Ghulam Mustafa

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Professor (Associate) at Government College University, Faisalabad

This research envisions the analytical discourse on the history of development and evolution of the Punjab Governance. Historically, the Indus Valley Civilization incepted the governance machinery in the Punjab that was subsequently developed by various indigenous and foreign powers. The qualitative data, collected through the Historical Research M...

The 18th constitutional amendment did away with the Concurrent Legislative List which gave many legislative authorities to provincial assemblies to deal with regional problems. Structural development was done through processes as the Council of Common Interests (CCI) and National Economic Council (NEC) that encouraged federalism provincial input. W...

This paper aims to analyze the role of Pakistan in Afghanistan peace dialogue, bring Taliban and US to the table talks, held in Doha in 2020. Afghanistan has historically been haunted by civil wars and invasions and peace in the region has been a subject to the peace in Afghanistan. The latest peace process-initiated years ago was completed by D...

The purpose of this research is to elucidate Pakistan's relations with North and South Korea. A number of intrinsic restrictions need to be taken into consideration while comparing Pakistan's diplomatic ties with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea (ROK). First of all, because of concerns over politics and...

The aims of this research is to explain the US's interest to preserve its hegemony, as well to which length it may lead to achieve interest through strategic maneuvering in the Central Rimland region The Central Rimland region has emerged as flashpoint for the strategic and political maneuvering with the emergence of china as economic power in t...

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex interactions between Iran and Syria from 2010 to 2024. The research aims to examine how these relationships have evolved and been influenced by the Syrian civil war. It is crucial to assess the potential outcomes of a scenario where the current authority in Syria changes, particularly with...

The purpose of this study is to discuss role of US in China-Taiwan relations. According to Colonel Skinner, the resolution of the ROC dispute between PRC and the U.S. remains uncertain but possible. Given the longstanding involvement of the U.S. in this issue, it is likely to persist for many years into the future. What we are talking about here is...

This article aims to critically analyze Pakistan's relations with Iran in the 21st century, focusing on political, economic, and security dimensions. The article explores the challenges and opportunities that define their bilateral ties in a rapidly evolving regional and global context. Pakistan and Iran share deep historical, cultural, and religio...

The main objective of this study is to understand the challenges that terrorism poses to Pakistan's security, governance, and socioeconomic development. Terrorism is becoming one of the paramount's Non-Traditional Security threats in Pakistan with special reference to 21st century that threatens the social, political & economic fabrics of the socie...

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship initiative under China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), is a transformative project aimed at enhancing regional connectivity, fostering economic growth, and strengthening geopolitical alliances. Launched in 2013, CPEC spans $62 billion in investments, encompassing sectors such as transpo...

The security issues that the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is now experiencing are examined in this essay. As part of the One Belt One Road (OBOR) application, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) seeks to attach the ports of Kashgar in China with Gwadar in Pakistan. With an anticipated of entirety date of 2030 and an expenditu...

The research is about the Pakistan's diplomatic ties with Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Pakistan and North Korea accepted diplomatic relations in May 1971. The relationship between the two countries has been affected by political and strategic compensation, including cooperation in the defence and technology section. There has...

The struggle for separate homeland for the Muslims of Subcontinent was fulfilled in 1947 but soon after the independence, the Eastern wing of Pakistan showing dissatisfaction over the Policies of Central government. And finally after a war of 1971, Pakistan was disintegrated. Bangladesh emerged as sovereign state and after that both the countries,...

The administration of Narendra Modi in India has been active in signing agreements on clean energy and focusing on advancing renewable energy strategies in India. Narendra Modi's clean energy initiative has boosted his image in public. Under Narendra Modi India's economy has seen significant development which contributed to the satisfactory politic...

Human rights violations in the part of Kashmir ruled by India are the subject of this article. The part of Kashmir under Indian administration suffers from the ongoing violation of human rights. Their daily lives now involve everything from political repression and the oppressive conditions of free speech to mass murders, forced disappearances, tor...

The relationship between India and United States has significantly changed since independence of India in 1947, this period marked ups and downs in relationship between both the countries. They had cooperation as well as tensions during that period of time. Initially their relations were stressed during Cold War due to some alliances, as India favo...

