Gh. Saleh

• Professor
• Main Theoretician and Head of Saleh Research Group at Saleh Research Centre

a) A Simple Explanation of Quantum Theory in the Universe: In ancient times, people believed that the materials of the world consisted of four things: earth, water, fire, and air. Over time, and with the advancement of science, it was discovered that these four components could also be divided into smaller parts (molecules and atoms). According to...

The Big Bang is a natural phenomenon in which, due to the collision of masses and particles and their subsequent explosion, an extremely large cloud comes into existence far from the central point. This immense cloud forms nebulae which serve as the birthplace for future stars. However, it is important to note that when cosmic inflation ends, parti...

1. Calculation of Frequency and Energy of the Magnetic Fields To calculate the frequency of the magnetic field, we use the following experiment: two annular magnets with identical characteristics are placed facing each other by the same poles. The upper magnet is in equilibrium thanks to the interactions between the force of its weight and the magn...

A) New explanation for the source of gravity and its fluxes Gravity is one of the largest, most important, energetic, and influential forces in the universe. To understand its basis and nature, it is better to calculate its frequency first...

A) Fission of a Photon As previously stated, considering the structure of black holes and the Big Bang phenomenon, the smallest, tiniest and fastest particles in the universe-namely photons-cannot be particles that could provide a comprehensive definition of black hole density and the Big Bang. For this purpose, sub-photons are defined, called Cidt...

If we look at the world around us, the first thing we see is the Earth, turning around its axis at about 1,600 Km/h and orbiting the Sun at about 110,000 Km/h. The speeds we don't even feel. During the day, we see the beautiful, radiant Sun, which isn't visible at night, but the bright Moon is. At night, the sky has a beautiful illumination from th...

In previous articles, we had introduced the structure of electrons, protons, and neutrons, stating that electrons are like a shell on hollow spheres, protons are dense spheres, and neutrons are a combination of the two-a solid sphere within a spherical shell-all of which are constructed from photons. We also elaborated on the reasons for this struc...

1- Speed 2- Mass 3- Volume 4- Energy

A) Why and How Photons (Electromagnetic Waves) Traverse in a Wave-Like Motion!? B) Why the Velocity of Photons (Electromagnetic Waves) Always Is a Constant Value!? C) Why Photons Have Different Colors or Electromagnetic Waves Have Different Frequencies!?

a) Calculating the angular and tangential velocity of the Universe using two methods: 1. Hubble's Law 2. Imaging the Universe using space telescopes b) Calculating the angular and tangential velocity of photons a) Calculating the angular and tangential velocity of the Universe 1. Hubble's Law Based on the structure of the Universe it can be written...

If we're to look at the world from both a micro and a macro perspective, the micro world can be thought of as the electrons, protons, and neutrons that make up atoms, with photons being their fundamental, building-block particle. However, from a macro viewpoint, we can name things like the Earth and the Moon, solar systems, galaxies, and so on, whi...

Given that the mass of objects in the universe has an actual and real nature, meaning it occupies space, is affected by force, has the ability to transfer energy, is observable, and so on, some interesting points can be made for all objects in the universe, from the smallest subatomic particle-the photon-to the most enormous cosmic structure. Photo...

Since Young's double-slit experiment is a well-established and widely accepted demonstration of the wave-like behavior of light (electromagnetic radiation), investigating the underlying cause and the nature of this wave propagation necessitates an analysis of the source from which the radiation originates. If we're looking for the source of a photo...

Seeing is believing-what you see is more convincing than what you hear. If someone were to ask whether the sky is light or dark at noon, the answer is patently obvious-it's light, with the Sun itself serving as proof of sunshine. If we observe the Moon in the night sky, we can see that it rotates on its axis and orbits around its central planet, Ea...

Considering the decomposed light from sunlight, there are 7 primary colors, each with a specific frequency and wavelength. However, when pure light sources are combined as ordered pairs-for example, if we combine pure red light with a frequency of 450 THz and pure violet light with a frequency of 750 THz in equal proportions-and wish to define a fr...

