Gilbert Fridgen

University of Luxembourg · Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust

This chapter first gives a brief overview of the evolution of the financial sector, highlighting key milestones such as the introduction of automated teller machines (ATMs), the rise of online and mobile banking, and the impact of FinTech innovations and open banking regulations. It then explores the paradigm shift initiated by Bitcoin and blockcha...

Recent advancements in in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) exploration lead to a new space economy trending towards coopetitive multi-robot systems (MRS). This trend highlights the need for a robust, transparent, and universally accessible cross-organization platform for coordinating these complex systems. To fill this gap, we present in this paper...

This paper analyzes the sales of 875,389 art nonfungible tokens (NFTs) on the Ethereum blockchain to identify the key determinants influencing NFT pricing and market dynamics. We find that market liquidity and trade volume are strong predictors of NFT prices. Contrarily, social media activity negatively correlates with prices. Introducing an artist...

In the Internet of Things (IoT), interconnected smart things enable new products and services in cyber-physical systems. Yet, smart things not only inherit information technology (IT) security risks from their digital components, but they may also aggravate them through the use of technology platforms (TPs). In the context of the IoT, TPs describe...

Uncontrolled EV charging creates spikes in electricity consumption, risking power system stability. A solution to this is smart charging, where energy suppliers take advantage of EV users' flexibility to charge the EVs at low-demand periods. However, the user acceptance of smart charging is highly dependent on perceived benefits. It also relies on...

In the emerging space economy, autonomous robotic missions with specialized goals such as mapping and mining are gaining traction, with agencies and enterprises increasingly investing resources. Multi-robot systems (MRS) research has provided many approaches to establish control and communication layers to facilitate collaboration from a technical...

In the future, space agencies and private enterprises will embark on resource-harvesting missions in outer space. These missions will likely involve multiple robots from various entities operating in the same celestial vicinity. To enhance operational efficiency, these robotic entities must collaborate, share data, and offer services, such as inter...

In the new space economy, space agencies, large enterprises, and start-ups aim to launch space multi-robot systems (MRS) for various in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) purposes, such as mapping, soil evaluation, and utility provisioning. However, these stakeholders' competing economic interests may hinder effective collaboration on a centralized d...

With growing awareness of sustainability and convenience expectations, customers are increasingly demanding integrated and seamless mobility in the form of mobility-as-a-service (MaaS). However, as centralized MaaS platforms have thus far failed to integrate a critical share of mobility service providers (MSPs), travelers lack opportunities to effi...

Abstract: The industrial sector consumes a large amount of electricity, making it an ideal candidate for Demand response (DR)flexibility in modern power systems. How‐ever, current solutions for industrialDRare limited to in‐dividual cases, services and platforms, preventing com‐panies from exploring their complete flexibility potential. Addressing...

Governments around the world increasingly deploy digital identity infrastructure. These initiatives are considered a fundamental building block for their citizens to reap the benefits of digitalization and take part in the digital society and economy. But this outcome is not guaranteed: it considerably hinges upon a range of strategic governance de...

Effective identity management is essential for secure organizational processes, but organizations often do not approach it strategically. To break this trajectory, organizational policymakers need to define a clear and sustainable identity management strategy. This paper presents an overview and guidelines to help shape such strategy. It analyzes t...

This specific paper regards the previous preprint version (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4851104) submitted to SSRN that APEN allowed us to publish also as a public preprint. The final published version you can find in: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1jyUL15eifC7%7EL I'm happy to answer any questions. I hope it is useful, and...

Envelopment angst and concerns about the exploitative appropriation of data network effects can lead to fragmented platform markets. In this paper, we investigate if this fragmentation can be mended with decentralized platform architectures. Abstracting from an exemplary case in the mobility-as-a-service sector, we model a competitive two-platform...

The industrial sector consumes a large amount of electricity, making it an ideal candidate for Demand re‐ sponse (DR) flexibility in modern power systems. How‐ ever, current solutions for industrial DR are limited to in‐ dividual cases, services and platforms, preventing com‐ panies from exploring their complete flexibility poten‐ tial. Addressing...

Ever-growing concerns over ‘Big Brother’ continue driving individuals towards user-centric identity management systems. Nascent innovations are framed as offering Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI). Because of the association with value-laden ideals and technical components like blockchain, SSI is caught up with both hype and idiosyncrasy. Competing int...

Digital identity and access management (IAM) poses significant challenges for companies. Cyberattacks and resulting data breaches frequently have their root cause in enterprises’ IAM systems. During the COVID-19 pandemic, issues with the remote authentication of employees working from home highlighted the need for better IAM solutions. Using a desi...

The growing adoption of Electric vehicles (EVs) puts pressure on the power grid, and implementing smart solutions can ease this pressure. Smart charging at home is a solution where users offer flexibility in their charging schedule, which energy suppliers and/or other aggregators can exploit by charging during times of low demand and low market pri...

