Ghanshyam Singh

University of Johannesburg | uj · Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

A novel frequency regime of the spectrum from 0.1 to 10 THz enables an emerging paradigm of modern wireless communication referred as 6G communication networks. However, to assure the success of 6G communication networks, ever‐growing development and deployment of nano‐machines, leading to ultra‐dense nano‐network, is witnessed. Nevertheless, the p...

This book provides insights in the field of free-space optical (FSO) communication, which is considered the next frontier for future-generation, broadband wireless networks. The authors discuss various factors limiting practical implementations of the mixed radio frequency/free-space optical (RF/FSO) relaying technology, to determine the impact of...

Integrating Virtual Reality (VR) with developing technology has become crucial in today’s schools to transform in-the-moment instruction. A change in perspective has occurred because of VR, enabling teachers to create immersive learning experiences in addition to conventional classes. This paper presents a systematic literature review with an in-de...

Channel estimation is crucial in wireless communication systems, as it intends to accurately determine the characteristics of the communication channel between the transmitter and the receiver. The accuracy of channel estimators significantly impacts the performance of various communication functions, such as beamforming and interference reduction....

Recently tremendous growth is observed with the advent of wireless technologies, which demand enormous spectrum bandwidth to provide high data rate multimedia applications to the users including video conferencing, telephony, and instant web browsing. Thus, the conventional radio frequency (RF) spectrum has become one of the scarcest resources; hen...

In this chapter, we present a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) communication scheme to evaluate the performance of a mixed RF/FSO cooperative relaying system. The spectral efficiency of the wireless communication systems could be easily improved with the aid of NOMA technique. Simultaneous transmission of two symbols that differ in the power c...

The FSO communication systems provide major advantages of large bandwidth, quick installation, and inherent security. These advantages can only be harnessed once we are aware of the various degrading factors that affect the signal transmission. The main aspects of atmospheric turbulence and pointing error need to be accurately modeled for this purp...

Computing machines have traditionally been used to take a specific set of inputs and provide the system’s output employing a provided algorithm/function. However, with the rise of machine learning algorithms, it is now possible to provide a set of input and output values and let the machine discover the function that maps them together. Machine lea...

The remarkable expansion of wireless communication systems has given rise to the development of all communication generations, spanning from 1G to 5G/6G. Nevertheless, the ongoing focus is on the research and development of 6G wireless and mobile communication systems according to established timelines, and the primary goal is to cater to the subst...

This chapter investigates multiuser hybrid system combining radio frequency and FSO technologies in an AF relay network, considering asymmetric channel fading conditions. The proposed system model accounts for CCIs affecting both relay and destination nodes. Further, it has been considered that on the first hop of the variable gain AF strategy, mul...

The growing significance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is attributed to their ability to maintain aerial positions and maneuver as needed to ensure the reliable communication with ground-based devices. This distinctive capability has attracted considerable research interest for positioning UAVs as strong candidates to establish ad hoc communic...

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) schemes have gained a lot of significance in the wireless communication ecosystems. Its usage in FSO communication scenarios is also of immense importance and could be utilized in the mixed RF/FSO cooperative relaying communication systems. The present chapter analyzes the performance of interference limited mi...

The hybrid radio frequency and FSO communication systems result in mixed RF/FSO cooperative relaying systems in which the FSO systems are in general immune to interference. However, the radio frequency channels suffer from interference by the neighboring devices on the same frequency of operation. The co-channel interference (CCI) therefore needs t...

This study analyses the interference effect in a visible light‐non‐orthogonal multiple access (VL‐NOMA) network that considers the signal power parameters performance for near and far users. The light‐emitting diode (LED) as a carrier transmits signals, and we investigate the interference effect. The interference effect challenge is a result of una...

This book offers a comprehensive overview of design and analysis of microwave devices and circuits for 5G and beyond wireless communication systems. It focuses on modern microwave antennas, filters, metamaterials, and MIMO systems. It includes a design approach based on Artificial Intelligence and the practical use of microwave devices and circuits...

Perfect detection of unused/underutilized frequency band of the primary user (PU) in the cognitive radio communication systems is an essential component for its efficient utilization by the secondary/cognitive user (CU) without any interference. In the cooperative spectrum sensing scenario, the presence or absence of PU is determined by analyzing t...

