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Publications (191)
Calicium poculatum and Ramboldia canadensis are described as new species occurring on Larix laricina . Calicium poculatum , currently known from four Canadian provinces and the US state of Minnesota, is characterized by its short-stalked black ascomata, short ascospores and occurrence as a parasite on Lecanora caesiorubella subsp. saximontana . Bas...
Micarea (Ascomycota, Pilocarpaceae) is a large cosmopolitan genus of crustose lichens. We investigated molecular systematics and taxonomy of the poorly known Micarea melaeniza group focussing on M. melaeniza, M. nigella and M. osloensis. A total of 54 new sequences were generated and using Bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis of two markers (nu...
Intensive forestry has led to landscape level deficits of important substrates such as deadwood and its associated biodiversity. Several taxa face extinction debts due to continuous declines and lack of regeneration of important habitats. Deadwood-dependent lichens are of great conservation concern due to a general lack of deadwood and due to their...
Publications on the lichens of Alaska go back 182 years, but a modern, comprehensive review of literature on the diversity of Alaskan lichens has been lacking. The authors present a compendium of 2126 accepted taxa fully referenced with published reports from Alaska and their exact localities. Of these 2126 taxa, 1827 are lichen fungi, 277 are lich...
The COVID-19 pandemic that started in 2020 forced a rapid change in university teaching, with large numbers of courses switching to distance-learning with very little time for preparation. Courses involving many practical elements and field excursions required particular care if students were to fulfil planned learning outcomes. Here, we present ou...
Greatly simplified ecosystems are often neglected for biodiversity studies. However, these simplified systems dominate in many regions of the world, and a lack of understanding of what shapes species occurrence in these systems can have consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services at a massive scale. In Fennoscandia, ~90% of the boreal fore...
Based on the analysis of both historical and recent collections, this paper reports an annotated list of taxa which are new to the lichen biota of Italy or of its administrative regions. Specimens were identified using a dissecting and a compound microscope; routine chemical spot tests and standardized thin-layer chromatography (TLC or HPTLC). The...
The study of the reproductive biology of lichen fungal symbionts has been traditionally challenging due to their complex lifestyles. Against the common belief of haploidy, a recent genomic study found a triploid-like signal in Letharia. Here, we infer the genome organization and reproduction in Letharia by analyzing genomic data from a pure culture...
An examination of collections from Japan has increased the number of Brianaria and Micarea species known from that country from eight to 19, including one new species, M. rubioides Coppins (also from Malaysia and the Philippines). Eleven species are reported as new to Japan ( M. botryoides (Nyl.) Coppins, M. denigrata (Fr.) Hedl., M. erratica (Körb...
The study of the reproductive biology of lichen fungal symbionts has been traditionally challenging due to their complex and symbiotic lifestyles. Against the common belief of haploidy, a recent genomic study found a triploid-like signal in Letharia. Here, we used genomic data from a pure culture and from thalli, together with a PCR survey of the M...
Forestry in the boreal region increasingly replaces natural disturbances in shaping biodiversity. Large-scale removal of small diameter trees (thinning), is ubiquitous in northern European forestry, yet an understanding of how it relates to biodiversity across taxa is lacking. To address this, we examined how two forest structural elements, commonl...
The lichenicolous fungus Arthonia phaeophysciae Grube & Matzer (Arthoniaceae, Ascomycota), growing on Physciella melanchra and Phaeophyscia sp., is newly reported from Central Honshu in Japan. Additional localities are reported for Korea. This study demonstrates the phylogenetic position of the species in the Bryostigma-clade of Arthoniaceae and co...
Emulation of natural disturbances is often regarded as a key measure to make forestry biodiversity-oriented. Consequently, extraction of logging residues is assumed to have little negative effect in comparison to extraction of dead wood mainly formed at natural disturbances. This is consistent with the evolutionary species pool hypothesis, which su...
Deepened knowledge on response of biota and ecological processes following fire is essential for a future with warmer climate and more disturbances. In 2014 the first mega-fire (13,100 ha) for at least a century in Scandinavia hit south-central Sweden, in a production forest landscape shaped by clearcutting forestry. Ecological dynamics is followed...
