Göran Koch

• Odontologiska Institutionen i Jönköping

Objectives To study changes in oral health with focus on reported dental fear prevalence and interrelationships between dental fear and prevalence of dental caries and performed restorative dental treatment in preschool child populations attending regular public dental health care between 1983 and 2013. Methods Every 10 years, random samples of ab...

Purpose To study prevalence of dental fear and the relationship to gender, oral disease and dental treatment between 1973 and 2013 in school children and young adults attending public dental health care. Methods Every ten years from 1973 to 2013 random samples of about 100 individuals in each of the age groups 10, 15 and 20 years took part in a re...

Background/aim: Long-term splinting of teeth with intra-alveolar root fractures has been considered important for the deposition of hard tissue between the root fragments. The aim of this study was to compare the healing outcomes in teeth with intra-alveolar root fractures relative to splinting times in three dental centers in Scandinavia, using h...

In the middle of the 1970s, Scandinavian dentists in school dental service reported an increasing number of children whose teeth showed a very special “new” type of enamel defect, basically characterized as a hypomineralization. The enamel was discoloured, soft, easily abraded and sensitive to dental treatment, and the enamel disturbance showed a d...

Objectives To test the hypothesis that parental factors in early childhood influence approximal caries experience in young adults. Methods A cohort of 494 individuals was followed longitudinally from 1 to 20 years of age. Data were retrieved from parental interviews and questionnaires when the child was 1 and 3 years of age. At age 20, the partici...

Aim: To present and analyse changes in caries prevalence and caries distribution in child population sample groups in the city of Jönköping, Sweden, based on investigations performed in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1993, 2003, and 2013. Methods: At each investigation, the study population included about 500 randomly sampled individuals, divided into age gr...

Objectives: To report the prevalence of dental anxiety in Swedish 15-year-olds over a 30-year period (1973-2003) and how dental anxiety relates to oral health. Basic research design: The study used a repeated cross-sectional design. Participants: In 1973, 1983, 1993, and 2003, random samples of 96 to 107 15-year-olds were selected from the city of...

The aim was to report on oral rehabilitation of a boy with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) and anodontia of the mandible between ages 3 and 33 years where treatment involved dental implants and oral care management by a multidisciplinary team of specialists. This case history report describes the clinical management of a boy born...

The aim of this epidemiological study performed in 2013 was to analyze various clinical and radiographic data on oral health and compare the results to those of four cross-sectional studies carried out 1973-987; and 1,010 individuals, respectively, were studied. The individuals were evenly distributed in the age groups 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50,...

Although a large number of mesiodentes are left in situ, only a few are found in radiographs from epidemiological studies of adult populations. This leads to the development of a hypothesis that mesiodentes may be resorbed and disappear over time. The aim of this study was to radiographically investigate the frequency of resorptions and pathologies...

The aim of the this study was to present data on oral care habits and knowledge of oral health in 2013, and to compare these data with results from a series of four previous cross-sectional epidemiological studies. All these studies were carried out in the city of Jönköping, Sweden, in 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003, and 2013. The 1973 study constituted a...

The aim of this epidemiological study performed in 2013 was to analyze various clinical and radiographic data on oral health and compare the results to those of four cross-sectional studies carried out 1973-2003. In 1973,1983,1993,2003, and 2013 random samples of 1,000; 1,104; 1,078; 987; and 1,010 individuals, respectively, were studied. The indiv...

The aim of this epidemiological study performed in 2013 was to analyze various clinical and radiographic data on oral health and compare the results to those of four cross-sectional studies carried out 1973-2003. In 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003, and 2013 random samples of 1,000; 1,104; 1,078; 987; and 1,010 individuals, respectively, were studied. The in...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on oral health, at age 9 years, of daily oral supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri, strain ATCC 55730, to mothers during the last month of gestation and to children through the first year of life. The study was a single-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial involving 113 ch...

Objective: To investigate the prevalence, distribution and severity of dental erosion and its association with lifestyle, oral and general health in young adults. Materials and methods: Four hundred and ninety-four individuals, 20-years of age, participated. Dental erosion in molars and maxillary incisors was evaluated. Caries, plaque and gingiv...