This research offers a thorough study of Pak-Bangladesh relations under the direction of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajid from her return to power in 2009 to the present. Understood within the larger framework of South Asian geopolitics, the study aims to clarify the evolution, dynamics, and subtleties of the bilateral relationship between Pakist...

This research aims to critically analyse the bilateral relations between France and Pakistan during the 21st century. It emphasizes political, economic, social, cultural and military relationships between the two countries. Its purposes are to demonstrate the political ideologies and foreign policy objectives that influence Pakistan-France relation...

The research seeks to discover the reasons behind the success of the advanced governance models of Alberta, Zurich, and Massachusetts with the vision to provide lessons and strategies for the transformation of the Punjab Governance. Since the inception of Pakistan, the Punjab has struggled to achieve effective governance, with no solution proving t...

The research is about the Pakistan's diplomatic ties with the Republic of Korea (ROK). It explains the historical context and latest status of Pakistan's relation with Republic of Korea. Pakistan and the Republic of Korea established diplomatic relations in 1983. The relationship between the two countries has been distinguished by economic cooperat...

The purpose of this research is to elucidate the role of India and Pakistan in Afghanistan as both are the neighborly and rivalry states. It's likely that the Taliban will continue to run things in Afghanistan. The Taliban took over the government of the nation, however, it is still not acknowledged on a global scale or in South Asia. The Taliban's...

The Indo-American relations during the Donald Trump era undertook a noteworthy transformation, from January 20, 2017, to January 20, 2021. Major components of the relationship between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and American President Donald Trump and the implications of their relationship for Pakistan are stated in this research. Throughou...

This article explores the role of CSOs and examines how Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) play a key role in empowering Persons with Disabilities (PWDs). It focuses on the Disability Rights Action Group (DRAG). The article further examines the plans and actions DRAG uses to stand up for disability rights, make things more accessible, and help PWDs...

The revocation of article 370 & 35-A by Prime Minister (PM) Modi Government on August 5, 2019 marked significant constitutional changes, depriving the people of Jammu & Kashmir from their special status. This move was aimed to integrate Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India. The paper employs a qualitative methodology, analyzing secondary data f...

The Purpose of this research is to elucidate China’s influence on Middle Eastern Countries. Growth in infrastructure, influence in politics, energy collaboration, and innovation in technology, trade, and capital are some of the strategies that have defined China’s strategic involvement in the Middle East. Since China saw promise in development of i...

This qualitative study aims to evaluate the influence of the US and the possibility of Pakistan developing strategic relations with Russia in the 21st century. Historical legacies, an overemphasis on Western dependency and Pakistan's Endocentric viewpoint have all tarnished relations between Pakistan and Russia. Although their relationship has had...

The United States of America emerged as a dominant state in the world in the aftermath of WW II along with the USSR. Where the USSR fell and disintegrated in 1991, the USA kept its dominance and control over the world, especially across the American continent. The USA and Cuba had a long co-existing history, things took a strange turn after Fidel C...

The Ukraine war, a conflict with complex geopolitical dimensions, has had far-reaching consequences on the economy, International Relations, and humanitarian conditions. This research paper examines the multifaceted impact of the war on various aspects of the global landscape. The direct consequences on Ukraine's economy, including recession, curre...

The United States is increasingly active in the Asia-Pacific region to safeguard its global interests. As China’s economic power grows, it is posing challenges to U.S. hegemony. In response, the U.S. has formed alliances like AUKUS and the QUAD, emphasizing its AsiaPacific policy to counter China. In contrast, China is expanding its economic influe...

The complex ties between China and two important Middle Eastern nations Iran and Saudi Arabia are examined in this article. It looks at what China does similar to and differently from each partner, focusing on the supposed guiding principles of non-interference and economic cooperation. The research highlights Saudi Arabia and Iran's crucial roles...

This paper mainly focuses on the declining dominance of US dollar especially in the recent century and the role of different factors in this phenomenon. Recently decline is seen in the power of US dollar. The global dollar reserves faced so much pressure in recent times. Within two decades a sharp decline is seen in US dollar share of global curren...