Since the late 1800s, mycologists have been detecting fungi above and beyond the assumed single fungus in lichen thalli [1-6]. Over the last century, these fungi have been accorded roles ranging from commensalists to pathogens. Recently, Cyphobasidiales yeasts were shown to be ubiquitous in the cortex layer of many macrolichens [7], but for most sp...
Galbinothrix caesiopruinosa is described from Japan and Korea. The new genus and species is placed in Chrysotrichaceae by its ascoma morphology and by a phylogenetic analysis of mtSSU and nLSU sequence data using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference. The monotypic genus Galbinothrix is superficially similar to Chrysothrix caesia in having dark...
The family Parmeliaceae is among the most diverse lineages of lichenized fungi with ca 2800 currently accepted species. Within Parmeliaceae, the genus Cetrelia represents a taxonomically interesting case where morphologically almost uniform populations differ considerably from each other chemically, by the polyketides in medulla. Similar variation...
In the original publication of the article, in Table 2 under the column “Observed frequency fire scars”, the values of species Mycocalicium subtile were published incorrectly as “1” and “0”. However, the values should be “0” and “1”.
Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity).
Two proposals to am...
Phylogenetic analyses using mtSSU and nuITS sequences of Buellia violaceofusca (previously placed in Lecanoromycetes), a sterile, sorediate lichen having a trebouxioid photobiont, surprisingly prove that the species is conspecific with Lecanographa amylacea (Arthoniomycetes), a fertile, esorediate species with a trentepohlioid photobiont. These res...
Morphological, chemical and species delimitation analyses provide new taxonomic insights into two groups of Rinodina – ERRATUM - Volume 50 Issue 2 - Philipp RESL, Helmut MAYRHOFER, Stephen R. CLAYDEN, Toby SPRIBILLE, Göran THOR, Tor TØNSBERG, John W. SHEARD
Tree hollows often harbor animals and microorganisms, thereby storing nutritive resources derived from their biological activities. The outflows from tree hollows can create unique microenvironments, which may affect communities of epiphytic organisms on trunk surfaces below the hollows. In this study, we tested whether the species richness and com...
Rinodina is a widespread, polyphyletic genus of crustose Physciaceae with c . 300 species worldwide. A major missing link in understanding its global biogeography has been eastern Asia where the genus has never been systematically revised. Here we review specimen and literature records for Rinodina for north-eastern Asia (Russian Far East, Japan an...
The rare and poorly known Northern Hemisphere old-growth forest lichen Arthonia incarnata is reported for the first time for Asia from Japan and Korea. A detailed description and illustration is provided for the species based on the collections from Japan and South Korea. Bayesian and RAxML analyses of mtSSU, nLSU and RPB2 sequence data show A. inc...
Managed forest stands are typically younger and structurally less diverse than natural forests. Introduction of non-native tree species might increase the structural changes to managed forest stands, but detailed analyses of tree- and stand-structures of native and non-native managed forests are often lacking. Improved knowledge of non-native fores...
Stumps and slash resulting from forest clearcutting is used as a source of low-net-carbon energy, but there are concerns about the consequences of biofuel extraction on biodiversity. Logging residues constitute potentially important habitats, since a large part of forest biodiversity is dependent on dead wood. Here we used snapshot field data from...
We present taxonomic, distributional and ecological notes on Fennoscandian crustose lichens and lichenicolous fungi, based on new collections as well as revision of herbarium material. Two new combinations are proposed: Frutidella furfuracea comb. nov. for F. pullata and Puttea duplex comb. nov. for Fellhanera duplex. Lecidea byssoboliza, L. carneo...
Intensive forest management has led to a population decline in many species, including those dependent on dead wood. Many lichens are known to depend on dead wood, but their habitat requirements have been little studied. In this study we investigated the habitat requirements of wood dependent lichens on coarse dead wood (diameter >10 cm) of Scots p...
