Giovanni Lutzemberger

University of Pisa | UNIPI

This article proposes a particular strategy to proceed with a progressive electrification of public transport systems in cities. Starting from a bus operation model, the possible electrification of two routes is analyzed, one urban and another extra-urban in the city of Pisa. An estimate is made of the energy uses associated with certain operating...

This article proposes a particular strategy to proceed with a progressive electrification of public transport systems in cities. Starting from a bus operation model, the possible electrification of two routes is analysed, one urban and another extra-urban in the city of Pisa. An estimate is made of the energy uses associated with certain operating...

Batteries are critical components of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and yet their expected lifetime is hard to estimate. Various determinants play a significant role, among which cell temperatures and usage profile are notably the most predominant, but their impact is complex to estimate. The variability of the vehicle usage patterns makes it dif...

The large majority of electric cars have a single-speed gearbox, because electrified powertrains provide maximal power across a wide operating range, and single-speed simplifies construction and reduces capital costs. Nevertheless, multi-speed transmissions have also been developed for electric cars, and some of them have recently appeared as comme...

The adoption of electric vehicles is expected to soon widespread to cope with energy transition needs; however, concerns on battery lifetime arise, especially related to charging behaviors, vehicle usage habits, vehicle-to-grid and weather conditions. In fact, lifetime battery modeling is a challenging dynamic to characterize, as it involves comple...

Road transport is one of the most energy-consuming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting sectors. Progressive decarbonisation of electricity generation could support the ambitious target of road vehicle climate neutrality in two different ways: direct electrification with onboard electrochemical storage or a change of energy vector with e-fuels. The mo...

Lithium batteries for energy storage systems are a prominent solution for both stationary and mobile applications. Electro-thermal modelling of the cell is a useful tool for monitoring voltage and temperature in order to predict battery behaviour especially in cases of critical operative conditions. This paper provides a modelling approach focusing...

Residential battery storage to perform load shifting and demand side management has become of utmost importance to improve hosting capacity, increase renewable energy penetration and meet environmental targets, especially with energy community policies. As the lifetime of electrochemical batteries depends upon their scheduling and environmental con...

This chapter is centered on the design, modeling and energy management of heavy-duty transportation systems. After showing general definitions and conventions, the problem of energy management is addressed with reference to heuristic approaches and global optimization control techniques. After presenting the problem in the most general formulation,...

The inductive power transfer (IPT) is expected to greatly contribute towards electrification in transportation. In fact, IPT charging technology has the potential to overcome several limitations of conductive charging: in particular, the process can be fully automatable, and both static and dynamic charging are allowed, thus reducing the size of th...

Degradation mechanism of batteries has to be carefully studied when considering their utilization in electrical power systems. This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental campaign, through which three different lithium–iron–phosphate (LFP) cells were subjected to different electrical cycling stresses. The purpose of the campaign wa...

The capability to assess and monitor the state of health (SOH) of lithium-based cells is a highly demanded feature for advanced battery management systems. Due to the existing relation between SOH and internal impedance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods are adopted for SOH diagnosis. Nevertheless, accurate EIS tests demand expen...

Lithium cells are typically modeled through equivalent electrical networks whose parameters are tuned to closely match measured data. In this way, complicated experimental procedures are often needed to correctly achieve the actual battery behavior. After the testing, simulation models are fitted on experimental data through optimization algorithms...

Achieving the maximum economic profitability is a priority for microgrid developers. However, although economic indicators usually dominate the business decision making, rarely numerical indicators are fully able to capture the entire sociopolitical, technical and geographical circumstances affecting the business environment, especially in rural ar...

In electric vehicles with multiple motors, the torque at each wheel can be controlled independently, offering significant opportunities for enhancing vehicle dynamics behaviour and system efficiency. This paper investigates energy efficient torque distribution strategies for improving the operational efficiency of electric vehicles with multiple mo...

This paper presents the design procedure of an electric circuit that can perform the battery state diagnosis and, simultaneously, provide its charging. A fast and embedded impedance measurement method is also proposed; this is based on a broadband current signal excitation on the battery during the constant current charging phase. The proposed solu...

Stochastic operation of power systems has risen attention of researchers as fluctuating energy sources like renewables are being increasingly integrated into existing grids. Uncertainties can be higher in small power systems like isolated microgrids, where both renewables and load can be extremely unpredictable, thus causing increasing operating co...

This article presents a set of algorithms for the estimation of state of charge, specifically deployed for lithium-ion batteries. These algorithms are based on appropriate battery models. These models can be developed having different levels of accuracy, also including the possibility to correctly represent the hysteresis voltage behaviour of the s...

Achieving universal electrification is a challenging goal for governments in developing countries; the traditional approach of extending the national grid to rural areas has been usually pursued but since many communities are located far from the national grid, this approach may be sub-optimal. Hybrid microgrids, composed by renewables, batteries a...

Tramway systems are more and more diffused today, to reduce pollution and greenhouse emissions. However, their electrical feeding substations can have significant margin for improvement. Therefore, it is questionable which kind of changes can be introduced, by changing their main features. First of all, transformer technology can be enhanced, by mo...

