Gh. Saleh

Saleh Research Centre

This new explanation is based on Wave-Particle Duality and Newtonian Laws and represents a unique definition of a three-dimensional motion for the photon, whose dual behavior is partly explained by the double-slit experiment of Thomas Young, who represents the photon's motion as a wave, and by the Photoelectric effect, in which the photon is consid...

According to “Superstring Theory”, the electron and proton are made of similar tiny supersymmetric strings (Gefter, 2007; Green, Schwarz, & Witten, 2012; Schwarz, 1982; Sharma, 2010). In this paper we introduce a sample particle that is such tiny supersymmetric string or made of it and also we use scientific achievements of experiments about electr...

Since the electron is the photon-generator and the electron is rotating around itself and around the nucleus, the emitted photon from the electron should have the effect of these rotating motions. So, the photon has a three-dimensional motion, including a transition movement and a rotary motion. And it traverses in a helical trajectory. By using th...

Atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons, the most important Subatomic particles. The electron is an elementary particle and the proton and neutron consist of two different kinds of elementary particles (up and down quarks). But we do not know the structure of the electron, proton, and neutron. Saleh Theory defines a structure for elect...

It is clear that all the stars and planets revolve in orbits around each other which there are Gravitational Force Lines (gravitational fluxes) between them, and the effect of these lines creates stability and balance among planets and stars. In fact, it can be said that the force related to kinetic energy of a planet is always in action with the g...

Considering that the universe was created from the Big Bang phenomenon and the Big Bang is an explosive process, it can be said that the universe continues to expand after the big bang and the galaxies move away from each other. According to the motions of the universe which includes the rotational motion that is proved by Hubble's law and that of...

As is well known, the flow of electrons or, in other words, the electric current can create magnetic fields in the solenoid. Magnetic fields can cause electrons to flow through solenoid and produce electric current too. If the electric current reaches a specific value, a magnetic field could be created. Indeed, the magnetic and electric fields have...

It can be said that an electromagnetic wave has the parameters of wavelength (λ) and amplitude (a), which are particular values for each light. In fact, the certificate of a wave is its wavelength and amplitude. It should be noted that the relation λ ≈ 4a always holds true. On the other words, wavelength and amplitude are dependent on each other an...

The reason for not accepting the constant rest-mass for photons and believing in its wave-like state was the famous experiment of Thomas Young. In this experiment, interference patterns are observed and to justify them, they are considered light as a wave. But the question is, why does an Electron whose rest-mass has been proven to be constant also...

A black hole is an object in the Universe where gravity is so extreme which escaping from that is impossible. Most black holes have been discovered by using the effects of their gravitational fields, and scientists have so far been unable to provide a structure for black holes due to the inability of particles escaping from black holes. In this pap...

Considering that the smallest, fastest, and lightest object in the universe is photon and the universe mass is about10^53 kg, if we consider the photon as the basis of the Big Bang, the volume and density are far different from the information that obtained for the Big Bang before. In other words, the photon is not the desired particle that could h...

Based on Saleh Theory magnetic waves have frequency in order of 10^16 Hz and gravity in order of 10^18 Hz. Considering the chained structure of both magnetic and gravitational waves, if we can change the frequency of magnetic waves and increase it to about 10^18 Hz (approximately 100 times), we can say that we have created artificial gravitational...

Given that the genetrix of photon is the electron and the photons emit from the electrons and continue on their trajectory, in fact, the trajectory of each photon depends on the type of motion of the electron in which is transferred to photon. Electrons usually have two main motions; the first one is around the nucleus and the other one is around t...

Based on Saleh Theory the photon is the basis of the universe and every structure is made up of photons. The nature of gravitational waves and neutrinos also is the photon and their structure is based on the motion of photons. The high power of gravitational waves and neutrinos is due to their continuous and intertwined structure, which creates its...

According to the motions of the universe which includes the rotational motion that is proved by Hubble's law and that of linear which is a motion with negative acceleration, the equations of motion can be written for the universe. On the other hand, we have calculated the initial energy released from the Big Bang explosion by Monte Carlo technique,...

The whole universe is made up of particles. From the smallest particles to the largest one (photons, electrons, protons, neutrons, atoms, etc.) all have structures. These structures are usually so strong that they cannot be easily changed. Just as the microscopic world, with all its smallness, has a strong, orderly, designed, and interesting struct...

The formation of the Universe begins with the Big Bang phenomenon. The Big Bang is a periodic motion, like a planet that starts its movement from one point and returns to the initial point after a complete period, which we name a Cycle period (like a year). So, in the Big Bang phenomenon, the Universe stretches in all directions like a spring and...