Tree hollows often harbor animals and microorganisms, thereby storing nutritive resources derived from their biological activities. The outflows from tree hollows can create unique microenvironments, which may affect communities of epiphytic organisms on trunk surfaces below the hollows. In this study, we tested whether the species richness and com...
Biatora australis and B. hafellneri from South America, B. pacifica from East Asia, B. radicicola from central and northern Europe and the Caucasus, and B. terrae-novae from Newfoundland are described as new to science. The phylogenetic position of four of these species is reconstructed using ITS and mrSSU sequence data. Revised identification keys...
The genus Rinodina (Physciaceae), with approximately 300 species, has been subject to few phylogenetic studies. Consequently taxonomic hypotheses in Rinodina are largely reliant on phenotypic data, while hypotheses incorporating DNA dependent methods remain to be tested. Here we investigate Rinodina degeliana/R. subparieta and the Rinodina mniaraea...
Lichens assemble in three parts
Lichen growth forms cannot be recapitulated in the laboratory by culturing the plant and fungal partners together. Spribille et al. have discovered that the classical binary view of lichens is too simple. Instead, North American beard-like lichens are constituted of not two but three symbiotic partners: an ascomyceto...
For efficient conservation, we need to consider both what kinds of habitat species require and the landscape-level supply of these habitats. We examined the relative importance of stand and dead wood types for wood-dependent lichens in two managed boreal forest landscapes in Sweden. We found 20 species and modelled their abundance based on stand ty...
With an increasing demand for forest-based products, there is a growing interest in introducing fast-growing non-native tree species in forest management. Such introductions often have unknown consequences for native forest biodiversity. In this study, we examine epiphytic lichen species richness and species composition on the trunks of non-native...
Lichen cover data.
(XLSX)
A schematic illustration of the tree plot used for lichen inventory.
(PDF)
Plotlevel occurrences of lichen species.
(XLSX)
Dataset used for GLMM.
(XLSX)
Relative variable importance (RVI) of stand-level explanatory variables.
(PDF)
Contribution (%) of different lichen growth forms (crustose, foliose, and fruticose) in the different stand types and for all tree species and stand ages pooled (All).
(PDF)
The species richness variation within and between stands.
(PDF)
Model statistics from the GLMMs.
(PDF)
List of the 57 lichen species recorded.
(PDF)
We studied the evolutionary history of the Parmeliaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi with complex and variable morphologies, also including several lichenicolous fungi. We assembled a six-locus data set including nuclear, mitochondrial and low-copy protein-coding genes from 293 operational taxon...
Sixty six species of lichenicolous fungi are reported from Japan and eight species from South Korea. The new genus Caeruleoconidia is introduced, and four species, Caeruleoconidia ochrolechiae, Diplolaeviopsis japonica, Perigrapha lobariae and Skyttea ochrolechiae, are described as new to science. The new combination Lichenosticta lecanorae is intr...
The genus Inoderma (Ach.) Gray is lectotypified with Inoderma byssaceum and resurrected for a small group of species in Arthoniaceae with elevated, white pruinose pycnidia, immersed to adnate white pruinose apothecia and a weakly gelatinized hymenium. Inoderma nipponicum is described from Japan, I. afromontanum from Uganda and the European Lecanact...
The ecology of many tropical rain forest organisms, not the least in Africa, remains poorly understood. Here, we present a detailed ecological study of epiphytic lichens in the equatorial montane rain forest of Bwindi National Park (331 km2), Uganda. We evaluated all major lichen growth forms, including selected groups of crustose lichens. In 14 tr...
Trapelioid fungi constitute a widespread group of mostly crust-forming lichen mycobionts that are key to understanding the early evolutionary splits in the Ostropomycetidae, the second-most species-rich subclass of lichenized Ascomycota. The uncertain phylogenetic resolution of the approximately 170 species referred to this group contributes to a p...
It is increasingly recognized that facilitative interactions can shape communities. One of the mechanisms through which facilitation may operate is when one species facilitates the colonization of another through the exchange of shared symbionts. Lichens are symbiotic associations composed of a mycobiont (lichenised-fungus) and one or two photobion...