Although caries prevalence in preschool children has dramatically decreased during the last decades it is still a large problem for a minor group of these children. Great efforts have been invested in finding effective preventive programs for the high caries active preschool children. However, few studies have evaluated and discussed which approach...

Background/aim: There are few studies of caries development and caries-related factors from early age to young adulthood. The aim of the present study is to analyse caries prevalence in 20-year-olds in relation to their previous caries experience. Method: Oral health from 3 to 20 years of age was followed longitudinally in a cohort of 499 indivi...

To analyse the relationship between caries determinants in early childhood and caries prevalence in proximal surfaces in adolescents at the age of 15 years. The present longitudinal study is part of a series of surveys of oral health in 671 children followed from 1 to 15 years of age. Data were selected from examinations, interviews and questionnai...

To investigate oral health status and coherent determinants in children with foreign backgrounds compared with children with a Swedish background, during a ten year period. In 1993 and 2003, cross-sectional studies with random samples of individuals in the age groups 3, 5, 10 and 15 years were performed in Jönköping, Sweden. All the individuals wer...

To study oral health in young adults with long-term, controlled asthma. Twenty 18- to 24-year-olds with a mean duration of asthma of 13.5 [standard deviation (SD) 5.4] years and 20 matched healthy controls were included. A clinical examination was performed and the prevalences of caries, erosions, gingival inflammation, cervicular fluid and periodo...

Overweight and obesity are increasing as health problems at global level. Dental caries and obesity are both multifactorial diseases and are associated with dietary habits. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body weight status and caries prevalence in an unselected population followed from pre-school years to y...

During the 1970s dentists reported an increasing prevalence of a "new" type of enamel disturbance.The disturbance was very specific, with areas of demarcated hypomineralised enamel, and was mostly found in permanent first molars and incisors. Several studies have tried to reveal the aetiology behind the enamel disturbance but sofar no clear factors...

The aim of the present case-control study was to investigate dental caries, various caries-related factors as well as gingival condition, in 12- to 16-year-olds with long-term asthma (n = 20) and a matched healthy control group (n = 20). Data on dietary and oral hygiene habits, numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in saliva were also obt...

Behaviour management is widely agreed to be a key factor in providing dental care for children. Indeed, if a child's behaviour in the dental surgery/office cannot be managed then it is difficult if not impossible to carry out any dental care that is needed. It is imperative that any approach to behavioural management for the dental child patient mu...

To present a series of clinical cases of children treated for large dentigerous cysts with a conservative and tissue preserving surgical approach. A follow-up study of 11 children aged 5-11 years old treated for large dentigerous cysts with decompression. The children were followed from the first appointment when the cysts were diagnosed until the...

The aim of this study was to investigate caries and its determinants in preschool children with and without asthma, followed from 3 to 6 years. Caries, plaque, and gingivitis were examined at 3 and 6 years of age in 64 asthmatic children and 50 matched, healthy control children. Furthermore, at 6 years radiographic examination and saliva sampling w...

The aim of this prospective study was to compare diagnosis, severity of trauma and treatment of traumatic injuries to the primary dentition in two groups of children, the first recommended for treatment by general practitioners and the second referred for treatment by a specialist paediatric dentist. A total of 323 children with traumatic injuries,...

The aim of this study was to investigate oral health and its determinants in 3-year-old and 6-year-old children with asthma. Caries and gingivitis were examined in 127 asthmatic (all children with asthma in a selected area and born during a specific time period) and 117 matched, healthy control children. The parents were interviewed regarding vario...

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is steadily increasing in many countries. Dental caries and obesity are both multifactorial diseases and are associated with dietary habits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body weight status in adolescents and snacking habits in early childhood to approximal...

The aim of the present investigation is to report on the trends in the prevalence and severity of dental caries and dental status in an adult Swedish population over a 30-year period (1973-2003). Four cross-sectional epidemiological studies in 1973, 1983, 1993, and 2003 were performed in Jönköping, Sweden.A random sample of individuals aged 20, 30,...

The aim was to investigate whether oral hygiene habits and parent-related factors, recorded in early childhood, have a predictive value in relation to approximal caries experience (including initial caries lesions) at the age of 15 years (n = 568). Data were selected from examinations, interviews and questionnaires at 1 and 3 years and bitewing rad...

