Renewable Energy Action...

The residual load and excess power generation of 27 European countries with a 100% penetration of variable renewable energy sources are explored in order to quantify the benefit of power transmission between countries. Estimates are based on extensive weather data, which allows for modelling of hourly mismatches between the demand and renewable gen...

We describe the implementation of evaporative cooling of charged particles in the ALPHA apparatus. Forced evaporation has been applied to cold samples of antiprotons held in Malmberg-Penning traps. Temperatures on the order of 10 K were obtained, while retaining a significant fraction of the initial number of particles. We have developed a model fo...

Precision spectroscopic comparison of hydrogen and antihydrogen holds the promise of a sensitive test of the Charge-Parity-Time theorem and matter-antimatter equivalence. The clearest path towards realising this goal is to hold a sample of antihydrogen in an atomic trap for interrogation by electromagnetic radiation. Achieving this poses a huge exp...

Through a parametric time-series analysis of 8 years of hourly data, we quantify the storage size and balancing energy needs for highly and fully renewable European power systems for different levels and mixes of wind and solar energy. By applying a dispatch strategy that minimizes the balancing energy needs for a given storage size, the interplay...

The ALPHA project is an international collaboration, based at CERN, with the experimental goal of performing precision spectroscopic measurements on antihydrogen. As part of this endeavor, the ALPHA experiment includes a silicon tracking detector. This detector consists of a three-layer array of silicon modules surrounding the antihydrogen trapping...

The goal of the ALPHA experiment is the production, trapping and spectroscopy of antihydrogen. A direct comparison of the ground state hyperfine spectra in hydrogen and antihydrogen has the potential to be a high-precision test of CPT symmetry. We present a novel method for measuring the strength of a microwave field for hyperfine spectroscopy in a...

The ALPHA experiment, located at CERN, aims to compare the properties of antihydrogen atoms with those of hydrogen atoms. The neutral antihydrogen atoms are trapped using an octupole magnetic trap. The trap region is surrounded by a three layered silicon detector used to reconstruct the antiproton annihilation vertices. This paper describes a metho...