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Introduction
Publications
Publications (192)
Despite some reservations and limitations, music is demonstrated to be potentially beneficial in medical context. It has been shown to directly enhance mood, bolster immunity, motivate people, reawaken pleasant memories or distract from unpleasant realities. Moreover, music can contribute to health and well-being by offering alternative/complementa...
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) concerns may be on a continuum with normal appearance concerns, differing only quantitatively. As emerging evidence suggests that an increased aesthetic sensitivity plays a role in BDD, individuals with BDD (n=50) were compared with a control group of individuals with an education or employment in art and design relat...
A principal components analysis of the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale using a sample of 200 English males, heterogeneous by occupation, is described. Results confirm the importance of a general factor called conservatism running through the test, and to the extent that the test is a representative sample of the entire field of social attitudes...
The social attitudes of 43 Salvation Army cadets and 31 Young Humanists were compared using the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale. The distributions of Conservatism scores for the two groups were clearly separated with minimal overlap, and it was demonstrated that this discrimination could not be accounted for by religious items alone. The Salvat...
Individuals with a higher aesthetic sensitivity may be more vulnerable to developing body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Aesthetic sensitivity has 3 components: (a) perceptual, (b) emotional, and (c) evaluative. Individuals with BDD (n = 50) were compared with a control group of individuals with an education or employment in art and design related fiel...
The results of experiments studying the post-exposure effects of noise on speech intelligibility have been contradictory. Clift (1963) has to some extent resolved this controversy. The present study utilized a variety of white noise stimuli (intensities 70 to 120 db) to test Clift's claim that speech TTS effects are obviated by diffuse learning eff...
This chapter provides an overview of the incidence and nature of performance anxiety in music, an issue that is clearly of importance to every musician and music educator. It argues that the best approach for the treatment of debilitating performance anxiety is cognitive-behavior therapy, although drug therapy, clinical hypnosis, and the Alexander...
Research on laterality in emotion suggests a dichotomy between the brain hemispheres. The present study aimed to investigate this further using a modulated startle reflex paradigm.
We examined the effects of left and the right ear stimulation on the modulated startle reflex (as indexed by eyeblink magnitude, measured from the right eye) employing s...
It had known for some time that men have a stubbier index finger relative to their finger compared with women. In 1983, Dr Glenn Wilson of King's College London hypothesised that within-sex variations in the 2D/4D finger ratios might be a marker of prenatal of testosterone. He found that women with masculine finger ratios were more assertive and co...
An experimental version of the Italian Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire with a 5-point scale was administered to a group of 1,000 high school students, 200 within each age group from 11 to 15 years. Following a previous exploratory factor analysis, which yielded a fourth factor in addition to the original three, the aim of the present resea...
Gray’s theory, now known as Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST), describes three major neuropsychological systems, the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), the Behavioural Activation System (BAS) and the Fight-Flight System (FFS). In psychometric and experimental studies, only two of these have received confirmation. In particular, psychometric...
Personality is known to influence cognitive and affective functioning as well as the risk of psychiatric disorders. Exploration of the neurobiological correlates of personality traits has the potential to enhance understanding of their significance in development of related psychopathological states. The authors examined the association between ind...
The Compatibility Quotient (CQ) is an index of similarity within established or potential couples across a variety of domains known to predict long-term relationship success. Validation data has been presented showing that established couples have substantially higher CQ scores than randomly paired couples and that couples with rewarding relationsh...
The Compatibility Quotient (CQ) was developed to assess the degree of similarity within an established or potential couple across domains likely to be important in determining long-term happiness. Validity was supported by correlations with Locke–Wallace Marital Adjustment scores and norms presented that enabled CQ scores to be arranged on a normal...
345 subjects completed a translated, shortened version of the Gray–Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ), along with Russian versions of Carver and White’s BIS/BAS scales, the Eysenck Personality Profiler, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Exploratory factor analysis of GWPQ items pointed to a...
