Giang Trinh

University of South Australia | UniSA · Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science

This research develops a new metric (PBCM) that can identify products within a portfolio that are eroding visual branding cohesion. We show how this new measure gives results equivalent to consumer evaluations of cohesion, without costly and time intensive data collection. The sampling frame for this research is 10 portfolios from five categories (...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine branding consistency for wine labels. The front label on wine bottles is important for identifying the brand and aiding purchase. Many brands are part of brand families, with the sub-brands linked to the overall brand family. This research provides an overview of how the front label varies across prod...

For retailers and suppliers, keeping track of distribution velocity, which refers to the market-share gains per additional point of distribution, is important to assess the performance of their products in a market. Common distribution-velocity models use distribution-breadth metrics. However, distribution-breadth metrics lack the variability neede...

Ultra‐light buyers, those who, on average, buy a brand once a year or less, are important by number and their contribution to brand purchase occasions. The initial research, however, was limited in scope and did not measure the contribution of these buyers to sales volume or value. By examining over 850 brands in almost 60 categories, we identify t...

Line Extensions are among the most common form of product launch in packaged goods markets. As part of this process, brand managers must decide the visual design of the new variant’s packaging. To inform this decision making, this research aims to empirically quantify the efficacy of using colors versus images as signals of product variety on pack....

This study aims to investigate the interaction effects of marketing and R&D expenditure on brand competitiveness based on performance indicators. While many studies have investigated the individual effects of marketing expenditure and R&D expenditure on a company's brand value, competitive advantage, and performance, there has been limited research...

Practitioners and academics have long discussed strategies for brand sales growth. A recent example is an industry debate in which different brand growth strategies were argued: https://www.mmaglobal.com/thegreatdebate (MMA Global & Neustarr, 2021). A central question in this arena is whether a brand should focus on its heavy, light, or non-buyers...

The Modern Data Analysis paradigm (Williams, 2021) advocates using multiple methods to address the same research question, which is rarely done in studies of advertising creative effects. In this paper, we apply the MDA paradigm to data from Hartnett, Kennedy, et al. (2016), which coded 158 creative variables for 312 television advertisements with...

To identify the effect of marketing actions on consumer purchasing, analysts must disentangle the dynamic component of purchasing from expected period-to-period stochastic fluctuations. This is done by comparing marketplace observations to the conditional expectation of future purchasing. Current methods of deriving the conditional expectation cont...

Purpose: This study aims to investigate whether digital advertising can be effective despite consumer inattention and how certain common combinations of ad characteristics increase or decrease ad effectiveness under conditions of low attention. Design/methodology/approach: Using two online experiments in naturalistic environment, the authors compa...

E-fashion brand competition has historically been studied from an attitudinal lens, through surveys and theory-based approaches. These studies generally examine consumer attitudes, satisfaction and loyalty; highlighting that trust, satisfaction and reputation are key e-commerce success elements. However, the empirical consumer behaviour literature...

Although marketers are increasingly asked to manage brands for the long term, it is difficult to do so when no clear picture exists of long-term brand buying. This study reports cumulative behavioural loyalty outcomes for 200 UK consumer-goods brands when observed in a five-year household panel of continuous reporters. We examine these brands in in...

Marketers are interested in the loyalty of their customer base. Increasingly this includes examining behavioural loyalty inferred from the frequency or weight of purchase. A typical approach is to divide the customer base into arbitrary segments based on weight of purchase and then attempt to move customers from lighter to heavier segments, rather...

Purpose This study aims to investigate the long-term erosion of repeat-purchase loyalty among consumers who purchase brands in a one-year base period. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a five-year consumer panel of continuous reporters. This paper identifies brand buyers in a base year, then calculates the proportion that fails to buy the...

A crucial task for digital advertising is to influence choice despite consumers’ lack of attention. Yet, there is little evidence about digital advertising effectiveness or about the source factors that affect consumers under conditions of low attention. Using a mixed factorial experiment, we find clear evidence that digital advertising is effectiv...