Restrictive rules for data sharing in many industries have led to the development of federated learning. Federated learning is a machine-learning technique that allows distributed clients to train models collaboratively without the need to share their respective training data with others. In this paper, we first explore the technical foundations of...

This fundamentals article discusses efficient machine economies in which non-human agents can autonomously exchange information and value. We first identify criteria for achieving Pareto efficiency in such economies by drawing on the Coase Theorem. We then translate these economic criteria to technical requirements before developing a framework tha...

Asylum management is rife with questions surrounding social justice. The use of information systems in this context is often complex and fosters social injustices instead of promoting social justice. The reason for this complexity may be the result of conflicting conceptualizations of social justice. By conducting an inductive and embedded single-c...

The building energy sector accounts for a large quantity of carbon emissions, making it essential for driving the global sustainable transformation and achieving the targets set in the Paris climate agreement. Increasing buildings' energy efficiency needs exact predictions of building energy performance for planning and investment decisions. In thi...

E-commerce has grown rapidly over the past years, with prevailing e-commerce platforms aggregating large amounts of customer data. This practice has several undesirable side effects, such as facilitating profiling that may lead to price discrimination and data feedback loops that can hamper competition. Moreover, data hoarding carries security risk...

Purpose This paper aims to establish a fundamental and comprehensive understanding of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) by identifying and structuring common characteristics within a taxonomy. NFTs are hyped and increasingly marketed as essential building blocks of the Metaverse. However, the dynamic evolution of the NFT space has posed challenges for tho...

Ethereum’s public distributed ledger can issue tokenised voting rights that are tradable on crypto-asset exchanges by potentially anyone. Ethereum thus enables global, unincorporated associations to conduct governance experiments. Such experiments are crucial to Decentralised Finance (DeFi). DeFi is a nascent field of unlicensed, unregulated, and n...

Credit risk assessment is a standard procedure for financial institutions (FIs) when estimating their credit risk exposure. It involves the gathering and processing quantitative and qualitative datasets to estimate whether an individual or entity will be able to make future required payments. To ensure effective processing of this data, FIs increas...

This paper analyzes the development of the European Union's digital identity policy. The analysis focuses on the dynamics leading to a sudden shift from identity management as a sensitive topic under national competence towards a common, harmonized, user-centric European Digital Identity Framework layering on top of Member States' existing systems....

Energy performance certificates (EPC) aim to provide transparency about building energy performance (BEP) and benchmark buildings. Despite having qualified auditors examining buildings through on-site visits, BEP accuracy in EPCs is frequently criticized. Qualified auditors are often bound to engineering-based energy quantification methods. However...

Private permissioned blockchains are deployed in ever greater numbers to facilitate cross-organizational processes in various industries, particularly in supply chain management. One popular example of this trend is Hyperledger Fabric. Compared to public permissionless blockchains, it promises improved performance and provides certain features that...

With high levels of intermittent power generation and dynamic demand patterns, accurate forecasts for residential loads have become essential. Smart meters can play an important role when making these forecasts as they provide detailed load data. However, using smart meter data for load forecasting is challenging due to data privacy requirements. T...

The energy transition into a modern power system requires energy flexibility. Demand Response (DR) is one promising option for providing this flexibility. With the highest share of final energy consumption, the industry has the potential to offer DR and contribute to the energy transition by adjusting its energy demand. This paper proposes a mathem...

Purpose: This paper aims to establish a fundamental and comprehensive understanding of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) by identifying and structuring common characteristics within a taxonomy. NFTs are hyped and increasingly marketed as essential building blocks of the Metaverse. However, the dynamic evolution of the NFT space has posed challenges for th...

Art and collectibles markets tend to involve lower liquidity and higher fees than public equity markets. Distributed ledger technology can tokenize artworks and collectibles, so that claims to these assets can be exchanged digitally without intermediaries. Tokenization offers investors access to a global market plus a digitized paper trail, as well...

Electric vehicles (EVs) are an important cornerstone to achieve transport decarbonization. Still, simultaneous charging of EVs when home charging increases peak demand, especially during evenings. Smart charging allows optimal distribution of load, thus preventing peak loads. Nevertheless, this incorporates certain risks for the EV user, e.g., unav...

Increasing trust in energy performance certificates (EPCs) and drawing meaningful conclusions requires a robust and accurate determination of building energy performance (BEP). However, existing and by law prescribed engineering methods, relying on physical principles, are under debate for being error-prone in practice and ultimately inaccurate. Re...

Current debates on the sustainability of blockchain technology primarily focus on proof of work (PoW) cryptocurrencies. This narrow focus leads to one-sided discussions that emphasize the poor sustainability of blockchain technology. What these discussions neglect is that non-PoW blockchains have much lower energy needs. Current debates also turn a...

Various flexibility options in power systems, such as storage, grid expansion, and demand flexibility, gain increasing importance to balance the intermittent power supply of renewables. On the demand side, especially the industrial sector represents promising potential for Demand Response, i.e., the alignment of its power demand with the current po...