Ultra high user density is one of the key requirements in 6G and beyond. Also, in future, THz based communication system and Molecular Communication (MC) will coexist. In such coexist scenarios, Electromagnetic (EM) radiation and in subsequent molecular absorption leads to Radiation Absorption Noise (RAN). However, the RAN and in turn Molecular Inf...

As a consequence of continuing demand for additional capacity and higher quality data transmission, channel coding as a key component of a digital communication network has progressed from a classical single pair, point‐to‐point information theoretic application to a class of coding techniques with diverse parameters. The heterogeneous requirements...

The application of deep learning algorithms is rapidly expanding, Deep learning algorithms show great potential to revolutionize healthcare towards the development of smart clinical decision support systems. The development of computer-aided diagnostics systems is crucial to support clinicians with second diagnostic opinions, overcoming the subject...

Cloud computing provides outsourcing of computing services at a lower cost, making it a popular choice for many businesses. In recent years, cloud data storage has gained significant success, thanks to its advantages in maintenance, performance, support, cost, and reliability compared to traditional storage methods. However, despite the benefits of...

Following the recent progress in the development of Terahertz (THz) generation and detection, THz technology is being widely used to characterize test sample properties in various applications including nondestructive testing, security inspection and medical applications. In this paper, we have presented a broad review of the recent usage of artifi...

Online cloud data storage is a rapidly growing pillar of the IT industry that offers data owners an array of attractive developments in highly sought-after online scalable storage services. Cloud users can easily access these services and have the flexibility to manage their process data effectively without worrying about the deployment or maintena...

In this paper, the Gynaecological Disease Diagnosis Expert System (GDDES) is a Graphical User Interface, developed with the Support Vector Classifier (Machine Learning Algorithm) and Natural Language Processing. It is language-independent, allowing women from any state in India to use the system in their own native tongue and have their disorders d...

The quality of service (QoS) in public transportation is not at an acceptable level in high-mobility scenarios as penetration loss severely degrades signal quality and reduces the achievable data rate. Also, high mobility requirement is included in 5G as an essential part of its design. In this paper, a background of mobility management in high-spe...

Presents corrections to the paper, (Corrections to “Terahertz Data Extraction and Analysis Based on Deep Learning Techniques for Emerging Applications”).

Simultaneous wireless information and power transmission (SWIPT)-enabled vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) systems use radio frequency (RF) signals for both information transmission and power. It reduces energy consumption, increases spectrum efficiency, and optimizes resource allocation to improve overall system performance. In this article, we investigate...

Cognitive radio is a promising technique for cellular Internet of Things including 4G/5G in next generation wireless systems. The challenges of the next generation wireless networks include reducing the overall latency of the cellular networks and enhancing the spectral efficiency without compromising reliability and computational complexity. The f...

Cooperative Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (C-NOMA) is projected as the dominant technology for 5G and beyond. Also, physical layer security, due to the presence of eavesdropper, is a bottleneck security concern for any open link wireless system. This manuscript presents a novel Decode & Forward (DF)-based C-NOMA system in the presence of two eaves...

In this paper, we exploit state-of-the-art energy management in sustainable smart cities employing the Internet of Energy (IoE). The primary goal of this study is to leverage cutting-edge energy management techniques through the IoE in sustainable smart cities to bring about significant improvements in clean energy processes while targeting environ...

The “Internet-of-Medical-Vehicles (IOMV)” is one of the special applications of the Internet of Things resulting from combining connected healthcare and connected vehicles. As the IOMV communicates with a variety of networks along its travel path, it incurs various security risks due to sophisticated cyber-attacks. This can endanger the onboard pat...

Currently, cancer is a large contributing factor in the increased mortality rates and at present the predictions are estimating an increased trend. The conventional medical cancer imaging modalities, for example X-Ray and Computed Tomography use ionizing radiation which is not tissue friendly for repeated assessments. The Terahertz (THz) cancer ima...

In this chapter, we introduced an unmanned aircraft system (UAS)/unmanned ariel vehicle (UAV) that serves various purposes such as monitoring and regulating urban development, transportation, monitoring air quality, infrastructure inspection, emergency services, and communication establishment. These UAVs have proven to be valuable assets in the co...

Currently, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a highly effective and realistic wireless communication system concept. In this chapter, we have explored the vision of sixth-generation (6G)- IoT-enabled communication networks for sustainable smart cities, along with their intelligent framework. The proposed framework comprises real-time sensing, computi...