In 1900, Max Planck proposed the theory of quantum energy that could justify one of the problems of physicists of that time. He explained the relationship between black body temperature and the amount of electromagnetic radiation. It was true that the photoelectric effect experiment confirmed Planck's quantum theory but created a new problem in the...

The gravitational wave energy that passes the Earth's surface in one square meter is so large and so efficient. If it can be used, the affordable, clean, everlasting energy can be produced in everywhere and at any time. There are different methods of using gravitational waves for energy generation: First Method: Create the right obstacle: By using...

Given that each neutron is composed of an electron and a proton and the outer shell of neutron is made of electron, it could be said that the outer shell of a neutron has a negative electric charge or create a negative charge environment around itself and protons can be absorbed by the neutron shell and be attracted towards it. So in the helium nuc...

Considering that the universe was created from the Big Bang phenomenon and the Big Bang is an explosive process, it can be said that the universe continues to expand after the formation of stars, and the galaxies move away from each other. According to the motions of the universe which includes the rotational motion that is proved by Hubble's law a...

It is obvious that the source of Photons are Electrons. You must notice that in a lamp, when Electrons are passing through Tungsten filament, the Tungsten filament vibrates as well and a high temperature is produced. When Electrons are passing through a tungsten filament, the filament breaks down and some of them explode, causing the photons to sep...

The photoelectric effect proves that the light must be consisting of particles and on the other hand the wave nature of light was shown through the double-slit experiment of Thomas Young. In this experiment, we could observe the interference fringes that justify the light as a wave. But we know that the constant mass of the electron was proven and...

If we look at Mendeleev's periodic table, we see that the first element is Hydrogen, which can we call it "the mother of all elements", and the other elements are obtained by the combination of Hydrogens. Subatomic particles can be considered that, like Mendeleev's periodic table, can have a special table. Based on Saleh Theory the photon is the ba...

Telescopes are always showing the acceleration of celestial objects, which is cosmic acceleration. These observations prove Hubble's experimental law, which shows that the farther away a galaxy is from Earth, the faster it moves away. In this paper, we have mathematically extracted Hubble's experimental law. By deriving this law, we proved that the...

Considering that the universe was created from the Big Bang phenomenon by a explosion. It can be said that the universe continues to expand after the formation of stars, planets, etc, and the galaxies move away from each other. According to the movements of the universe, which includes rotational motion, which is proved by Hubble's law, and linear...

Astronomers always study and calculate the velocities in the universe and they are looking for the values of these velocities in the universe, but they have never been able to get a real value for them. In this paper we are going to calculate the real linear and rotational velocity of the universe and its radius. At the beginning of the Big Bang, t...

The motion of the photon is affected by the motion of its source, Electron, and must include all types of motion of its source. So, the photon has a three-dimensional motion, including a transition movement and a rotary motion. And it traverses in a helical trajectory. By using this definition, we have proved wave-particle duality at the same time...

In the helium nucleus each proton absorbs two neutrons and repels the other proton. In a way, the resultant of these forces is zero, so our structure is stable. given that the repulsion between two protons that is equal to the absorption between an electron and a proton, is much more than the absorption between the neutron and the proton, so it cou...

Knowing that the density of a black hole is high, we can conclude that in a black hole there is a compact set of protons and neutrons that it creates such a high density and taking into account that a black hole has a surrounding area and this area can be oceans of protons and neutrons. One can also imagine the black hole as an extremely large atom...

Cosmologists have been severely studying this mystery that universe is round or flat, because it's one that can tell us about the fundamental nature of the universe. In this paper we are going to proof that the universe is spherical and it has rotational motion by means of the Hubble's law. First, we assume that the universe is spherical. Of course...

Sometimes answering the complex questions is much easier than it sounds. In this article, we look at the Dark Energy from a different point of view. First, the energy at the Big Bang moment has been recalculated. This calculation was done by taking into account the density in the initial moments. It indicates that there is much more energy than the...

Sometimes answering complex questions is much easier than it sounds. The telescopes always detect the increasing velocity for celestial objects that shows the cosmic acceleration. These observations have proven the experimental Hubble law that shows that the farther a galaxy is, the faster it is receding from Earth. In this article, we have derived...

Given that the birthplace of photon is the electron and the photons emit from the electrons and continue on their trajectory, in fact, the trajectory of each photon depends on the type of motion of the electron in which is transferred to photon. Electrons usually have two main motions; the first one is around the nucleus and the other one is around...

Based on Saleh Theory the photon is the primary building block of the universe and every structure is made up of photons, the nature of gravitational waves also is the photon. And its structure is based on the motion of photons. In the gravitational waves, photons are separated from the stars by the effect of the planets, so that their external mot...