Oral health status of individuals aged 3-80 years in the city of Jönköping, Sweden, has been assessed in a series of epidemiological studies over a 30-year period. To analyse the changes in caries prevalence and caries distribution in child population sample groups, based on studies performed in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1993, and 2003. Each time point inc...

The aim of the present investigation was to study the prevalence of approximal caries lesions and fillings in posterior teeth at 15 years of age in a prospectively followed Swedish population (n = 568), with special reference to their caries experience at the age of 3 years. Only approximal surfaces were recorded, since all children in the Communit...

The effect of sodium fluoride on the gingiva of children was investigated by regularly applying sodium fluoride to the teeth and gingiva for three years in two different ways: 1. In a dentifrice slurry during daily supervised toothbrushing. The concentration of sodium fluoride was approximately 0.05 %. II. As a mouth rinse with 10 ml of an 0.5 % aq...

The child population in Sweden has changed dramatically during the last 20 years. Changes have also occurred within the Public Dental Service (PDS), regarding the provision of dental care to children and adolescents. All these changes may affect the referral pattern and provision of specialist dental care for children and adolescents. The primary a...

The aim of the present study was to compare data on dental care habits and knowledge of oral health in four cross-sectional epidemiological studies carried out in 1973,1983,1993, and 2003. The 1973 study constituted a random sample of 1,000 individuals evenly distributed in the age groups 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years. The same age...

Out of approximately 11 500 children, who had been referred to the Department of Paediatric Dentistry at the Institute for Postgraduate Education,Jönköping, Sweden, 97 individuals had a total of 123 mesiodentes. Their dental records and radiographs were analysed in order to study the clinical and radiographic features of the mesiodentes, to record...

The aim of this epidemiological study was to analyze various clinical and radiographic data on oral health and compare the results to those of three cross-sectional studies carried out in 1973 and 1983, and 1993. In 1973, 1983, 1993, and 2003 a random sample of 1,000; 1,104; 1,078; and 987 individuals, respectively, were studied. The individuals we...

In most Swedish counties, epidemiological data on the permanent dentition are collected on patients between 7 and 19 years of age. However, for the primary dentition, epidemiological data are only available for the 3-6-year-old age groups. As far as we know, no studies have investigated the relation between caries prevalence in the early primary de...

Aim: This paper reviews the proceedings and conclusions of a meeting of experts concerned with the problem of hypomineralised incisors and molars (MIH). The aims of this meeting were to establish criteria for the judgement of MIH, to select representative cases and to discuss how the name of the condition was best described as hypomineralised, or...

This was to study the prevalence of dental fluorosis in a Swedish city (Uppsala) with natural 1-1.2 ppm F in drinking water. It was also to compare the prevalence of idiopathic enamel disturbances (Morbus S) in children born in Uppsala with the prevalence in children who had moved in to Uppsala at an age when the Uppsala water could not have influe...

In most Swedish counties, epidemiological data on the permanent dentition are collected on all patients aged 7-19 years. For the primary dentition, epidemiological data are only reported for the 3-6-year-old age groups. The purpose of the present study was to investigate what treatments had been made in the primary dentition during the period when...

Aim This paper reviews the proceedings and conclusions of a meeting of experts concerned with the problem of hypomineralised incisors and molars (MIH). The aims of this meeting were to establish criteria for the judgement of MIH, to select representative cases and to discuss how the name of the condition was best described as hypomineralised, or hy...

Abstract – In 1973, a cross-sectional study on oral health status was performed on 1000 individuals in the age groups 3–70 years in Jönköping, Sweden. In 1983 and 1993, new cross-sectional studies were carried out in the age groups 3–80 years. The aim of the present study was to analyze caries prevalence and distribution in the three investigations...

The aim of the present study was to clinically evaluate fissure sealants on the occlusal fissures and buccal pits of permanent first and second molars after 20 and 15 years, respectively. The population consisted of 72 children, each of whom had had their four first molars sealed between 1977 and 1980. At the annual examinations, all caries-free, n...