One hundred and seventy seven males and 399 females completed a translated short version of the Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP-S). Two hundred and ninety four Ss also completed the EPQ. By means of item analysis, further shortening of the EPP was achieved, while retaining adequate psychometric characteristics and convergent validity with EPQ sca...
The amplitude of the startle reflex response is known to be influenced by the concomitant presentation of affect-toned material--if it is positive affect-toned, the reflex is inhibited, and if it is negative affect-toned, the reflex is augmented. Abundant evidence demonstrates the utility of the affect-startle paradigm as a significant tool for mea...
Alcohol, tobacco, and drug use were investigated in a representative sample of 4501 Russian youths aged 14–25 years. In addition to questions on substance use (SU), the participants filled in the short forms of the Gray–Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ-S, Slobodskaya, Knyazev, Safronova, & Wilson, 2003) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnai...
It has been proposed that sexual orientation related differences in cognitive performance are either due to the actions of prenatal factors early in development or the influence of gender role learning. This study examined the performance of 240 healthy, right-handed heterosexual and homosexual males and females (N = 60 per group) on a battery of c...
Adjustment problems were investigated in a sample of 768 Russian adolescents aged 11–17 years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) completed by teachers, parents and children. Participants also completed a short form of the Gray–Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ-S) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R). Neurotic...
Sex and sexual orientation related differences in processing of happy and sad facial emotions were examined using an experimental facial emotion recognition paradigm with a large sample (N = 240). Analysis of covariance (controlling for age and IQ) revealed that women (irrespective of sexual orientation) had faster reaction times than men for accur...
Little is known about the neurodevelopmental nature of human cognitive abilities. This investigation presents evidence consistent with a hypothesis that interindividual and within-sex cognitive variations are associated with vulnerabilities to environmental sources of developmental stress. A large sample of healthy heterosexual and homosexual men a...
Previous evidence suggests that sexual orientation influences performance on a number of cognitive functions known to be sexually dimorphic. This investigation examined the performance of 240 right-handed subjects (60 heterosexual men, 60 homosexual men, 60 heterosexual women and 60 homosexual women) on one of the most commonly used neuropsychologi...
The associations among personality and psychopathology scores and individually adjusted EEG spectral power measures were investigated in 195 Ss aged 7 to 37 years. Personality was assessed in Ss older than 11 years by questionnaires based on Eysenck's and Gray's models. Psychopathology was measured in children aged 7–17 years by the Strengths and D...
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) refers to a reduction in the startle response to a strong sensory stimulus when this stimulus is preceded by a weaker stimulus--the prepulse. PPI reflects a nonlearned sensorimotor gating mechanism and also shows a robust gender difference, with women exhibiting lower PPI than men. The present study examined the eyeblink s...
The development of a short form of the Gray–Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ-S) is described. On the basis of earlier, cross-cultural factor analyses of the original 120 items and 6 subscales it was decided to reduce the test to two major scales, the behavioural activation system (BAS) and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS). Although the...
Sexual orientation is fundamental to evolution and shifts from the species-typical pattern of heterosexuality may represent biological variations. The growth of scientific knowledge concerning the biology of sexual orientation during the past decade has been considerable. Sexual orientation is characterised by a bipolar distribution and is related...
This study examined the performance of 60 heterosexual men, 60 gay men, 60 heterosexual women, and 60 lesbians on 3 tests of verbal fluency known to show gender differences: letter, category, and synonym fluency. Gay men and lesbians showed opposite-sex shifts in their profile of scores. For letter fluency, gay men outperformed all other groups; le...
It has been proposed that human sexual orientation is influenced by prenatal sex hormones. Some evidence examining putative somatic markers of prenatal sex hormones supports this assumption. An alternative suggestion has been that homosexuality may be due to general developmental disruptions independent of hormonal effects. This study investigated...
The development of a measure of partner compatibility based on similarity in physique, personality, intelligence, social background, attitudes, habits and leisure preferences is described. Subjects chose one out of five scaled responses to each of 25 questions and consistency with the protocols of other persons used to derive Compatibility Quotient...
