
Glenn BjörklundMid Sweden University · Department of Health Sciences
Glenn Björklund
Associate Professor
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83
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Publications (83)
Introduction
Officials are essential in terms of player safety and injury prevention, especially in contact team sports such as ice hockey, where numerous fast pace and high force contacts occur. If against the rules, these collisions can result in penalties. However, there is limited literature on the inter-rater reliability of the officials’ deci...
Objective: To determine the relationship between success at peak performance age and quantity of within-sport distance variety and compare the dose-time-effect between swimming and track running by determining probability of becoming an international-class female athlete based on the number of different race distances the athletes compete in each y...
Objective:
To conduct a longitudinal retrospective analysis, explore the relationship between success at peak performance age and the number of different race distances athletes competed in each year (within-sport distance variety), and compare the dose-time effect of this distance variety throughout the development process between male swimmers a...
Purpose: This study aimed to differentiate external and internal training loads during on-snow biathlon training by adding an accelerometer-derived metric. Methods: Eleven adolescent athletes were fitted with a combined heart rate (HR) and accelerometer to be worn during all training sessions. Duration, HR, training impulse (TRIMP), and average net...
Purpose
Tennis demands exceptional technical skills, speed, strength and endurance. Previous studies have highlighted the high energy expenditure during tennis drills due to constant directional changes. While metabolic monitoring and player tracking have been used to quantify exercise intensity and movements, mechanical efficiency (ME) in tennis r...
Objective
This study aimed to identify Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for men’s swimming strokes using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Regression Analysis to enhance training strategies and performance optimization. The analyses included all men’s individual 100 m races of the 2019 European Short-Course Swimming Championships.
R...
Objective
It is heavily discussed whether larger variety or specialization benefit elite performance at peak age. Therefore, this study aimed to determine technical (number of different swimming strokes) and physiological (number of different race distances) variety required to become an international-class swimmer (> 750 swimming points) based on...
Purpose : To investigate performance progression from early-junior to peak performance age and compare variety in race distances and swimming strokes between swimmers of various performance levels. Methods : Using a longitudinal data analysis and between-groups comparisons 306,165 annual best times of male swimmers (N = 3897) were used to establish...
Introduction
This study (i) examined Norwegian and Swedish sports coaches' employment, practices, and beliefs during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, (ii) compared these aspects between coaches in Norway and Sweden, two countries with clearly different movement restrictions strategies in this period.
Methods
An online survey was distribute...
The purpose of this study was to retrospectively describe the longitudinal changes of training variables in adolescent biathletes based on performance level. Thirty biathletes (15 men and 15 women) were included in the study and categorized as either national level biathletes (NLB, n = 21) or national team biathletes (NTB, n = 9). Retrospective tra...
Purpose
To examine the micro-pacing (within-lap) strategies during biathlon skiing with and without the biathlon rifle.
Methods
Twenty biathletes (7 women, 13 men) performed two cross-country skiing time-trials on a ≈2300 m course, once with and once without the biathlon rifle. During time-trials, biathletes wore a sensor that recorded position, d...
Purpose:
To identify differences in heart rate (HR) and concentration of blood lactate ([La]) relationships between laboratory- and field-based skate-roller-skiing tests.
Methods:
Fourteen world-class biathletes (8 women, 6 men) completed a laboratory- and field-based roller-skiing test using the skate technique. The laboratory-based test compri...
The aim was to investigate whether rifle carriage affects gear distribution during on-snow skiing in highly-trained biathletes, and whether there were any associated sex differences. Twenty-eight biathletes (11 women, 17 men) skied a 2230-m lap at competition speed twice, one lap with the rifle (WR) and the other lap without the rifle (NR). The bia...
Background:
Compared with other major global team sports such as football or basketball, ice hockey has received considerably less attention in sport-science research. However, the research focus on ice hockey performance is growing rapidly. Unfortunately, despite the growing interest in ice hockey, among the little research that has been conducte...