Aims
Climate change can substantially alter ecological communities. However, we hypothesized that, even if novel communities emerge, those communities may not be novel in terms of functional composition. To infer the processes associated with rising temperatures, we evaluated elevational taxonomic/functional turnover of plant and invertebrate commu...
Lichenised fungi are traditionally assumed to form obligate symbioses with algae or cyanobacteria and to be confined to the surface of their growing substratum. However, in a recent 454 pyrosequencing study of fungal communities in Picea abies logs, lichen-forming fungi were detected at a depth of more than 6 cm in dead wood, implying the existence...
Intensified forestry increases the interest in replacing native tree species with fast growing non-native species. However, consequences for native biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are poorly understood. We compared cover and composition of major functional groups of ground vegetation between planted stands of non-native Pinus contorta Dougl....
QuestionsHow much dead wood in the form of dead branches attached to living trees, compared to other types of dead wood, is present in managed boreal forests? Which lichen species grow on this substrate? LocationTwo areas of managed coniferous forest in southern Sweden. Methods
We surveyed the numbers and surface areas of attached dead branches and...
The Arthoniales is the second-largest group of lichen-forming fungi. A new phylogeny of Arthoniales based on mtSSU, nLSU and RPB2 sequence data is presented, with a focus on crustose representatives. A total of 145 taxa are analyzed including 64 species of Arthoniaceae. We obtained
198 new sequences for 83 specimens representing 71 taxa of Arthonia...
Two new species of calicioid fungi are described, Phaeocalicium triseptatum Tibell and Sphinctrina intermedia Tibell. While P. triseptatum is only known from Hokkaido, Japan, S. intermedia is known from Hokkaido and Korea. Sphinctrina leucopoda as reported from Korea in the literature is misidentified S. intermedia. The genus Microcalicium is repor...
Arthonia physcidiicola Frisch & G. Thor, Chiodecton sorediatum G. Thor & Frisch, Herpothallon kigeziense Frisch & G. Thor and Reichlingia syncesioides Frisch & G. Thor are described as new to science. All species have been collected in the montane rainforests of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in south western Uganda. The earlier monotypic genus...
Herpothallon inopinatum Frisch & G. Thor sp. nova (Arthoniaceae) is described from Chiapas, Mexico. It is the second species of Herpothallon known with mature ascospores besides H. fertile. It differs from H. fertile in smaller asci immersed in the thallus instead of strongly protruding barrel-shaped thallus warts, smaller bean-shaped ascospores an...
The lichen flora in the Imperial Palace Grounds, Tokyo, was investigated in 2009–2013. A total of 98 species of lichens and related fungi were found during the investigation, which is almost doubled compared to a previous study in 1995–1996 when 57 species were discovered. Eight species found in 1995–1996 were not found again in 2009–2013. A Total...
Negative consequences of human activities for biodiversity may be mitigated by compensation measures. Although the interest in applying compensation measures is generally increasing, such measures have rarely been applied in forestry. Many boreal forests are managed by clear felling and used for timber and pulp production. There is an increasing in...
A two-locus phylogenetic hypothesis of the family Roccellaceae is presented based on data from the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nucLSU) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). This analysis includes 341 sequences (166 newly generated) and 180 specimens representing about 114 species. The genera Lecanactis, Roccellina, Schism...
The increasing demand for forest-derived bio-fuel may decrease the amount of dead wood and hence also the amount of available substrate for saproxylic ( = dead-wood dependent) organisms. Cut stumps constitute a large portion of dead wood in managed boreal forests. The lichen flora of such stumps has received little interest. Therefore, we investiga...
Frequency of of 77 lichen species on 576 stumps of Norway spruce in two study areas in Central Sweden (DOC).
(DOCX)
Output from multimodel inference in R, including AIC-rankings of candidate models and R2 values for full models (DOC).