Undoubtedly, one of the most critical phenomena in the universe is the Big Bang. For countless years, humankind has endeavored to unravel its mysteries, seeking to elucidate its genesis and its ultimate fate. At the start of the Big Bang, an extraordinarily vast amount of energy was released, propelling matter along straight trajectories as the uni...

Considering that dark energy is a real phenomenon causing galaxies to go away from each other, and their rate of separation accelerates over time, among the various forms of energy, dark energy manifests as kinetic energy, leading to the acceleration of galaxies.

Consider the diagram of electromagnetic spectrum, which extends from radio waves at its lower end to gamma rays at its upper limit. Within this, lies a narrow band of visible light spectra. Focusing on two specific spectra within this band, the violet spectrum (800 THz) and the red one (400 THz), we can illustrate their wave motion graph as follows...

Previous studies have demonstrated that electrons and nuclei of atoms traverse continuous, closed orbits at velocities approaching the speed of light. Given that electrons and nuclei operate within specific, repetitive orbits defined by distinct frequencies, resonance effects present in nature can be harnessed. Through the application of a laser wi...

If we consider electrons, it is clear that the mass of each electron is equal to that of other electrons and remains constant, i.e.: 1 = 2 = 3 = ⋯ = Furthermore, in a uniform environment, the velocity of each electron is identical and constant. Mathematically, this can be expressed as: 1 = 2 = 3 = ⋯ = From these two expressions, it follows that the...

If we scrutinise the universe and its constituents-such as solar systems, galaxies, and other cosmic structures-it becomes evident that the universe functions as a closed system, one that can even be considered isolated. Within this system, fundamental parameters, including mass, the velocities of celestial objects, and their respective motion mode...

In light of the rapid advancements being made on a global scale, Saleh Theory Group seeks to make a modest contribution to this significant cause by offering wrist phones. These phones are equipped with a customized main screen designed to fit the unique contours of the wrist, accompanied by straps meticulously crafted to align with specific user n...

The Big Bang is a phenomenon in which an immense explosion occurred within an extremely dense and compact mass. A fundamental question arises: what was the cause of this explosion, and what propelled it? Given that the Big Bang was an extremely dense structure with a high potential for explosion, there must have been a factor that could confine thi...

When we look at the night sky, we observe beautiful luminous points that occasionally flicker and alter their brightness. However, when viewed through a telescope, these points reveal themselves not merely as individual stars but as galaxies or even clusters of galaxies. Just as a distant galaxy appears as a single luminous point from afar, photons...

If we observe the Moon, we notice that it revolves around the Earth. The Earth itself is orbiting the Sun, and the Sun revolves around the central black hole of the Milky Way galaxy. As mentioned in previous articles, the primary motion in the universe is rotational. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that Hubble's law provides evidence for the exis...

Let's consider the Big Bang phenomenon, where a vast amount of energy is released in a minimal volume at a single moment (the Big Explosion), two primary motions can be identified for this explosion: 1. Linear motion with a decreasing linear velocity 2. Rotational motion with an increasing tangential velocity. The linear motion arises from an explo...

Consider a simple lamp in an electric circuit, electrons flow through the wires, and as they pass through an element, gas, crystal, or any other object in their path, they produce a beautiful emission. In this phenomenon, electrons generate photons. In our previous papers, we have shown that photon generation in a lamp corresponds to explosion of e...

When we consider an atom, we observe that it consists of a central structure (the nucleus) surrounded by electrons that orbit around it. An intriguing aspect of this system is that the electron moves in all directions around the nucleus, making it appear to exist simultaneously in every direction. In essence, the electron’s motion is such that, alt...

We have a phenomenon in the universe, blueshift and redshift, which is the same change in frequency due to changes in the speed of the light source. So, for example, we perceive a green light source that approaches us as blue, or we perceive it as red when moves away from us. In fact, this change of green light is caused by the speed of its source....

Various phenomena occur within the universe, including different types of collisions across multiple models. It can be said that whatever exists in human thought and imagination also has the potential to materialize in nature and the universe. A simple example of this is the existence of different states of matter, namely gases, liquids, solids, an...