We have calculated the gravitational frequency of solar systems, between planets, planets and their moons, black holes, black holes and their stars, etc. But here as an abstract, we will calculate the gravitational frequency of solar systems. Gravity is the interaction between masses like stars and their planets which move in specific orbit with a...

Scientists, based on their several years experience and after vast investigations, have found some of features about neutrinos. Based on Saleh Theory the photon is the basis of the universe and every structure is made up of photons, the nature of gravitational waves also is the photon and their structure are based on the motion of photons. In fact,...

Nowadays, about 90% of our appliances are electron-dependent. It can be said that the moving electron has a high ability to do work. All we know, the speed of electron in wires is close to the speed of light, but another effective parameter that makes electron have a very high ability to perform various tasks is its density:...

Normal matter is made of molecules, which are themselves made of atoms. Inside the atoms, there are electrons spinning around the nucleus. The nucleus itself is made of protons and neutrons. Even these particles which we called them subatomic particles are composite objects. Examining the structure and shape of subatomic particles helps us a lot in...

Based on Saleh Theory Gravitational fluxes are made of intertwined photons. The production and intertwine of photons to create a type of chained structure that require high temperature and pressure, which is only possible in the core of stars. Therefore, gravitational fluxes are produced only by stars and could and could emit in all directions. We...

The Beta decay is a type of nuclear decay that occurs in 2 types: β-and β+. In β-decay, weak nuclear force causes the neutron to decompose into the following particles: n0 is converted to a proton, an electron and one antineutrino. In β+ , protons convert to neutrons, creating a positron and a neutrino. But the mass and nature of neutrino is still...

Most of the physicists believe that we will reach a fantastic point in the history of science, if we have a single theory that will unite all of our science under one mathematical equation. In this paper we are going to explain the theory of everything from a different perspective. If we consider a System like our Solar System and look at the relat...

Inexistence of the speed faster than light is a hypothesis made almost 100 years ago and so far, there has never been a definitive phenomenon provided to prove it. When Einstein expresses his theory of relativity, this was his important point that there was an ultimate cosmic speed limit, and that only massless particles could ever reach it. But sc...

Usually, gravity is a topic related to stars, planets and their moons. In fact, gravity is the interaction between stars and their planets and also planets and their moons which move in specific orbit with a generally constant speed. It can be said that the relationship between a star and the surrounding planets is through gravitational waves or th...

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. As we know, force lines or magnetic fluxes are invisible and on the other hand, they pass through objects. Considering these characteristics, we can certainly say that the frequencies of magnetic fluxes are obviously higher than those of visible waves. It can therefore be deduced that...

Since black holes were discovered, scientists have been searching for their structure and ways of creation. By knowing that the density of a black hole is extremely high, like protons (10ˆ18 kg/m3), we can conclude that in a black hole there is a compact set of protons and neutrons that could create such a high density. Taking into account that a b...

The structure of the proton as one of the important subatomic particles has been studied by scientists and the structure which proposed for it has been evolved through time. Based on Saleh Theory, Proton is a dense compact globe filled up of Photons with a radius three times smaller than that of an Electron. It presents an internal structure for pr...

In 1971 a mathematical transformation between bosons and fermions was the first attempt to the invention of supersymmetry. So the String theories that include fermionic vibrations were known as "superstring theories". In other words, Superstring theory is a theory that attempts to explain all fundamental forces of nature in one theory. It also trie...

In the last years, physics has witnessed some fantastic developments in the field of theoretical physics. Fundamental particles are the building blocks of matter, but Physicists are looking for to find the primary building blocks of universe. We have some reasons that proof we could use photons as the basis of Quantum energy and we will define phot...

Everything in the Universe has its own structure; every structure is in harmony with the others; solar system, Milky Way, black holes, other systems of star around, etc. Also, electron which is one of the main subatomic particles is no exception. We could find electron in two different states: ground or exited state. Regardless of how it gets excit...

The universe contains organized structures on all different scales, from small systems like the atom, to galaxies, and extremely large structures that contain billions of galaxies. If we look at the sky, we see the planets rotate around the Sun which has its rotation in the galaxy; as well as galaxies have their own axis to turn around. Thus, obser...

As you know, everything in the universe has a lifetime, from a fraction of a second to billions of years. Since the lifetime of Protons and Electrons could be more than 10^20 years and that is much longer than the lifetime of the Universe, so it could be assumed that these 14 billion years lifetime of our Universe is a spark from so many years befo...

The smallest known primary building blocks of the physical universe and the interactions between them have been studied by Particle Physics. In studying of subatomic particles, the focus is on single particles or small groups of particles, not the billions of atoms or molecules which they made an entire universe. In Saleh Theory Photon is a particl...