Contingent negative variation and evoked potentials to visual erotic stimuli were recorded from 8 brain sites in a sample of 62 right-handed men aged 20-50, half of whom declared paraphilic interests and half claimed "normal" heterosexual interests. To quantify erotic preferences, a "variance quotient" (VQ) was calculated from scores on the Wilson...
The purpose of this study was to investigate and extend previously reported sex differences in object location memory by comparing the performance of heterosexual and homosexual males and females. Subjects were 240 healthy, right-handed heterosexual and homosexual males and females. They were instructed to study 16 common, gender-neutral objects ar...
This study examined the performance of heterosexual and homosexual men and women on 2 tests of spatial processing, mental rotation (MR) and Benton Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO). The sample comprised 60 heterosexual men, 60 heterosexual women, 60 homosexual men, and 60 homosexual women. There were significant main effects of gender (men achievi...
This study examined the performance of heterosexual and homosexual men and women on 2 tests of spatial processing, mental rotation (MR) and Benton Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO). The sample comprised 60 heterosexual men, 60 heterosexual women, 60 homosexual men, and 60 homosexual women. There were significant main effects of gender (men achievi...
Psychophysiological arousal measures were investigated in relation to scores on behavioural inhibition and activation scales derived from the Gray–Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ). Ss were 63 psychology students, aged 18–37, whose skin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR) were recorded before and during a 2-min mental arithmetic task. EEG wa...
Modern psychology has much to offer performing artists in terms of understanding themselves and optimizing their art. It examines the unique two-way relationship between audience and performer, describes the way in which emotions are communicated to an audience by non-verbal processes, such as posture and facial expression, and explains the instinc...
A translated, shortened version of the Gray–Wilson Personality Questionnaire was administered, along with an abbreviated adult Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, to 251 Russian schoolchildren aged 14–16 years. Girls were significantly higher than boys on passive avoidance, flight, and N, suggesting higher levels of anxiety/emotionality. In accord w...
It has frequently been observed that negative moods potentiate the startle reflex to unexpected, threatening stimuli. However, recent work from our laboratory suggests that this effect relates primarily to the emotion of fear or anxiety, while stimuli which evoke powerful feelings of disgust can in some circumstances inhibit the startle reflex. In...
It has been widely reported that the eyeblink component of the acoustic startle reflex can be modulated by emotionally-toned slide stimuli; pleasant slides reduce eyeblink amplitudes whereas unpleasant slides enhance them. The present study examines the modulation of the acoustic startle reflex by short (2-min) film-clips classified as pleasant, un...
Presents an obituary for Hans Jurgen Eysenck. For the last 40 years Hans Eysenck has been the most influential psychologist in Britain, if not the world. As the first Professor and Head of the Psychology Department at the Institute of Psychiatry (Maudsley Hospital), London, he was instrumental in making it the foremost Department of Psychology in t...
The effects of odors varying in hedonic quality on the eyeblink component of the acoustic startle reflex elicited by an abrupt auditory stimulus were investigated in 24 normal volunteers. The startle reflex was significantly potentiated during the presentation of unpleasant odors, and significantly inhibited during the presentation of pleasant odor...
The Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ) was translated into Hindi and administered to 246 male and 191 female university students. It measures six animal-learning paradigms corresponding to Gray's (1987) three-emotion systems model of personality. Sex differences previously reported from the United Kingdom and Japan were replicated: Women...
Affective modulation of the eyeblink startle reflex, by unpleasant slides, was found to be limited to subjects high on Harm Avoidance (HA; Cloninger, 1986); low HA subjects did not respond to unpleasant slides with potentiated startle reflexes. This result provides a replication of Corr, Wilson, Fotiadou, Kumari, Gray, Checkley and Gray (1995a), an...
The sociobiological analysis of male and female mating strategies leads to the prediction that men would be more inclined to fantasize sex with anonymous and multiple partners than women, whose fantasies would suggest a desire for close-bonded and famous partners. These expectations were confirmed with reference to a nationwide quota poll of 788 Br...