This experimental formula indicates that the primary parameter determining the velocity is distance between a celestial object (Ex: Galaxy) and the observer. Variations in velocity correspond to changes in distance, while H is a constant value that does not affect the speed of considered objects. Hubble's law essentially asserts that the universe's...

Considering that the birthplace of a photon is an excited electron that rotates around a nucleus and the excitation of an electron results in the emission of a photon, the photon will have linear motion. So the linear speed of the photon can be calculated. However, a photon has a wave motion due to the rotational movement of electrons around the nu...

According to the foundational definition quantum signifies "small and discrete packets,". This definition of energy in the universe aligns with the classical idea that everything is composed of smaller components. For instance, molecules are composed of atoms, like the atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Similarly, photons are di...

Utilizing a simple lens, we choose filters at will (red, yellow, green, blue, and violet). Then, we apply the filter to the lens and locate a thermometer at its focal point. It is evident that the temperature shown on the thermometer is lowest when using the red filter, highest with the violet filter, and the green filter falls in the middle. These...

Since a photon is emitted from an excited electron, and this electron has rotational motion around itself and the nucleus of an atom, the motion of the emitted photon must be a combination of linear projectile motion and the electron's rotational motions around itself and around the nucleus. The combination of linear motion and the rotation of elec...

In previous articles, we calculated the rotational and translational energy of photons using the speed of photons in a nested helical path and we examined its relationship with Planck's energy equation.

If we consider magnetic fields (which our Sun possesses and the Earth itself can weakly generate), we will observe that they are, in fact, comprised of chained photons or the same magnetic flux that travels from the North pole to the South pole and then return from the South pole to the North pole. Based on the calculations, the magnetic frequency...

Usually, stars have a lifetime, when it ends, they turn into different models, and this conversion generally begins with a big explosion. Given that the electrons rotate around the atomic nucleus in atomic orbits, due to explosion they are emitted and only the nuclei remain. When the nuclei of atoms gather together, large masses are formed, which a...

Celestial objects have a specific orbital path, such as the orbital path of Moon around the Earth, the orbital path of Earth around the Sun, and the Sun in the Milky Way galaxy. All of them are a simple closed curved path. But, in the real universe, these paths combine with each other willy-nilly. In other words, since the Moon's motion depends on...

Given that each moon orbits around its planet and each planet orbits around its central sun, the combination of orbits 1 and 2 creates a helical pathway for a moon. If a star's orbit around its central galactic black hole, which is a closed curve path, is added to the moon's path, the final path will be a combination of paths 1, 2, and 3. And, the...

Undoubtedly, in the world, we are human beings who came after the early humans, and according to the history, it can be said that the 20th century is the peak of the prosperity of today's humanity, and it can be said that there was no such progress in the previous thousand years of history. In the 21st century It can be expected that many unanswere...

Based on Saleh Theory examination, magnetic waves have frequency in order of 10¹⁶ Hz and gravity in order of 10¹⁸ Hz. Considering the chained structure of both magnetic and gravitational waves, if we change the frequency of magnetic waves and increase it to about 10¹⁸ Hz (approximately 100 times), we can say that we have created artificial gravitat...

A proton star or a white dwarf is a dense object, but the word compression cannot be used for it. In fact, it can be said that the densest objects have a structure that seems compact, but actually it is not. In order to show the hardness of Proton in comparison, it can be said that if the hardness of diamond is like the hardness of wood, the hardne...

Consider a simple magnetic bar. When iron filings are sprinkled on it, the structural model pattern of the magnet is clearly manifested by the iron filings. This indicates that the iron filings represent the structure and spatial model of the magnetic fluxes surrounding a magnet. Now consider the periodic table of elements, in which all elements ha...

In order to propel a spaceship, it is enough to design engines that have the ability to emit particles such as photons, electrons, etc. As a result of the reaction of the emission of particles, a reaction force will create that moves the spaceship. It should be noted that in vacuum space, by using the impulse of particles that have a speed close to...