Purpose:
To critically appraise the utility of heart rate (HR) and power output (PO) to predict metabolic rate (MR) and oxygen consumption (V˙O2) during variable-intensity roller skiing and cycling.
Methods:
National-level cyclists (n = 8) and cross-country skiers (n = 9) completed a preliminary session to determine V˙O2max, and a variable-inten...
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of runs 1 and 2 on overall rank in Giant Slalom. Data from 15 seasons (2005/2006–2019/2020) including and unique starts for women (n = 2,294) and men (n = 2,328) were analyzed. Skiers were grouped based on final ranks 1–3 (G3), 4–10 (G10), and 11–20 (G20) and separately analyzed for women and men. A...
PurposeThe present study aimed to determine the association of skiing speed (SS), range time (RT), and the number of missed targets (MT) with rank in sprint and individual biathlon competitions.Methods
Data were collected from the International Biathlon Union's database for 17 seasons (2002/2003–2018/2019). Furthermore, the biathletes were divided...
PurposeInvestigate the effect of biathlon rifle carriage on physiological and accelerometer-derived responses during biathlon skiing.Methods
Twenty-eight biathletes (11F, 17M) completed two XC skiing time-trials (~2,300 m), once with and once without the biathlon rifle, with concurrent measurements of HR, skiing speed and accelerations recorded fro...
Purpose:
To examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory and accelerometer-derived measures of exercise during trail running and determine the influence of accelerometer location.
Methods:
Eight trail runners (7 males and 1 female; age 26 [5] y; maximal oxygen consumption [V˙O2] 70 [6] mL·kg-1·min-1) completed a 7-km trail run (elevation g...
The purpose of this study was to develop a method which uses positioning data to analyse player-specific skating characteristics and to investigate the possibility to use a cost function to generate new individual and game-specific training drills. Positioning data and video from a game for professional ice hockey team in the Swedish Hockey League...
Editorial on the Research Topic Anaerobic Energy/Work Supply in Endurance Activities-The Importance and Effect of Computational Method Physiologically, performance in endurance events is usually described by the total energy provision, i.e., the sum of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic rates, and the gross efficiency (GE) or the gross energy cost (GE...
This study aimed to investigate how skiing speed (SS), number of missed targets (MT) and range time (RT) were associated with final rank in biathlon pursuit and mass start competitions. Data were collected from the International Biathlon Union’s database over 17 seasons. Biathletes were categorised into three groups (rank 1–3, G3; rank 4–10, G10; r...
Introduction
To date, no study has compared anaerobic capacity (AnC) estimates computed with the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) method and the gross energy cost (GEC) method applied to treadmill running exercise.
Purpose
Four different models for estimating anaerobic energy supply during treadmill running exercise were compared.
Method...
The International Ski Federation (FIS) implemented new ski regulation prior to the 2012/2013 season for men and women and for the men again prior to the 2017/2018 season in an effort to increase skiers’ safety in the Giant Slalom (GS) event in the Alpine World Cup (WC). At present, no study has investigated how these changes impacted total race tim...
The present study investigated the effects of plyometric jump training on hard and soft surfaces on running economy (RE), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), running performance and the rate of force development in orienteers. Nineteen orienteers (11 women and 8 men, body mass 61.1 ± 7.3 kg, age 21 ± 5.8 yrs) were randomly stratified based on sex, age,...
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of slope and speed on lower-limb kinematics and energy cost of running. Six well-trained runners (VO2max 72 ± 6 mL·kg-1·min-1) were recruited for the study and performed: 1) VO2max and energy-cost tests and 2) an experimental running protocol at two speeds, 12 km·h-1 and a speed corresponding to...