This paper presents a technique to estimate the State-Of-Charge of lithium cells, based on a Luenberger state estimator. Although this approach is not new, in this paper several practical implementation details are discussed, including techniques to find numerical parameters of the required cell model with tests that give enough precision with limi...

Designing off-grid microgrids is a costly and risky activity, especially for newly electrified communities in developing countries. Private developers and researcher have been using several economic indicators to value the profitability of an investment, such as Net Present Value, Discounted Payback Period, Levelized Cost of Electricity; however, e...

One of the main concerns regarding energy storage systems during their normal operation is the possibility to perform an accurate state-of-charge estimation. This cannot be done by simple ampere-hour counting, unless drift correction means are put in place to avoid accumulation of measurement errors over time. In this paper, a state-of-charge estim...

The most common system for railway high‐speed lines electric supply and the somehow de‐facto standard is a special AC industrial frequency system called 2 × 25 kV system. Although several studies exist showing the performance of this system in frequency and time domains, there is a lack of studies analysing how geometric parameters influence the sy...

In the past years, forklift manufacturers have started to hybridise their products under the worldwide interest toward electrification. This is generally made starting from existing standard products, and converting them into hybrid versions, rather than start from scratch and designing fully new vehicles. This approach involves several gaps from t...

This work presents an optimization strategy and the cost-optimal design of an off-grid building served by an energy system involving solar technologies, thermal and electrochemical storages. Independently from the multi-objective method (e.g., utility function) and algorithm used (e.g., genetic algorithms), the optimization of this kind of systems...

Achieving universal electricity access is a serious challenge that developing countries are facing with. Decentralized systems are widely recognized as part of the solution, especially for remote areas where traditional approaches would be too expensive. In particular, mini-grids, which are local systems conceived to produce and distribute electric...

Extended version: 10.3390/en13164214 Mini-grids are well known to be a suitable solution to foster rural electrification in developing countries, and yet risks and high costs are hampering their spreading. Even though effective tools can help developers to identify the optimal design and operation of a mini-grid, no standard approach have emerged...

Simulation of multi‐engineering systems typically requires many issues to be solved, which are to be addressed by developing appropriate modeling and simulation programming techniques. In the last years, the authors have participated in several studies in which they analyzed in detail electrified railway systems and simulated them using Modelica la...

Dynamic Thermal Rating (DTR) monitors the temperatures of conductors, or uses weather and load forecasting to estimate their future trend, in order to calculate the actual capacity of a transmission line. By fully exploiting the real performances of conductors corresponding to the current weather conditions, DTR provides Transmission System Operato...

Electrified guided vehicles typically face routes having a large number of acceleration and braking phases. The braking energy, since the feeding line presents nonreversible electrical feeding substations, can be recovered in the presence of other nearby vehicles. To improve braking energy recovery, one or more storage systems can be positioned alo...

This paper evaluates, in a case study with real data, the advantages of using a stationary electrochemical storage system in a railway node, to recover and store braking energy considering different train typologies. The railway traffic inside the node is widely analysed, by utilization of numerical simulation models to determine energy and power f...

The governments of developing countries struggle to guarantee the universal access to electricity on their territory and 1.2 billion people are still without any service, especially in remote areas. Hybrid mini-grids (hybrid power systems) can be an effective solution to rural electrification since they exploit local renewable resources integrated...

Nowadays the electric power system is facing new challenges related to the integration of renewable sources, more and more frequently combined with energy storage systems. The use of these technologies is very promising, although it requires sophisticated control architectures in order to successfully balance the intermittence and unpredictability...

Nowadays the electric power system is facing new challenges related to the integration of renewable sources, more and more frequently combined with energy storage systems. The use of these technologies is very promising, although it requires sophisticated control architectures in order to successfully balance the intermittence and unpredictability...

The growing attention to environmental sustainability of transport systems made necessary to investigate the possibility of energy optimization even in sectors typically characterised by an already high level of sustainability, as in particular the railway system. One of the most promising opportunity is the optimization of the braking energy recov...

Nowadays, the energy storage technology is bringing new opportunities to the power systems, not only providing the electric grid with regulation, reserve and backup services, but also filling the gap between the timing of production and consumption. This enables price arbitrage techniques, aimed at maximising the economic revenue obtained by chargi...

Since there is a growing interest worldwide in reducing pollution from sea transport and sea ports activities, one of the biggest issues is to reduce energy consumption and emissions from ground transportation within ports to cranes and other logistic activities. In particular, Rubber Tired Gantry cranes with Diesel engine coupled with electric dri...

One of the key strategies to reduce fuel consumption and emissions is given by engine downsizing, together with turbocharging. Under this aspect, the possibility to couple an electric drive to the turbocharger to recover the residual energy of the exhaust gases is becoming more and more attractive. However, additional energy coming from an electric...

An automated people mover (APM) is a system used in urban/suburban areas to transport passengers point to point with a high frequency and a reliable service. Although conventional wheel-on-rail/route systems are commonly used in APMs, the application of the magnetic levitation (MAGLEV) technology in this field sounds promising. Since this technolog...

In the last years, energy storage systems are increasingly involved in applications in which they are required to deliver or adsorb significant charging or discharging currents in short intervals of time, typically a few seconds. Thanks to their high specific power, supercapacitors may represent one of the most promising technologies for this kind...