The aim of the present study was to clinically evaluate fissure sealants on the occlusal fissures and buccal pits of permanent first and second molars after 20 and 15 years, respectively. The population consisted of 72 children, each of whom had had their four first molars sealed between 1977 and 1980. At the annual examinations, all caries-free, n...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term results of a systematic fissure sealing programme of the occlusal surfaces of newly erupted permanent first molars. All 15-year-olds (n=815) who had been regularly treated at seven Public Dental Service clinics in Jönköping County, Sweden, since the eruption of their permanent first molars...

Aim The aim of the present study was to report the frequency of developmental disturbances in permanent teeth as a result of intrusive injuries to the primary predecessors and relate this to the degree of intrusion, the age of the child, the developmental stage of permanent germ and the treatment given. Methods Seventy children with previous intrus...

Four cross-sectional studies were carried out in 1973, 1978, 1983, and 1993 to collect clinical and radiographic epidemiological data on the dental health status of the inhabitants of Jönköping, Sweden. The aim of the present paper was to use these data to analyze trends in the development of caries among children and adolescents between 1973 and 1...

In 1973, a cross-sectional study on oral health status was performed on 1000 individuals in the age groups 3-70 years in Jönköping, Sweden. In 1983 and 1993, new cross-sectional studies were carried out in the age groups 3-80 years. The aim of the present study was to analyze caries prevalence and distribution in the three investigations 1973, 1983...

Abstract – Four cross-sectional studies were carried out in 1973, 1978, 1983, and 1993 to collect clinical and radiographic epidemiological data on the dental health status of the inhabitants of Jönköping, Sweden. The aim of the present paper was to use these data to analyze trends in the development of caries among children and adolescents between...

The aim of the present study was to compare and evaluate Class I- and Class II-restorations performed in two different composite posterior materials after 5 and 10 years. Both materials were introduced in 1983 and adapted to stress-bearing restorations. The only difference between the two materials was that one contained barium-aluminium silicate,...

Recurrent aphthous ulcers are one of the most common painful diseases affecting the oral mucosa in children and adults. The aetiology is poorly understood and the treatment thus has for years mostly been symptomatic. However, there has been some promising methods in decreasing the frequency of aphthous ulcer episodes. One of these is the use of a d...

A decreasing proportion of children require operative treatment each year and an increasing proportion of children will at recall require no operative care. This would provide resources to give individualised prevention to children at risk for developing new carious lesions. From 3 years of age, however, the prevalence of caries increases up to the...

The present study focused on the type of restorative material used and the reasons for replacements of restorations in the primary and the young permanent dentition. All patients with restorations and who were 8 and 19 years of age in 1995 and were regularly treated at 11 Public Dental Health clinics in Jönköping County, Sweden, participated in the...

It is well established that glass ionomers (GI) release fluoride (F). The degree of F released depends on the physical and chemical properties of the product. In the present study the fluoride release and the capacity of the GI to be recharged with fluoride was tested for five different brands: XR Ionomer (Kerr), Vitrebond (3M), GC Fuji Lining (G.C...

Remineralization of carious lesions at the histological level is of great benefit since this will arrest lesion progression. The ability of glass ionomer cement (GIC) to (1) release fluoride it originally contains and (2) release "loosely bound" fluoride acquired from its surroundings have been previously demonstrated. This in vitro study examined...

Data on the current dental health of 5‐ and 12‐year‐old children from eight European countries has been collected by calibrated examiners. In each country a random sample of 200 children in each age group was drawn from urban primary and secondary state schools, a total of 3200 subjects. The children were examined under standardized conditions by o...

The material consisted of 527 randomly selected children and adolescents from the community of Jönköping, Sweden, who in 1983 reached the age of 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 years. The degree of incisal or occlusal tooth wear was evaluated for each single tooth in accordance with the following criteria: score 0 = no wear or negligible wear of enamel; score...

The aims of this study were 1) to investigate whether oral hygiene and dietary habits established at 1 year of age are maintained at 2 years of age and 2) to analyze caries-related factors with regard to oral health between the age of 1 and 3 years by using the salutogenic theory-that is, focusing on behavioral factors that do not result in impairm...