This research analyzes the perceptions and experiences of individuals from the Erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Ex-FATA) following its merger with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The study employs a mixed approach, collecting primary data through random sampling from various districts of FATA, including students, teachers, social acti...

Cold War was the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States to expand their ideology and influence worldwide to become the most powerful state of the world. A significant element of the Cold War was the making of alliances by both the United States and the Soviet Union to materialize their objectives and to contain each other’s ballooni...

This research examines the post-merger administrative changes in the Erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) almost six years after the 2018 merger. Policymakers may be optimistic, but the region still has a lot of governance and administrative issues. The problems stem from a hastily merger procedure without...

This document of research sheds light on the contours of laws concerning the Governance Model of Pakistan. This study explores that most of the laws of the land are either antiquated or irrelevant to the trends and needs of modern governance. Historically, most of these laws of contemporary Pakistan were enacted by the British Parliament in the era...

South Asia is bestowed with abundant natural resources and active manpower. A wide range of glaciers in Himalayan and its consecutive ranges make one of the biggest water systems in the world. Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Indus basins quench the thirst of almost one-fourth of the world population living in South Asia. However, hasty and unfair bou...

The Islamic Republic of Iran possesses a hybrid political system. It encompasses both elements of democracy and Islamic theocracy. As a unique model of the Islamic governmental system, the political system in Iran rests on dual sources of legitimacy. The objective of this paper is to examine the voter behaviour and the result of the 2024 elections...

The United States is increasingly active in the Asia-Pacific region to safeguard its global interests. As China’s economic power grows, it is posing challenges to U.S. hegemony. In response, the U.S. has formed alliances like AUKUS and the QUAD, emphasizing its Asia-Pacific policy to counter China. In contrast, China is expanding its economic influ...

Analyzing the philosophical foundation and practical realities of the Pakistani experience with transgender rights, this study aims to establish the successes, challenges, and potential directions for development. Over the last few years, the Pakistani legislators have enhanced the legal protection for Transgender Rights to a significant level. A l...

The present study investigates how leadership styles can lead to burnout and organizational engagement via sample of 100 officers from the executive arm of the Punjab Police Department. A random sampling method was used based on primary sources. The required information was obtained from Bahawalpur District police. Data analysis for this research i...

The US-Cuban relations have been historically bitter due to various factors, including the US's reluctance to engage with Cuba and its communist ideology. During the Cold War, the US faced difficulties due to Cuba's inclination towards the USSR, leading to the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. The US has always had concerns about Cuba and its ideology, wh...

United States of America remains one of the first countries to have established diplomatic ties with Pakistan. The relationship of both states dates back to Oct 20, 1947 which was based on economy and military assistance. During the 1950s the official visit of Pakistani Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan towards United States gradually improves their b...

As Minorities' Day is observed in Pakistan on August 11th, 1947, it is an important day in history. The founder of the nation, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, addressed the nation's first Legislative Assembly on this day. The terminology used to allude to Pakistan placed a strong emphasis on the freedom of religion. The State's founding leaders wanted to esta...

Historical, political, and sociocultural forces have long moulded the complex dynamics that characterise interactions between Koreas. The complexity of these relationships is examined in this research through the use of a level of analysis approach. In order to provide a thorough knowledge of the dynamics impacting inter-Korean relationships, this...

Afghanistan is located at the crossroads of Asia and is a mountainous country. This country has a unique and long history with boundary changes and several name like Ariana, Khorasan and finally Afghanistan are the titles which acted as cradles of civilization at a time and sometimes asylums for the native fighters. From the history of Afghanistan...

The word mainstream and empowerment are directly linked to political culture and participation of the diverse sections of society. The component of one-person-one-vote with free will to exercise the right to choose a candidate to make decisions on behalf of the larger community beautifies democracy. In Pakistani society, several factors polluted th...

This paper uses qualitative research tools to unearth the nuanced features of nuclear deterrence and security dilemmas in South Asia. The study focuses on India and Pakistan's nuclear capabilities, the historical background of nuclearization, the basics of deterrence in today's context as well as an elaborate analysis of their security landscape. T...