Technology-driven challenges, both existing and emerging, require banks to invest in IT capabilities, especially in artificial intelligence (AI). Digital options theory presents a valuable guide rail for these investments. However, the nature of AI as a moving frontier of computing requires certain extensions to established digital option thinking....

After being granted asylum in European countries, refugees need to go through a multitude of administrative processes before they can participate in society. However, these processes are often challenging, as refugees struggle to understand them, lack instructions for managing paperwork, and do not possess the required language skills. Prior resear...

In the last decades, several developments have transformed electricity systems in Europe towards liberalized and decentralized systems that are coupled inter-sectorally and interregionally. These developments have yielded various significant benefits, such as increased efficiency and robustness. However, we argue that they have also caused new inte...

This position paper discusses the challenges of blockchain applications in businesses and the public sector related to an excessive degree of transparency. We first point out the types of sensitive data involved in different patterns of blockchain use cases. We then argue that the implications of blockchains’ information exposure caused by replicat...

Indonesia's current energy policy, which relies on cheap fossil fuels and focuses on two out of the three horns of the energy trilemma, namely, energy security and energy equity, may impede its efforts to higher shares of renewable energy sources. This paper develops three generic models that allow policymakers to analyze the impact of introducing...

The ongoing energy transition increases the share of renewable energy sources. To combat inherent intermittency of RES, increasing system flexibility forms a major opportunity. One way to provide flexibility is demand response (DR). Research already reflects several approaches of artificial intelligence (AI) for DR. However, these approaches often...

In 2020, Germany reached a maximum share of 50.5% intermittent renewables in electricity generation. Such a high share results in an increasing need for flexibility measures such as international transmission flexibility, i.e., electricity imports and exports. In fact, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Germany changed from a former electricity net expo...

Digital technologies play an important role for the delivery of many public services. However, selecting and adopting the ‘right’ digital technologies is often challenging, especially for federally structured governments. Universal factors for successful adoption are hard to establish, and the particularities of federalism, such as the separation o...

Decentralised finance (DeFi) is a category of unlicensed, unregulated, and non-custodial financial services that utilise public, distributed ledgers like Ethereum. The Bloomberg Galaxy DeFi Index, launched in August 2021, includes nine Ethereum-based projects – non-custodial exchanges as well as lending and derivatives platforms. Each project is go...

The inclusion of intermittent and renewable energy sources has increased the importance of demand forecasting in power systems. Smart meters can play a critical role in demand forecasting due to the measurement granularity they provide. Consumers' privacy concerns, reluctance of utilities and vendors to share data with competitors or third parties,...

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Situation faced: The German asylum procedure requires close cooperation and information exchange between various authorities at the municipal, state, and federal levels. Federal separation of competencies inhibits the delegation of process governance to a central authority such as the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF). This separatio...

This is the third thematic report prepared by the new team leading the EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum, aiming to present the latest updates and developments within the EU blockchain ecosystem. This is part of a series of reports that will be published addressing selected topics in accordance with the European Commission priorities. The aim is...

Towards greener production, manufacturing companies face several challenges, for example peak load shaving or flexible production planning as parts of demand-side management (DSM). DSM uses processes that can be shut down, shifted, or controlled. Advances in digitalization in the energy sector and manufacturing systems create transparency which in...

Growing electric vehicle (EV) dissemination will increase charging infrastructure installation at home. Similar daily routines are associated with high peak loads due to simultaneous EV charging. However, predominantly residential power transmission is not designed for such high loads, yielding charging bottlenecks and restricting future charging a...

In the financial services industry, blockchain is assumed to have significant impacts. From research and practice, we observe two main paradigms of how organizations interact with blockchain. First, organizations use blockchain to optimize existing processes (blockchain-based business process optimization – BPO). Second, organizations use blockchai...

The phenomenon of a blockchain use case called initial coin offering (ICO) is drawing increasing attention as a novel funding mechanism. ICO is a crowdfunding type that utilizes blockchain tokens to allow for truly peer-to-peer investments. Although more than $7bn has been raised globally via ICOs as at 2018, the concept and its implications are no...

To achieve a sustainable energy system, a further increase in electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES) is imperative. However, the development and implementation of RES entail various challenges, e.g., dealing with grid stability issues due to RES’ intermittency. Correspondingly, increasingly volatile and even negative electricity...

Electric retail rate design is relevant to utilities, customers, and regulators as retail rates impact the utility's revenue as well as the customers' electricity bills. In California, regulators approve rate proposals by privately owned vertical integrated utilities. Approval, however, is subject to compliance with multiple, potentially conflictin...

This poster provides an overview on FiReSpARX (FinTech/RegTech in Space for Trustful Autonomous Robotic Interaction), a project to take Distributed Ledger Technologies to a lunar multi-robot system. Please find more details about this project in the following link: https://wwwen.uni.lu/snt/research/spacer/projects/firesparx