Oral rehabilitation of children with extensive aplasia includes a number of dental considerations as well as attention to psychological and physical development. The welldocumented results of the use of implants in adults have raised the question of the use of imPlants and the timing of this procedure in children and adolescents with multiple aplas...

The purpose of the study was to investigate if parents of toddlers could be taught how to discover dental caries in their children and, if carious lesions were found, contact the the child's dentist. The study was designed as a prospective study, starting with 671 children aged one year. Children examined and caries-free at one year of age were div...

Three thousand children aged 18 months were screened for dental caries and ongoing breast-feeding at 46 child welfare centres in different parts of Sweden. Of these, 200 children were selected for a more comprehensive examination, involving investigation of dietary, toothbrushing and sucking habits, use of fluoride, and determination of salivary le...

The aim of the present study was to compare data on dental care habits and knowledge of oral health in three cross-sectional studies carried out in 1973, 1983, and 1993. The 1973 study constituted a random sample of 1000 individuals evenly distributed in the age groups 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years. The same age groups with additio...

The aim of this epidemiological study was to analyse various clinical and radiographic data on oral health and compare the results to those of two cross-sectional studies carried out in 1973 and 1983. In 1973, 1983, and 1993 a random sample of 1000, 1104, and 1078 individuals, respectively were studied. The individuals were evenly distributed in th...

An epidemiological investigation has been initiated from Sweden with the aim to study and compare dental health, dental treatment needs and attitudes to dental care in two well-defined age-groups, children of 5 and 12 years of age, in eight EU countries. To ensure comparability of the clinical registrations, data collection was preceded by clinical...

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of daily use of a low fluoride containing toothpaste (250 ppm F) on the uptake of fluoride and development of enamel lesions as well as the prevalence of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci in dental plaque compared to the use of placebo toothpaste. 16 children were selected with homologous premo...

The purpose of this study was to describe oral hygiene factors in infants and toddlers living in Sweden with special reference to caries prevalence at 2 and 3 yr of age and to immigrant status. The study was designed as a prospective, longitudinal study starting with 671 children aged 1 yr. At 3 yr, all the children were invited to a further examin...

Reports of prevalences of craniomandibular disorders (CMD) in children and adolescents differ markedly from one study to another. Therefore it is almost impossible to get a clear picture of the magnitude of the disorder in a child population. The aim of this study was to critically compare and analyse the results presented in recent publications in...

The degrees of conversion of posterior composite material in Class II restorations performed in vivo and in vitro were studied by means of the Raman spectroscopy method. Class II restorations in 13 contralateral pairs of premolars were analyzed. The average difference of the ratio I 1610 cm-1/I 1640 cm-1 between the in vivo- and in vitro-performed...

Amalgam (ANA 2000), composite resin (Occlusin), and glass ionomer cement (ChemFil) were compared in conventional Class II restorations in second primary molars. Twenty-five restorations of each material were placed by two dentists in 50 patients. The restorations were evaluated during a three year period using the USPHS criteria. Great differences...

Scientific epidemiological studies of dental health in children three years of age are relatively few in Sweden. The aim of this study was to describe the oral health of three-year-old children living in Sweden, with special reference to immigration and failure to attend health examinations. All of 671 children requested to take part in an earlier...

The most characteristic oral feature in ectodermal dysplasia is hypodontia. Children and adolescents suffering from ectodermal dysplasia often need extensive and complicated prosthetic treatment. The development of techniques for osseointegrated implants offers new possibilities for the oral habilitation of these children. This paper describes the...

Craniomandibular function was studied in 70 subjects with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The subjects represented the total group of children and adolescents with the diagnosis JCA in a Swedish county. At examination, the median age of the subjects was 11.9 years and the median duration of the disease was 2.6 years. The most important finding of...

There are few epidemiological studies on caries prevalence in young children. The aim of this study was to describe the caries prevalence in 1- and 2-year-old children. All 1-year-old children, living within the area of four child welfare centres, were invited to participate. 632 children out of 671 invited were examined for dental caries. Among th...

