Gijsbert Dirk Adrianus Werner

University of Oxford | OX · Department of Zoology

Understanding the origins and evolutionary trajectories of symbiotic partnerships remains a major challenge. Why are some symbioses lost over evolutionary time whereas others become crucial for survival? Here, we use a quantitative trait reconstruction method to characterize different evolutionary stages in the ancient symbiosis between legumes (Fa...

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. References SUMMARY: Partner selection in the mycorrhizal symbiosis is thought to be a key factor stabilising the mutualism. Both plant hosts and mycorrhizal fungi have been shown to preferentially allocate resources to higher quality partners. This can help maintain underground cooperation, although it is likely that differen...

Priority effects – the impact of a species' arrival on subsequent community development – have been shown to influence species composition in many organisms. Whether priority effects among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) structure fungal root communities is not well understood. Here, we investigated whether priority effects influence the success...

Symbiotic associations occur in every habitat on earth, but we know very little about their evolutionary histories. Current models of trait evolution cannot adequately reconstruct the deep history of symbiotic innovation, because they assume homogenous evolutionary processes across millions of years. Here we use a recently developed, heterogeneous...

Biological market theory has been used successfully to explain cooperative behavior in many animal species. Microbes also engage in cooperative behaviors, both with hosts and other microbes, that can be described in economic terms. However, a market approach is not traditionally used to analyze these interactions. Here, we extend the biological mar...

Biological market theory provides a conceptual framework to analyse trade strategies in symbiotic partnerships. A key prediction of biological market theory is that individuals can influence resource value – meaning the amount a partner is willing to pay for it – by mediating where and when it is traded. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, charac...

Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures that allow hosts to spatially separate symbionts, termed compartmentalization, is a common mechanism used by hosts. Such compartmentalization allows hosts to: (i) isolate symbionts...

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research sp...

Graphical Abstract Highlights d Quantum-dot technology can be used to track trading strategies of mycorrhizal fungi d Increasing exposure to inequality stimulates trade and resource movement d Fungal trade strategies are not uniform across the symbiotic network d Fungi can capitalize on trade by first moving resources to areas of high demand In Bri...

Significance Cooperative interactions among species—mutualisms—are major sources of evolutionary innovation. However, despite their importance, two species that formerly cooperated sometimes cease their partnership. Why do mutualisms break down? We asked this question in the partnership between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their plant host...

1.Biological conclusions drawn from phylogenetic comparative methods can be sensitive to uncertainty in species sampling, phylogeny and data. To be confident about our conclusions, we need to quantify their robustness to such uncertainty. 2.We present sensiPhy, an R-package to easily and rapidly perform sensitivity analysis for phylogenetic compar...

The symbiosis between plants and root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is one of the most ecologically important examples of interspecific cooperation in the world. AM fungi provide benefits to plants; in return plants allocate carbon resources to fungi, preferentially allocating more resources to higher-quality fungi. However, preferen...

To the Editor — The symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been described as a biological market based on evidence that plants supply more carbohydrates to fungal partners that provide more soil nutrients, and vice versa 1–4 .

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exchange soil nutrients for carbon from plant hosts. Empirical works suggests that hosts may selectively provide resources to different fungal species, ultimately affecting fungal competition. However, fungal competition may also be mediated by colonization strategies of the fungi themselves. To test whether host qualit...

The gastropod Patella vulgata is abundant on rocky shores in Northern Europe and a significant grazer of intertidal algae. Here we report the application of Illumina sequencing to develop a transcriptome from the adult mantle tissue of P. vulgata. We obtained 47,237,104 paired-end reads of 51 bp, trialled de novo assembly methods and settled on the...

![Figure][1] Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.CREDIT: JAN JANSA Although fungi are a greater threat to crops and forests than ever before (“Attack of the clones,” K. Kupferschmidt, News Focus, 10 August, p. [636][2]), we should not expel them completely. Mycorrhizal fungi are ancient and

Deze rapportage is het resultaat van het eerste onderdeel van het onderzoek van de USBO (Universiteit Utrecht) naar e-participatie van expats. In dit deelonderzoek is het aanbod van e-participatie initiatieven in kaart gebracht. In totaal zijn 139 websites geanalyseerd en beoordeeld op diverse criteria. E-participatie van expats is grofweg in te de...

Het doel van dit document is om de relaties tussen verschillende vormen van participatie en overheidsdienstverlening te verkennen om zo gericht keuzen te kunnen maken over de bijdrage van e-participatie aan geïntegreerde, persoonsgerichte dienstverlening. Achtereenvolgens wordt ingegaan op de volgende vragen: • Welke vormen van participatie in de o...