The Purpose of this research is to elucidate China’s influence on Middle Eastern Countries. Growth in infrastructure, influence in politics, energy collaboration, and innovation in technology, trade, and capital are some of the strategies that have defined China’s strategic involvement in the Middle East. Since China saw promise in development of i...

Afghanistan is located at the crossroads of Asia and is a mountainous country. This country has a unique and long history with boundary changes and several name like Ariana, Khorasan and finally Afghanistan are the titles which acted as cradles of civilization at a time and sometimes asylums for the native fighters. From the history of Afghanistan...

This article examines the US-Cuba relations and the security implication it has on the region in the 21 st century. Both nations hold key positions in the world in their own domains. Cuban transition of ideology has become major security threat to USA and the region. Where Cuba cannot deny its world power neighbour, USA can also not deny the amount...

Relations between USA and China have been of utmost importance now more than ever. The strategic competition between two economic giants is spread all across the world. Power

Pakistan and the United States have had a complex and evolving relationship throughout history. There have been periods of collaboration, stress, and reevaluation in these two nations' relationships in areas such as official engagement, financial partnership, military links, and regional security concerns. This research seeks to present a thorough...

The complex ties between China and two important Middle Eastern nations Iran and Saudi Arabia are examined in this article. It looks at what China does similar to and differently from each partner, focusing on the supposed guiding principles of non-interference and economic cooperation. The research highlights Saudi Arabia and Iran's crucial roles...

This article aims to determine how India's strategic rise has approached and redefined the power relations of the Asia-Pacific region. Asia-Pacific is an important region for the world because it implies confrontation of world actors-these are the powers that bear the struggle for domination of the region. India, on the other hand, is trying to ens...

US-Cuban history is filled with many historical events. The history goes way back in 1900s when Cuba was a Spanish colony in the western hemisphere. The USA helped Cuba fight and win war against the Spanish. After that the relations entered into another phase. Cuba even stayed under the US influence due to threat of colonial powers. But major shift...

This research paper focuses on the study of US-Sino relations with the philosophical prism of conflicting or competitive thoughts of China's Revisionism and US' Rebalancing Strategy .Historically, since its inception in 1949, P.R.C, driven by its revisionist thought against status quo, according to US realists , has been at loggers head with the U....

Society of Pakistan is a plural society having four provinces with their own cultures, norms and traditions. Focusing on Balochistan, a backward and underdeveloped province with fewer facilities consisting the issue of national integration. National integration is a process in which divisive community and cultures are blends into complete unity. As...

The absence of violent conflict and the presence of respect and understanding between people and communities are the two characteristics that define peace. Negotiation, compromise, and cooperation among groups with different interests and viewpoints are frequently necessary to bring about peace. The advancement of human rights, social justice, and...

During the creation of Pakistan, Christians of the Sub-Continent supported the efforts of Quaid-e-Azam for new state, and also played very important role in the first assemblies of the state. But after some time of independence important part of the state’s population become marginalized. During the constitution making process Pakistan chose to fol...

Pakistan is a country having various ethnic diversities. Ethnicity exists only in a political society consisting on diverse factions, categorized by mutual consciousness of oneness in a bond. This research work will highlight the concept of ethnicity in Balochistan. Process of national integration can be secured when ethnic groups identities would...

This qualitative research aims to analyze how the major strategic shift in the behavior of nuclear India from defensive (pre-detonation era) to offensive (post-detonation era) has challenged the deterrence stability of south Asia by providing legitimation to Pakistan's deterrent options? Due to this 20 th century's most enduring rivalry (Indo-Pak)...

USA can never ignore a significant region like South Asia in its foreign policy. Now it is important for USA to reconsider its policy options while making any decision in future towards the member states of the region. This research tried to highlight the vital position of South Asia for regional and world politics. Definitely USA does as each stat...

USA strategists dwelled strategy of drone strikes to kill terrorists in War on Terror. The effectiveness of drone strikes remained debatable both in defense and academic circles. Some have of the opinion that it paid a lot for USA with minimum collateral damage and it helped US forces in locating and targeting terrorists. While some found this stra...