It is clear that all the stars and planets revolve in orbits around each other which there are Gravitational Force Lines (gravitational fluxes) between them, and the effect of these lines creates stability and balance among planets and stars. In fact, it can be said that the force related to kinetic energy of a planet is always in action with the g...

If we look at an atom, they have a center called the nucleus and an electron that revolves around it. In solar systems, the sun is in the middle and the planets revolve around it. Therefore, it can be said that the basis of the structure of galaxies is the presence of a black hole in its center. It is worth mentioning that one of the methods of cre...

There are different reasons that demonstrate that the speed of an object could be more than the speed of light "C". We explain the first one here and the rest in full article. 1. Speed faster than light by Hubble's law: The observable boundary of universe is 10^24 km. By Hubble's formula, we perceive that the galaxies which located at this distanc...

Kinetic energy is calculated by the following relation: E = 1/2 mv^2 It states that the amount of mass (m) multiplied by the square of the velocity (v) of any object always gives us its kinetic energy (E). It can also be used in electromagnetic waves. So, the mass and velocity is the same as the mass and velocity of photon. Also, since the mass and...

There are four fundamental forces that are shaping the universe that we live in it. In this paper we are going to show that the basis of them are photon. 1. Gravitational force If we want to imagine this force, we can say that the gravitational force is the same chained photons that are moving between two objects and it causes the effect between t...

Gravity is one of the largest, most important, energetic, and influential forces in the universe. To understand its basis and nature, it is better to calculate its frequency. The relation between the energy of a planet and electromagnetic waves can be achieve and by using that the gravitational frequency will be find. Based on the calculations and...

Although in the helium nucleus, neutrons and protons are facing each other pairwise, but in terms of height, protons are lower than neutrons. This arrangement of neutrons and protons in the helium nucleus is a logical, balanced, symmetrical structure with sufficient stability for its nucleus. So, its structure could be explained. In fact, each prot...

The motion of the photon is affected by the motion of its source, Electron, and must include all types of motion of its source. So, the photon has a three-dimensional motion, including a transition movement and a rotary motion and it traverses in a helical trajectory. By using this definition, we have proved wave-particle duality at the same time a...

To explain the broadening phenomenon and the results of MIT and University of Michigan experiments, one should first explain the helical motion principle and calculate its velocity in the universe: a) New Explanation and Calculation for the First Helix, Second Helix, and Third Helix Motion Paths and Their Speed b) New Explanation for the Broadeni...

The speed of electron is the one of the most important parameters of this particle. Another effective parameter that makes electron have a very high ability to perform various tasks is its density. Considering the magnitude of its density, it can be said that the ability of an electron to do work is due to its very high density. We have calculated...

Black holes are so massive that not even light can escape their gravitational pull, so by their nature they are invisible. This is the famous reason that we know, but it needs some prefix. And also it is not the only one. The other could relate to its structure. If we look at the star, plant and also an atom structure, we could find the structure f...

In the universe if we look at white dwarfs, magnetars, black holes, etc., the density range of these objects is 10^14 to 10^20 kg/m^3. As we know, the nature of these objects is no longer atomic, but their structure has been broken and they do not have the previous atomic structure, in fact, these are atomic nuclei (nucleons) that are placed togeth...

Since galaxies were discovered, scientists have been searching for their structure and ways of creation. The universe, after big bang, goes to lower density and the density of a black hole is extremely high, like protons (10 18 3 ⁄). So, although black holes are crate from stars, we can conclude that some of the nuclei of black holes could create f...

In the Thomas Young experiment, interference patterns are observed and to justify them, they are considered light as a wave. But an Electron whose rest-mass has been proven to be constant also has an interference pattern in Young's double-slit experiment. Therefore, it seems that existence of interference patterns is related to the motion of partic...

Since based on Saleh Theory the photon is the basis of the universe and every structure is made up of photons, the nature of gravitational waves also is the photon. And its structure is based on the motion of photons. In the gravitational waves, photons are separated from the stars Because of the effect of the planets, so that their external motion...