This paper compares consumer brand purchase loyalty for food products bought either ‘on the go’ (OTG), or for take-home consumption. The study uses two UK consumer packaged goods datasets. The first dataset comprises consumers' purchasing of brands in three product categories: soft drinks, crisps, and savory snacks for on the go consumption. The se...

This study uses a sample of approximately 60,000 US households to document fundamental shopping basket size patterns across a range of retail types, and examines them in relation to retailer performance metrics (unit sales and dollar revenue). Specifically, this research addresses two main questions: 1) how do shopping basket metrics (mean and medi...

This paper compares the buying behaviours of older and younger consumers of older and newer brands in grocery retailing. We analysed 88,000 purchases of 60 brands from six categories. Behavioural loyalty measures for different consumer age cohorts were calculated and compared relative to each brand's launch date. Results showed older consumers do n...

A crucial communication task for branded tweets is to exert an influence on choice despite the consumers' lack of attention. We propose two important source factors as moderators of communication effectiveness in the situation of low attention. Specifically, we propose that brand familiarity and product type influence the effectiveness of branded t...

This study proposes an alternative approach to the usual cognitive investigation of the purchasing behaviour for food products by country-of-origin (COO). The new approach is based on two well-known behavioural models: the Negative Binomial Distribution and the Dirichlet model. Using two large datasets of actual purchasing of COOs of wine and butte...

This paper aims to empirically establish the effectiveness of a supermarket layout with a middle aisle splitting all other aisles, compared to a ‘traditional’ layout (without a middle aisle). Two supermarkets in Australia were matched by size, turnover, population/location, and general layout, except that Store 2 had a middle aisle. The research ai...

This paper investigates actual purchasing behaviour of different ethnicities. Using a national representative sample of Chinese and Malay households in Malaysia, with their continuous purchases of toothpaste, body wash, packaged tea and plain sweet biscuits recorded over a two-year period of 2011–2012, we found that overall there is significant dif...

This paper compares consumer behavioral brand loyalty in purchasing for on-the-go and for take-home consumption. The study uses two consumer packaged goods datasets from the UK. The first dataset contains actual consumer repeat purchasing of soft-drink brands for on-the-go consumption. The second dataset contains actual consumer repeat purchasing o...

This article generalizes the well-known negative binomial distribution (NBD) theory to attendance behavior at sporting events. Using data from a large national survey across a range of sporting events in Australia, including Australian football, rugby league, soccer (outdoor), horse racing, motor sports, rugby union, cricket (outdoor), netball (ind...

Consumers are able to make brand choice decisions in a third of a second. It is therefore important for marketers to understand how consumers learn and recognise brands. In psychological research, it is established that words, faces, and objects learned early in life are recognised faster and more accurately than items learned later in life, known...

We analyse the purchasing of brands at both regular and promotional price over time. The goal is to better understand the extent of consumer deal-proneness. Our analysis shows most consumers buy brands on promotion at least some of the time, and the tendency to buy on promotion relates mostly to how much promotion is available in a category, sugges...

This research examines the relationship between the average price paid by a household for consumer packaged goods and different types of households. Using panel data that consists of approximately 17,000 households per year, we examine 24 consumer packaged goods categories across 6 years (2005-2010) to understand the way in which average purchasing...

This paper investigates consumer's behavioural loyalty to online supermarkets over time. We use three measures of behavioural loyalty (share of category requirements, repertoire size, and polarisation index) from four major online supermarkets in the UK across five categories. We find that loyalty to online supermarkets is high in the categories we...

This paper investigates behavioral loyalty of consumers to online grocery retailers over time. The study uses consumer packaged goods data from the UK, one of the most advanced online retailing countries. The data contains actual consumer repeat purchasing of three product categories (soft drinks, toothpaste, and cat food) from four major grocery r...

This research confirms empirical patterns about in-store behaviors based on a large number of shops and store visits, specifically 654,000 transactions in 40 supermarkets, hypermarkets, convenience and specialty stores in the USA, UK, China, and Australia. Integrating new data with past findings highlights that: (i) many shopping trips are short; (...