Background:
The effects of flywheel resistance training (FRT) on youth are relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of autoregulated FRT with traditional strength training (TST) on jumping, running performance and resistance training load progression in youth athletes. Thirty youth athletes (11.8 ± 0.9 yr) were matched...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude of force a slopestyle skier is exposed to when landing either forward or switch in a big air jump. Ten male freeskiers (age 23 ± 6 years; height 179.2 ± 5.4 cm; body mass 72.5 ± 8.6 kg; mass of equipment 16.7 ± 1.4 kg; total mass 89.2 ± 8.6 kg) participated and each performed five 180 jumps...
International Journal of Exercise Science 13(1): 1563-1573, 2020. The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude of force a slopestyle skier is exposed to when landing either forward or switch in a big air jump. Ten male freeskiers (age 23 ± 6 years; height 179.2 ± 5.4 cm; body mass 72.5 ± 8.6 kg; mass of equipment 16.7 ± 1.4 kg; total...
The aim of the study was to investigate the exercise intensity and energy expenditure during four types of on-court tennis drills. Five female and five male tennis players participated in the study (age: 17 ± 2 years; V∙O2max: 54 ± 6 ml·kg−1·min−1). Anthropometric measures were taken for each player and, on separate days, each player performed (i)...
This study investigates the feasibility to use a passive marker motion capture system on ice to collect 3D kinematics of slap shots and one timers. Kinematic data were collected within a volume of 40x15x2 m by 20 motion capture cameras at 300 Hz, a resolution of 12 megapixels and a mean residual for all cameras of 3.4±2.5 mm, at a distance of 11.6...
Introduction
Downhill running poses challenges were the gradient is of importance for energy cost and oxygen uptake. While demonstrated that downhill running at a slight gradient is most efficient, the energy cost increases with a steeper gradient (1). However, the additional effect of running speed has not been studied for downhill running. Theref...
Our aims were to measure anthropometric and oxygen uptake (
V
˙
O2) variables in the laboratory, to measure kinetic and stride characteristics during a trail running time trial, and then analyse the data for correlations with trail running performance. Runners (13 men, 4 women: mean age: 29 ± 5 years; stature: 179.5 ± 0.8 cm; body mass: 69.1 ±...
Background:
Exposure to cold air is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the general population. It is difficult to study the effects of whole-body exposure to cold air under controlled conditions in real life.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to (1) explore and describe the experience of symptoms in humans during experiment...
The shooting profile of the biathlete is presented as the mean shooting percentage, which lacks valuable information for performance profiling. Hence, the aim of the study was to present a way of profiling biathlete shooting efficiency and profiling the men’s and women’s winners in the IBU World Cup and World Championships to clarify the fewest hit...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the symmetry of anthropometry and muscle function in cross-country skiers and their association to vertical jumping power. Twenty cross-country skiers were recruited (21.7 ± 3.8 yrs, 180.6 ± 7.6 cm, 73.2 ± 7.6 kg). Anthropometric data was obtained using an iDXA scan. VO2max was determined using the diagonal str...
Background
Physical activities during leisure time as well as school hours have changed over the past few years, with adolescents being less physically active and adopting a sedentary lifestyle.
Objective
The overall objective of this mixed-methods study was to evaluate the feasibility of introducing a 4-min Tabata interval training into a lower s...
The purpose of the current study was to explore if training regimes utilizing diverse training intensity distributions result in different responses on neuromuscular status, anaerobic capacity/power and acute heart rate recovery (HRR) in well-trained endurance athletes.
Methods: Thirty-six male (n = 33) and female (n = 3) runners, cyclists, triathl...
Purpose:
To 1) investigate the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response of trail running and 2) evaluate whether heart rate (HR) adequately reflects the exercise intensity or whether the tissue saturation index (TSI) could provide a more accurate measure when running in hilly terrain.
Methods:
Seventeen competitive runners (female: n=4, V'O2max:...
The cover image, by E. Andersson et al., is based on the Original Article Energy system contributions and determinants of performance in sprint cross-country skiing, DOI: 10.1111/sms.12666.
Introduction The most frequently used analysis method in alpine skiing is video footage. However, using video footage to identifying key performance indicators (KPIs) and other characteristics are difficult as each coach analyzes video footage in a subjective manner, which decreases the reliability of the analyses. Even though alpine skiing is a "...