(DOCX)
Lichenochora inconspicua is reported for the first time from Fennoscandia. It was found at an alpine locality in the nature reserve Skäckerfjällen in Jämtland, Sweden. The species was found growing on the new host Lecidoma demissum.
Surveys of lichens and lichenicolous fungi have been taking place in the U.S. state of Alaska for more than 160 years, but until now assessing the full extent of their diversity has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive and synonymized baseline inventory. In this paper we will begin to redress this by resolving outstanding nomenclatural issu...
Sheard, J. W., Lendemer, J. C., Spribille, T., Thor, G. & Tønsberg, T. 2012. Further contributions to the genus Rinodina (Physciaceae, Lecanoromycetidae): two species new to science and a new record for the Canadian High Arctic. — Herzogia 25: 125–143. Two species of Rinodina are described as new to science (R. buckii and R. bullata) and a third is...
At least 10% of the world's tree species are threatened with extinction and pathogens are increasingly implicated in tree threats. Coextinction and threats to affiliates as a consequence of the loss or decline of their host trees is a poorly understood phenomenon. Ash dieback is an emerging infectious disease causing severe dieback of common ash Fr...
NMDS plot (2D, stress: 0.08) of site-level species composition on Fraxinus excelsior of pre epidemic lichen communities (filled circles) and average composition values projected under the most likely ash dieback outbreak scenario (open circles). Stands not substantially different from pre-epidemic communities in the ANOSIM (Table 1) are displayed b...
The most optimistic and likely scenario projections of average coextinction probabilities (Ā) of the 174 epiphytic lichen study species on Fraxinus excelsior populations and mixed tree species populations, respectively, where n = number of stands where the species was recorded. Host specificity (s) is the fraction of lichen records occurring on F....
As a basis for promoting a lichen-oriented conservation strategy in alpine protected areas, this case study in the Stelvio National Park aims at comparing lichen communities of five habitats in terms of species richness and composition. Data are derived from an inventory in seven plots with five habitats each: (1) rural sites, (2) montane Picea abi...
A new isidiate, xanthone-producing species, Rinodina chrysidiata, is described and compared in detail with R. xanthophaea, a species with which it co-occurs in eastern Asia. The two species have an identical chemistry but are clearly separated by their differing lichenized diaspores, thallus morphology and ascospore type.
Surveys of lichens and lichenicolous fungi have been taking place in the U.S. state of Alaska for more than 160 years, but until now assessing the full extent of their diversity has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive and synonymized baseline inventory. In this paper we will begin to redress this by resolving outstanding nomenclatural issu...
The diminutive species Micarea capitata is described from north-western Sweden. It has been found at two localities in boreal forests where it grew on the bryophyte Hylocomium splendens. Micarea capitata is distinguished by small (0·10–0·35 mm diam.) black apothecia, (0–)1-septate ascospores and a mottled, darkly pigmented hypothecium.
Logging residues are increasingly being extracted for bioenergy purposes. This study estimates how extraction of fine woody debris (FWD) may affect the overall habitat availability for 577 species of wood- and bark-inhabiting basidiomycetes, beetles, and lichens in Sweden using Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as their primary substrate. We...
Two samples of snow petrel Pagodroma nivea mumiyo (solidified stomach oil) from Heimefrontfjella (74°34′36″S, 11°13′24″W) in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, were radiocarbon
dated at 37,400±1,500 and 3,120±70years old (dates are corrected for the ‘reservoir effect’). The age of the older sample
provides further evidence that snow petrel colonies ha...
The number of undescribed species of lichenized fungi has been estimated at roughly 10,000. Describing and cataloging these would take the existing number of taxonomists several decades; however, the support for taxonomy is in decline worldwide. In this paper we emphasize the dire need for taxonomic expertise in lichenology. We bring together 103 c...
The number of undescribed species of lichenized fungi has been estimated at roughly 10,000. Describing and cataloging these would take the existing number of taxonomists several decades; however, the support for taxonomy is in decline worldwide. In this paper we emphasize the dire need for taxonomic expertise in lichenology. We bring together 103 c...