The aims of this study were to investigate in vivo the release of fluoride from three glass ionomer cements (GICs) Vitrebond, Ketac-Fil and ChemFil II into the saliva of preschool children for a 1-year period and also to study in vitro the release-absorption-release of fluoride from the same GICs for 16 weeks. In the first part of the study, glass...

A 3-year, double-blind, randomized caries trial was conducted to evaluate the relative anticaries efficacy of four sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 250 ppm fluoride, 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1% disodium 1-hydroxyethylidene-1.1-bisphosphonate (HEBP), and 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1% disodium azacycloheptylidene-2.2-b...

Class II restorations of five light-cured posterior composite materials (Occlusion, P 30, Fulfil, Profile and Heliomolar) were followed for three years, and restorations of another material (Distalite) were followed for two years. Twenty-four dentists from The Public Dental Health Service in the county of Bohuslän placed 242 Class II restorations i...

Osteomatous jaw lesions have been reported to occur in connection with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) of the intestines. The disease is fatal if not treated. The aim of this investigation was to study the occurrence of bone jaw lesions in Swedish families, where some family members have developed FAP, in order to evaluate if these bone change...

Fluoride release to saliva from three glass ionomer cements, Vitrabond, Ketac-Fil, and ChemFil II, was followed for six weeks in vivo. Colony forming units (CFU) of S. mutans present in saliva before and after placement of glass ionomer restorations were analysed. Thirty-six children received 1-6 glass ionomer cement restorations of one of the thre...

The fluoride content in surface enamel and its relationship to caries experience was studied in a group of Icelandic schoolchildren living in a low-fluoride area. Fluoride content was assessed by means of in vivo enamel biopsies sampled from 248 subjects aged 11 and 12 years. Dental examinations were performed in conjunction with the biopsy samplin...

Fluorine uptake has been measured in human enamel after in vitro treatment with slurries of dentifrices of different compositions and acidities. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to determine the quantitative in-depth distribution profiles of fluorine. Five dentifrices were examined: ACTA (pH 5.5) with 250, 1000 and 1500 ppm F as NaF;...

The clinical properties and longevity of two posterior composite materials were studied during a 4-year period. 137 Class I and II restorations in 65 patients were evaluated directly using USPHS criteria. Araldite casts were used to categorize quantitatively the amount of occlusal wear according to the Leinfelder method. No differences could be fou...

In 1973, 1978, and 1983 epidemiological studies on dental health were performed in the community of Jönköping, Sweden. Each investigation covered about 500 individuals evenly distributed in the age groups 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 years. The subjects were examined clinically and radiographically. In the present study, caries prevalence and distribution a...

Even if the preventive programmes against dental disease in place today were to be highly successful there would still be individuals developing large numbers of carious lesions. It is therefore important to find methods to detect early those individuals who are prone to develop caries and then to institute special preventive programmes for them. T...

In 1973 an epidemiological study was performed in the community of Jönköping, Sweden. The study covered 1000 individuals, evenly distributed in the age groups 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 years. In 1983 a new cross-sectional study was carried out on the age-groups 3-80 years. The aim of the present study was to compare and analyse in det...

The uptake of fluoride was studied in vitro after application of Duraphat varnish on dry versus wetted enamel surfaces. 30 sound premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Duraphat varnish was topically applied for 6 hours to the air dried surfaces of ten teeth (group 1). In group 2, 10 te...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate fissure sealing of permanent teeth in children during a 10 year period. All completely erupted caries-free permanent first molars were sealed in 6 to 9 year-old children forming the patient population of one of the authors. 758 sealed fissures were controlled and followed up in the study. The fissure sea...

In the late seventies an increasing number of children showing extensive and severe idiopathic hypomineralization of the enamel of incisors and permanent first molars was reported within the Public Dental Services in Sweden. An epidemiologic study was initiated to analyze the prevalence, extension and severity in Swedish children born in 1970 and i...

Abstract A total of 1370 children were examined for caries, gingivitis, periodontal pocketing, calculus and loss of marginal alveolar bone. The mean DFT and DPS scores were 6.2 and 8.7 for 11-yr-old children and 8.2 and 12.1 for 12-yr-olds. The average number of initial caries lesions was 12.4 among 11-yr-olds and 15.7 among 12-yr-olds. The proxima...