In recent years, the emergence of smart cities has brought forth energy conservation systems aimed at effectively managing energy in both urban areas and buildings. The integration of the Internet of Things in smart cities enables the implementation of various smart and extensive applications. As urbanization continues to accelerate, it is crucial...

In this chapter, an application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the sustainable smart city operations is presented. The AI includes expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition, and machine vision. The use of AI technologies boosts the economy, improves the lives of citizens, and assists the government in its duties. It plays...

The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 for making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, smart cities are expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of urban management, including public services, public security, and environmental protection. In the development of smart cities, enabling technologies have been identified a...

This chapter discusses intelligent transport systems, which play a vital role in the lives of inhabitants living in large urban areas. These systems enable the mobility of vehicles but also of the people residing in cities. The issue of mobility in urban environments is highly relevant to them. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), vehicl...

This chapter discusses the growth of data traffic and the interconnection of digital devices have made the internet a potential necessity for society, enabling reliable communication. To develop a system that securely connects the internet to real-world space would aid in the advancement of a human-centered society that balances economic progress w...

A smart healthcare concept has gradually emerged with the development of information technology. The traditional medical system is transformed in a broader sense by incorporating cutting-edge information technologies, such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. This transformation aims to provide more eff...

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art smart city which is a digitally connected urban environment that uses data, technology, and analytics to improve the quality of life for its inhabitants. It utilizes sensors and other digital technologies to enable citizens to access services quickly and efficiently. Smart citie...

In this chapter, we explore the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT), in making various aspects of smart cities more accessible and applicable. The IoT serves as the underlying foundation of smart cities and delve into its concept, applications, benefits, and advancements within the context of sustainable smart cities. In addition, we discusse...

Currently, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) is a highly effective and realistic wireless communication system concept. In this article, we have explored the vision of sixth-generation (6G)-IoT enabled communication networks for sustainable smart cities with our intelligent framework. The proposed framework consists of real-time sensing, computing and c...

This manuscript proposes a novel, very general shadowed k-μ fading model for characterizing the realistic line-of-sight (LOS) propagation scenarios of 5G and beyond. In this model, statistics of the received signal are manifested by the clustering of multipath components. Within each of these clusters, shadowing of the dominant component is represe...

The concept of smart and connected healthcare has emerged in response to the growing demand for the improvement of healthcare systems and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases. Looking towards the future, smart healthcare holds great potential to transform the healthcare industry by providing more efficient, personalized, and accessible hea...

Sixth-Generation (6G) wireless communication networks require the fabrication of broadband and high directivity microstrip antennas to offset the high atmospheric path loss beyond 100 Gigahertz (GHz). In this paper, we designed and proposed a couple of high-gain and broadband microstrip array antennas that have been designed within a Finite Integra...

This paper investigates the channel state information (CSI) conditions in visible light non-orthogonal multiple access (VL-NOMA) using the power allocation technique (PA) for a sixth-generation (6G) network. One light-emitting diode (LED) is used as a carrier to transmit the signal to three-user-positioned at certain distances. The challenge of all...

This paper discusses an overview of power allocation (PA) strategy for enabled sixth-generation (6 G) communication in visible light non-orthogonal multiple access (VL-NOMA) scenario. Light emitting diode (LED) deployed in the advancement of VL-NOMA 6 G limit-less efficiencies when complemented with radio frequency (RF)/millimeter-wave (mmWave), te...

Chapter 2 mainly deals with ways to generate THz electromagnetic radiation, which can be with THz solid-state sources, THz photonic solid-state sources, and THz VTSs. Then, it further presents the major design concepts of the THz wireless communication modules in transmitter and receiver. In the end, the design concepts of the THz high-rate physica...

Current trends in technological advancement have escalated the demands of multifunctional components across the spectrum. In the THz regime of the spectrum, wireless communications demand efficient, reconfigurable, tunable, inexpensive, and electrically small antennas, which could be implemented in increasingly space-limited devices. This chapter p...

This chapter presents the THz wireless communication standardization, potential applications, channel properties, modeling, and link budget. The THz potential communication applications can be chip-to-chip THz wireless communication, THz-WLAN, THz-WPAN, THz-kiosk downloading, THz wireless connections via servers inside a data center, THz backhaulin...

This chapter discusses the multi-user, multiple-input, multiple-output (UM-MIMO) technology with multi-beam and beamforming THz array antenna for 6G communication. There are four designed THz antenna models, including three models of THz beamforming microstrip array antennas and 1 THz ultrawide band MIMO antenna model with their simulation results...