Several researchers have found that pleasant foreground stimuli attenuate the eyeblink component of the startle reflex while unpleasant foreground stimuli potentiate it. The effects of personality factors on such modulation of the eyeblink response, as measured by electromyographic (EMG) activity in reaction to loud acoustic startle probes, were ex...
The human startle reflex, as indexed by strength of eyeblink to a sudden, loud noise, has been shown to vary according to the presence of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. An experiment was conducted to determine whether this effect is in turn dependent on the personality of the subject. Subjects viewed a series of slides classified as pleasant, unp...
The Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ) was administered in translation to 597 Japanese college students. The sex differences previously found with a British sample were replicated as well as two others; males were higher on Fight and Approach, while females were more disposed towards Flight and Active Avoidance. Intercorrelations among GW...
The Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP) was given to 109 male and 133 female physicists and comparisons made with male and female population norms. Results confirm previous research with male scientists, showing them to be introverted and cautious (particularly careful, controlled, inhibited and unsociable). They were not, however, especially stable...
Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP) scores of 29 motorcycle enthusiasts were compared with population norms separately by sex. Male bikers (n = 22) appeared as tough, aggressive, dogmatic, sensation-seeking, impulsive, risk-taking, irresponsible and lacking in self-esteem and ambitiousness. They were also significantly anxious and depressed compared...
The Eysenck Personality Profiler and a stress symptom checklist were given to 162 performing artists (33 actors, 26 dancers, 65 musicians and 38 singers) and scores were compared against test norms and a control group. Actors emerged as extraverted and expressive, dancers as unhappy, anxious, hypochondriacal and low in self-esteem, and musicians as...
Eighty-seven women who enjoyed using sadomasochistic components in their sexual life completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, a slightly modified version of the Wilson Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire and demographic questionnaires exploring the sadomasochistic and other features of their sexual lifestyle, the results being compared with those...
Principal components analysis of the Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire revealed six fairly independent factors that bore only a partial resemblance to the six animal behaviour paradigms that the test was devised to measure. Taken together with the inter-scale correlations reported previously this raises certain questions about the application o...
Sixty-one men and 50 women measured their own skin conductance hourly throughout one working day as well as recording drug intake and activities; they also completed the EPQ, I7 and Morningness-Eveningness questionnaires. As expected, self-reported Morning types showed higher skin conductance in the morning and Evening types in the evening. Introve...
Factor analysis of social attitudes in different countries and cultures has revealed replicable patterns underlying specific attitudes and beliefs. In order to examine the structure of social attitudes in Catalonia, the Wilson-Patterson Attitude Inventory (WPAI) was administered to a sample of 185 Catalan university students. Principal components a...
This paper reviews psychological research concerned with the relationship between broad factors of social and political attitudes and preferences for different types of humor. Conservatives, compared with liberals, were found to dislike jokes that are overtly sexual and aggressive, although there are signs of a recent reaction against "sexist" joke...
An attempt was made to replicate Schlegel's finding that pelvic shape relates to masculinity - femininity of personality and marital stability. Seventy pregnant women completed scales of masculinity, feminism and sexual satisfaction before a gynaecological examination in which the width of their pelvic outlet was measured by external calipers. Alth...
The development of the Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire is described; this is an instrument designed to measure human equivalents of six animal behaviour paradigms--Approach, Active Avoidance, Passive Avoidance, Extinction, Fight and Flight. Although these six scales showed satisfactory internal consistency they failed to link up into the thre...
The voting intentions of MEPs with respect to four topical issues (relating to supranationality, defence, education, and homosexuality respectively) were investigated in connection with party affiliation, nationality, social attitudes and demographic factors. Correlational and discriminant function analysis revealed that social attitudes and educat...
This paper describes the construction of the Sex Fantasy Questionnaire (SPQ), which is designed as a standard quantification of sexual desires, preferences and activities. It is argued that there is a need for such an instrument for both research purposes (e.g. intergroup comparisons) and for clinical use (e.g. assessment of clients in sex therapy)...