Alpine skiing can be considered as a “closed sport” where the skier is alone in the course without any external disturbing moments. However, each alpine race is unique and therefore never identical. In addition, the condition of the course is constantly changing as each skier makes new tracks in the snow. Identifying key performance indicators (KPI...
To optimize performance, elite alpine skiers frequently adjust the settings of the boots, bindings, plates and skis. Different insoles are also normally tested and evaluated in order to change the “aggressiveness and response” of the setup. On the market today, there are numerous different types and constructions of insoles. All with the purpose to...
Background: The ability of managers of small-scale enterprises (SSEs) to prioritize health, working conditions, and their own physical fitness is an important issue for workplace health promotion in Norway and Sweden, where most owner-manager positions are in SSEs. Aim: To assess the physical fitness status of SSE managers
compared to a norm popula...
Purpose:
To examine the metabolic responses and pacing strategies during the performance of successive sprint time trials (STTs) in cross-country skiing.
Methods:
Ten well-trained male cross-country skiers performed four self-paced 1300-m STTs on a treadmill, each separated by 45 min of recovery. The simulated STT course was divided into three f...
To improve current understanding of energy contributions
and determinants of sprint-skiing performance, 11 well-trained
male cross-country skiers were tested in the laboratory for VO2max, submaximal gross efficiency (GE), maximal roller-skiing velocity, and sprint time-trial (STT) performance.
The STT was repeated four times on a 1300-m simulated...
This study investigated the association between spinal alignment, mobility of the hips and the thoracic spine and low back pain in adolescent cross-country skiers. Cohort of 51 elite cross-country skiers from a cross-country skiing high school in Sweden participated in the study. Sagittal spinal alignment, active range of motion in flexion, extensi...
To investigate the influence of prior high intensity double poling (DP) on physiological and biomechanical responses during subsequent diagonal stride (DIA).
Eight well-trained male cross-country skiers (age 22 ± 3 yr; VO2max 69 ± 3 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)) roller-skied on a treadmill sequentially for 3 min at 90% DIA VO2max (DIA1), 3 min at 90% DP V...
To determine the relationship of muscle activation, force production, and cycle characteristics to O(2) extraction during high- and lower-intensity double poling (DP), nine well-trained male cross-country skiers performed DP on a treadmill for 3 min at 90% VO(2peak) followed by 6 min at 70%. During the final minute at each workload, arterial, femor...
The aims of the study were to investigate blood lactate recovery and respiratory variables during diagonal skiing of variable intensity in skiers at different performance levels. Twelve male cross-country skiers classified as elite (n=�6; V˙ O2max �73±3 ml � kg�1 � min�1) or moderately trained (n�6; V˙ O2max�61±5 ml � kg�1 � min�1) performed a 48-m...
The association between muscle oxygen uptake (VO(2)) and perfusion or perfusion heterogeneity (relative dispersion, RD) was studied in eight healthy male subjects during intermittent isometric (1 s on, 2 s off) one-legged knee-extension exercise at variable intensities using positron emission tomography and a-v blood sampling. Resistance during the...
This study aimed to determine whether the differences in oxygen extraction and lactate concentration in arms and legs during cross-country skiing are related to muscle activation or force production and how these differences are influenced by a reduction in exercise intensity.
Nine well-trained male cross-country skiers (age = 22 +/- 3 yr, V˙O2max...
Several endurance sports, e.g. road cycling, have a varying intensity profile during competition. At present, few laboratory tests take this intensity profile into consideration. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the prognostic value of heart rate (HR), lactate (La−1), potassium (K+), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) performance at...
In the classical style of cross-country skiing, the double-poling (DP) technique, which is regarded as an upper-body exercise, is used on the flatter parts of a course. Limited biomechanical and physiological data are available about DP compared with other cross-country skiing techniques. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possibl...