This research examines the retrospective buying behaviour of customers acquired by a new brand, both at category and brand level. New brand launches are risky endeavours for marketers, as many fail to attract a sustainable customer base. We examine new brand launches in six packaged goods categories in the UK, across a wide range of brand and categ...

Purpose This paper aims to extend the known boundary conditions of the negative binomial distribution (NBD) model, and to test the applicability of conditional trend analysis (CTA) – a key method to identify whether changes in overall sales are accounted for by previous non-buyers, light buyers or heavy buyers – in industrial purchasing situations....

This paper applies the well-known stochastic NBD model to attending behavior at sporting events. Using data from a large national survey across a range of sporting events in Australia including Australian football, rugby league, soccer (outdoor), horse racing, cricket (outdoor), netball (indoor and outdoor), basketball (indoor and outdoor), and ten...

This study proposes an alternative approach to the usual cognitive investigation of cultural venue and event attendance. This approach is based on stochastic preference theory. Specifically, the study utilises two well-known stochastic models of consumer behaviour: the NBD model and NBD-Dirichlet model to predict attendance behaviour at cultural ve...

Price promotions dominate the modern grocery retail environment. This paper documents the prevalence and nature of these price promotions (i.e., deal types and discount depths) in the United States and United Kingdom. The analysis comprises of 23 categories across five retail chains. One of the key findings is that multiple-unit promotions – deal t...

New brand launches are risky endeavors for marketers, as many fail to attract a sustainable customer base. This research examines the buying behavior of customers acquired by a new brand and revisits the theoretical norms of the NBD-Dirichlet model benchmarks. Investigating 40 new brand launches in the UK, across a wide range of brand and category...

This study investigates the variation in brand growth and decline across many different product categories. It uses recent consumer panel data from the UK, covering 639 brands across 28 categories, including food, personal care, home care and pet food, over a five-year period from 2008 to 2012. Consistent with the literature, the study finds that m...

The latest trend in the private label world are premium private labels, often more expensive than standard national brands (ter Braak, Geyskens, & Dekimpe, 2014). The question arises, are those who are already buying a lot of private labels a potential target for more expensive private labels? This paper aims to answer this question by examining th...

This paper proposes a new model of consideration set sizes, which relies on a stochastic modelling approach to better understand data patterns. The paper combines the Poisson distribution with the lognormal distribution proposed by Hauser and Wernerfelt (1990) to create the Poisson lognormal (PLN) model of consideration set sizes. An advantage of P...

This paper proposes and validates the negative binomial distribution (NBD) to predict the variation in repertoire size (the number of brands purchased by a consumer in a specific time period) within a category. From a managerial perspective, the variation is crucial for brand managers who would like to know the nature and intensity of competition t...

The negative binomial distribution (NBD) has been widely used in marketing for modeling purchase frequency counts, particularly in packaged goods contexts. A key managerially relevant use of this model is Conditional Trend Analysis (CTA)—a method of benchmarking future sales utilizing the NBD conditional expectation. CTA allows brand managers to id...

This research investigates changes in brand loyalty as households pass from one stage of the household life cycle to another. Analysing 45 brands in three consumer product categories in the UK, we find that the changes follow a U shape pattern. Brand loyalty declines sharply as households shift from the pre-family stage to the young family stage, r...

Purpose – This study responds to the call of Fader and Hardie for more research on buyer behaviour toward stock keeping units (SKU). This paper aims to examine whether different SKU‐based product variants appeal to buyers with different demographic characteristics. Design/methodology/approach – This study examines the product variants (such as siz...

This study examines the relationships between demographic factors, buying situation, and product attribute preference (specifically, pack size). In plain terms, do demographics and buying situation interact to influence the preference for particular product types? The potential contribution of the study is to identify (a) if situation is related to...

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to explore the differences in behaviour between heavy and light wine buyers. This is conducted by comparing heavy and light buyers of wine in terms of their repertoires including the size, purchase frequency and market shares across brands, as well as loyalty exhibited towards particular wine attributes. Design/met...