Since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 the miracle happened, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah the minority converted into majority. The Quaid addressed in 1st Constitutional assembly of Pakistan announced equal rights for every citizen of Pakistan and too much focused on minorities of Pakistan for their equal rights. The constitutio...

The majority population of Pakistan is Muslim, and Pakistan claims that Pakistan is the Islamic Republic. That’s why an article in the chapter of Public Policy of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 says that Pakistan will maintain its relationship with Muslim Ummah and establish peace for the Muslim community. The determinant of Pakistan’s foreign p...

Federalism is a form of government in which powers are divided between the central government for the whole country and government for the parts of the country, better known as federal units. It's a common exiting form government and it is more suitable for those societies which are heterogeneous in character. Dicey said that acceptable distributio...

The pursuit of harmony within a state is known as national integration. National integration connects all facets of society regardless of language, racial background, religion, race, or belief. It is a process based on harmony, interdependence, and most importantly, national awareness. National integration is a sentiment that unites a nation's popu...

This document of research sheds gleam on the dynamic relationship between governance and development, springing up out of an analysis of administrative models of Germany's Hamburg State and Pakistan's Punjab Province. Therefore to corroborate this point, the author adhered to literature review, case study and observation tools for data collection....

The recent developments inCooperation betweenIsrael and multiple Arab countries have shaped the dynamics of politics within the Arab region. The centuries-old areas of disagreementhave now transformed into different deals of Cooperation. The relationships betweenArabs within themselvesand the rest of the world have now broken into multiple strands....

Pakistan is a galaxy of religions and a land having rich cultural diversity. Such attributes have fascinated the research scholars, political scientists, and sociologists for studying the elements that, despite of indifferences, have connected the people. Pakistan was a political demanded of a visible Muslim minority of Sub-Continent to have a piec...

Pakistan is signatory of the various human rights treaties proposed by United Nations and other international and regional organizations. These human rights treaties focus on human rights protection in democratic society where every individual have their rights. These treaties also give the framework for rights of all types of the minorities living...

This qualitative study deals with the question, how the nuclear posturing effected and fueled the already existing complex relationship between India and Pakistan soon after the nuclear detonation in 1998? On May 28 th , 1998 when Pakistan detonated its nuclear weapon as a result of India's series of nuclear tests earlier in the same month. Based o...

USA relations with South Asian states experienced many ups and down. At one stage USA seems closer to one state while on the other with some other. In recent history India and Afghanistan have become states of strategic as well as economic importance for USA. It is evident that foreign policy priorities remained under constant change. These changes...

This paper analyzes the foreign policy of Communist China towards Capitalist South Asia via analyzing the PRC's foreign policy towards two central states of South Asia, i-e. India and Pakistan. While China is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Traditionally, it has had good and bad relationships with the Subcontinent of India, which was...

The instant research revolves around the utility of the military camping grounds for governance and security of the Empires. The history of military camping harks back to the times of Alexander for consolidation of his Empire, it was followed by the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh dynasties and the British Empire in the Subcontinent. The author utilized the...

When Muslim Leaders of the Subcontinent of India were trying to create a different independent state for Muslims, the Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah repeatedly used the phrase "Separate state for the Minorities of India". He demanded a state where all types of minorities could live freely according to their religious teachings and norms. These de...

Voting patterns are the reflection of democratic traditions that are imbibed within the societal fabric. Pakistan and Australia are far off in case of developmental comparison but there seems to be similar barriers in the societies of both states in relation to women participation and role in politics. This article highlights the patterns which are...

Since its inception, Israel has been a bone of contention in the Arab region. Several wars have been fought between Israel and Arabs that have resulted in irregularities, power dynamics and instability in the region. The wars between the Israel and the Arab world made the Israel stronger. To stop these wars, several peace agreements have also been...

Since independence in 1947, a constant state of antagonism and enmity has generally been observed between Pakistan and India. Even the so called 'Peaceful phases' were uneasy and short lived. An analyst Asley Tellis coined a term "ugly stability" as both the nations entangled themselves in three wars in 1948, 1965 and 1971 against each other. Moreo...