This chapter exploited the THz unit-cell microstrip antenna and THz unit-cell frequency selective surface (FSS) with their design considerations for 6G wireless communications. Several antenna models/designs are presented with their simulation results which are as follows. (1) a unit-cell planar rectangular microstrip antenna radiator with a resona...

This chapter explores the THz passive components for 6G communication networks such as THz Wilkinson power divider, THz T-junction power divider, and THz silicon integrated waveguide (SIW) with their design considerations. In this chapter, seven models are designed, and their simulation results are presented as follows. (1) A THz Wilkinson 1 to 2 e...

This chapter discusses the potential role of machine learning (ML)/deep learning (DL)/artificial intelligence (AI) for 6G wireless communication systems. Developing an efficacious 6G communication network at THz frequency is more complicated than those at lower frequency systems because channels at the THz band are noted to be further insecure than...

This chapter presents gain and bandwidth enhancement techniques for THz planar microstrip antennas. Four models were designed, and the simulation results are presented in this chapter. The developed THz antenna models are as follows: (1) low SLLs microstrip array antenna for a resonance frequency of 118.2 GHz, and the achieved gain and impedance ba...

This chapter concerns the THz antenna technologies for 6G communication system networks. The THz antenna technologies are classified into three classes depending on their content processing: metallic antennas, dielectric antennas, and state-of-the-art materials antennas. We can use the THz horn antenna, THz dielectric lens antennas, THz nano-and pl...

There has been a rapid development of THz technology—sources, detectors and various THz imaging and sensing techniques. The THz technology demonstrates great potential as a modality for early, label free, non-ionizing and non-invasive detection of cancer. Some progressive technological development milestones have been achieved in this regard, howev...

High resolution imaging technique will play an essential role in the future smart imaging applications to provide potential solutions for accurate detection, monitoring and classification of the target. The potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems to acquire high resolution images has opened new frontiers and led to its exploration in ne...

Currently, the smart cities, smart vehicles, and smart gadgets will improve the way of living standard. Cloud connectivity of IoT sensed devices will capture real-time data in the cloud which helps to improve the system performance and quick response to queries. Electric Vehicle battery health diagnosis plays an important role in the proper functio...

An automobile is a computer on wheels after the integration of electronics. This handshake of electronics and mechanical systems makes a vehicle smart, and comfortable; driver assistance for achieving this involves data exchange and surroundings sensing. Devices such as sensors, telematics, protocols, etc., are responsible for data exchange and dat...

There is a keen interest in the exploration of new generation emitters and detectors due to advancements in innovation of new materials and device processing technologies which have opened up new frontiers in the Terahertz (THz) spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to review the developments in THz technology for healthcare applications, their impa...

This paper presents the three-stage design of a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) microstrip array antenna with via-holes beyond 100 GHz. The design was with a time-domain solver at the Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) simulator, while the comparison was with the frequency-domain solver at the CST MWS simulator. As a resul...

Online cloud data storage, a pillar of the IT industry, offers data owners a plethora of attractive developments in highly sought-after online scalable storage services for them to willing new inventive and investment business profit. Today, most cloud data security research focuses on improving the accuracy of outsourced data audits rather than pa...

Currently, there is an increasing demand for the diagnostic techniques that provide functional and morphological information with early cancer detection capability. Novel modern medical imaging systems driven by the recent advancements in technology such as terahertz (THz) and infrared radiation-based imaging technologies which are complementary to...

The wireless communication is an integral part of the human life, which has been evolved from first generation (1G) to fifth generation (5G) where prime emphasis is on the enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra‐reliable low latency communication (urLLC), and massive machine type communication (mMTC). Further, we are working towards the sixth gener...

In this paper, the physical layer security (PLS) analysis for a decode-and-forward (DF) protocol based multi-hop hybrid radio frequency (RF)/ free space optics (FSO) is presented. Herein, two different scenarios are considered for detecting the secured information at the destination. In the first scenario, at each hop, the received signals with hig...

There is still no high-directivity microstrip antenna with directivity beyond 25 dBi, bandwidth (BW) of more than 24%, which can be used for 6G cellular communication at low-THz at a resonance frequency of 144 GHz. So, duo broadband microstrip antennas have been designed at a resonance frequency of 144 GHz with the Taconic TLY-5 laminate in this wo...