Based on the structure of Universe, which has a voluminous and spherical shape; it can be written the velocity equation of the Universe and its components as follows: Total velocity of each celestial object = Rotational velocity + Linear velocity

As we know, a photon is emitted from an electron which has two rotational motions around itself and around the nucleus of atoms, and the emitted photon must have the effect of these two types of motion. Therefore, photon also has 2 motions; a small rotational motion, internal motion, and a large one, external motion (which creates the wavelength)....

The universe around us consists of a collection of galaxies. Each galaxy is composed of other systems with numerous components. However, all of these galaxies have a common characteristic. The lighter objects orbit around the heavier ones. The solar system also follows the same rule. But with considering one of the most important celestial objects...

Given that each moon orbits around its planet and each planet orbits around its central sun, the combination of orbits 1 and 2 creates a helical pathway for a moon. If a star's orbit around its central galactic black hole, which is a closed curve path, is added to the moon's path, the final path will be a combination of paths 1, 2, and 3. And, the...

Scientists have been studying hard to find out how the light travels from the light source. Some believed that it would probably move in the form of a wave but the others thought that light was actually composed of particles that move in space. Isaac Newton, based on his experiments liked the second theory. But Newton's theory was rejected later. T...

From ancient, physics was named the science of measurement. The measurement in photoelectric effect proved that the light must be consisted of particles and the reason for the refusal of that was the double-slit experiment. In the double-slit experiment, we could observe interference fringes that justify the light as a wave. But we know that the co...

After the Big Bang, all the Universe particles have been released by the initial energy and ejected in a projectile motion. In other words, due to the projectile motion of the Big Bang, an initial energy have been given to the particles and they have been ejected at a very high speed and after billions of years or at the same time the homogeneity o...

It should be noted that since the gravity extends throughout the whole universe and gravity between the suns and all objects in the universe is conceivable, so these force lines (gravitational fluxes) continue to the end of the universe. The gravitational fluxes pass through everything at the speed of light, they are invisible and the vertical effe...

To calculate the frequency of the magnetic field, we use the following experiment: two annular magnets with identical characteristics are placed facing each other by the same poles vertically. The upper magnet is in equilibrium thanks to the interactions between the force of its weight and the magnetic force of the lower magnet. Therefore, the grav...

Scientists, based on their several years experience and after vast investigations, have found these results about neutrinos: 1. Neutrinos are produced by stars and emitted in all directions. 2. Neutrinos have a very small and non-zero rest mass. 3. Neutrinos have no electric charge. 4. Neutrinos travel at a speed close to the speed of light. 5. Neu...

According to superstring theory, the whole world is made up of small particles with 11 dimensions of motion. Therefore, electrons, protons, and neutrons should also be made of these small particles. In this paper, we will explain that the photon, which is the smallest mass unit and the entire universe is made up of it. This particle also has differ...

Stars and planets revolve in orbits around each other which there are Gravitational Force Lines between them. In fact, the kinetic energy of the planets has been always equal to the energy of the gravitational waves and causes equilibrium. Therefore, the kinetic energy must be equal to the gravitational energy. In this article we have proved that t...

All we know, stars have the greatest mass in the universe, and about 90% of the mass of stars are hydrogen. In the fusion reactions of stars, hydrogen is converted to helium that produces light and energy of stars. Then it is enough to add a neutron and a proton to the helium nucleus to create heavier elements nuclei. On the other hand an electron...

In the Thomas Young experiment, interference patterns are observed and to justify them, they are considered light as a wave. But an Electron whose rest-mass has been proven to be constant also has an interference pattern in Young's double-slit experiment. Therefore, it seems that existence of interference patterns is related to the motion of partic...

The universe around us consists of a collection of galaxies. Each galaxy is composed of other systems with numerous components. However, all of these galaxies have a common characteristic. The lighter objects orbit around the heavier ones. The solar system also follows the same rule. But with considering one of the most important celestial objects...

The ancients believed that the materials are made up of four elements: fire, air, water and earth. Over time, with the progress of science, materials were classified based on the constituent molecules, and then they were classified based on the constituent atoms of the molecules, which are the same elements. If you consider the periodic table of el...