Human rights are a legal and natural guarantee to the people that they have fundamental rights and duties (to each other) that make their lives and survival easy. Human beings, state and state institutions, are responsible for providing and protecting the fundamental rights of every single person. According to “Article 21 of the United Nations’ Uni...

The theory of modernization by Inglehart describes that economic development is directly proportional to cultural modernization which affects women's participation in politics. The main focus of this article is to evaluate the relevance of modernization to explain the global differences that exist in women's political participation and, on this bas...

China has had strained ties with the USA since 1949. Economic ties between the two nations increased considerably after 1980. Economic collaboration, Pacific hegemony dispute, and mistrust of each other's intentions characterized the partnership. As a result, despite significant economic relations, each country developed distrust of the other as a...

Indian Ocean remained the most important part of great power rivalry during the Cold War amid the former Soviet Union and the then U.S. The Soviets have demised and other actors are consolidating their strategic position. Among such actors, China has increased its attention as one Pentagon strategic document has revealed that it has the largest nav...

Human Rights are the oldest phenomenon in the world that develops with the passage of time. The basic idea of human rights was the right to live, liberty and property. But now, human rights can divide into many categories such as civil rights, political rights, social rights, economic rights, religious rights, cultural rights and many more. This ar...

This exploratory research aims to explore and access the factors which are involved in Pakistan’s water conflict with India and how they are challenging the political existence of Pakistan. As human survival and economic progression are profoundly and directly linked with its accessibility and usability of it. Water is becoming a source of growing...

A sovereign state is comprised of three important organs that are Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. These organs have their respective routs and way of actions and the concept of separation of power is also in field to run the business of a state smoothly. Now a day a term is used specially in Pakistan "Judicial Activism" that is frequently use...

Nearly half of the world's population is women. Only 15% of women are represented in the legislature. Only 12 countries have women holding 33% or more of the seats in parliament (UNDP Report). Punjab is the most populous province in Pakistan. Compared with other provinces, women's participation in the political process is relatively high. The main...

US foreign policy towards India under Obama administrations was the continuity of his predecessors G.W. Bush and Bill Clinton. In Indian circle policy of Obama was considered in good manners. President Obama wrote his personal letter to Indian prime minister Manmohan Sing that Indo-US relations will grow across the board as both states have common...

The Belt and Road Initiative is a revival of the centuries-old Silk Road, which has been in use for over two thousand years. China has designed BRI as a new strategic framework for its foreign policy and economic ambitions, concentrating directly on the neighboring countries along its southern and western borders. China aims to foster cooperation a...

Religious Minorities are facing serious issues in Pakistan. They are living and having a lot of issues in toleration from the society. Article 20 of the Constitution states that every Pakistani citizen have liberty to establish their religious institutions and practice their own religion. With all these equal rights mentioned in constitution the co...

The CPEC is the southern corridor (one of six corridors) of the initiative on the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, which will pass through Pakistan, and will link China with the Middle East, Africa and beyond both by land and sea. The C PEC offer Pakistan a new opportunity to play a key role in th...

Kabul has tremendous importance in Moscow's strategic culture. Moscow has seen Kabul as a place for competition with the western world. Russia has fought in Afghanistan in the 1980s with different segments of Afghan society. After the complete silence of more than two decades, Russia has now started to take an interest in the internal politics of A...

Pakistan is an Islamic republic as declared the equal rights to every citizen of Pakistan. In Pakistan lot of marginalized groups neglected by the society as they are religious minorities, transgender, special persons etc. In the diverts groups in a country are living and having a lot of issues in toleration of each other identity and that's why th...

This study explores environmental risks associated with CPEC projects. CPEC provides opportunities of economic development for Pakistan. The mega project is helping Pakistan in infrastructure development, industrial development, and bolstering its energy sector. Pakistan has been facing energy crisis for decades, the CPEC energy projects are helpin...

Central Asian states are situated at the crossroads of Asia and Europe; it is considered the heart of the globe. Great power that controls Central Asian region controls the world. Central Asia is crucial for any global power for its geostrategic perspective. Afghanistan is an essential country in the region of South and Central Asia. Uzbekistan, Tu...