In 1929, Hubble presented the observational evidence for one of science's greatest discoveries the expanding universe. Hubble showed that galaxies are receding away from us with a velocity that is proportional to their distance from us: more distant galaxies recede faster than nearby galaxies. Hubble's classic graph of the observed velocity vs. dis...

Based on Saleh Theory, the Universe has a rotational motion around itself and an expansion from the inside out. So its total velocity is equal to the rotational velocity plus the linear one. The linear is the effect of the remaining energy of the primary energy of the Big Bang with a constant speed. The rotational motion is of a kind that its angul...

Light and related phenomena , are one of the most popular topics in science. One of these phenomena is the refraction of light. In order to study it, the motion of photons must be studied first. Based on Saleh Theory, the single photon has a 3-dimensional motion, including a transition and a rotary motion. By using this definition, we are going to...

Physicists have always used the existing coordination between the phenomena of the universe to discover the relationships and advance the Science. Discovering the nature of light and its movement is one of these important phenomena which Saleh Theory has proposed a helical motion for photons. In Saleh Theory the photon is a particle with constant r...

Our solar system consists of the Sun as the central mass, and the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, etc. All planets have rotational motion around itself and around the sun. The sun also has rotational motion. Within about every 27 days the Sun rotates once on its axis. The Sun does not rotate like the solid planets, but it rotates on i...

The universe contains organized structures on all different scales, from small systems like the atom, to galaxies, and extremely large structures that contain billions of galaxies, and all of them have their own structure. If we look at the sky, we see the moon that revolves around the Earth; together, they turn around the Sun. And you could see th...

In the case of superstring theory, consistency requires spacetime to have at least 11 dimensions and everything in the Universe is made up of supersymmetric strings. So the electron, proton and neutron must be made of them. In this paper we have proved that the photon could have the both. The generator of photon, electron, has rotational motions ar...

According to the current theory the Dark Matter effect exists everywhere but it cannot be seen. Dark matter is everywhere but we can't find it. In principle, matter occupies space and it is there where the force takes effect. Given that Dark Matter does not meet the definition of mass. Actually there is no any Matter, but rather a force whose effec...

The photoelectric effect proves that the light must be consisting of particles and on the other hand the wave nature of light was shown through the double-slit experiment of Thomas Young. In this experiment, we could observe the interference fringes that justify the light as a wave. But we know that the constant mass of the electron was proven and...

We know that ordinary matter is made just 5% of the universe like atoms which make galaxies, stars and planets. The rest of the universe is dark and unknown, composed of dark matter and dark energy. Invisible dark matter makes up 27% of the universe which only interacts with the rest of the universe through its gravity and dark energy makes up 72%...

When Albert Einstein first predicted that light travels the same speed everywhere in our Universe, he essentially stamped a speed limit on it: 299,792 km per second, fast enough to rotate the entire Earth eight times in one second. Since Einstein, physicists have found that certain entities can reach "faster-than-light" speed. For example, in water...

Electron, proton and neutron are the most important Subatomic particles which made atoms. Between them neutron does not have any electric charge but electron is negative and against that proton is positive. We know the electron as an elementary particle and proton consists of two different kinds of elementary particles (up and down quarks). But we...

We know that ordinary matter is made just 5% of the universe like atoms which make galaxies, stars and planets. The rest of the universe is dark and unknown, composed of dark matter and dark energy. Invisible dark matter makes up 27% of the universe and dark energy makes up 72% of the total mass-energy density of the universe. Currently, many exper...

The powerful machine LHC accelerates and steers billions of protons to collide with billions of other protons. The goal of this work is to answer fundamental questions to understand Nature of the proton and for each collision, the physicist's want to count, track and characterize all the different particles that were produced in order to reconstruc...

Merely looking at the world around us, let us discover that, at the microscopic or macroscopic level, the rotational movement is more remarkable than the other types of movement existing in the Universe. For example, if we observe the electron well, we notice two rotational movements: around itself, and around the core. As far the moon, it turns ar...

This new explanation is based on Wave-Particle Duality and Newtonian Laws and represents a unique defini- tion of a three-dimensional motion for the photon, whose dual behavior is partly explained by the double-slit experiment of Thomas Young , who represents the photon’s motion as a wave, and by the Photoelectric effect, in which the photon is cons...

Einstein defined a pocket of energy with zero rest mass (photon) and explained the both double-slit experiment and the photoelectric effect. On the other hand it seems, Einstein himself did not accept wave-particle duality and knew that as only a temporary way out. But because of the prestige of Einstein, only a few scientists have investigated the...

Plants need a persistent energy source for growth and they receive it from light. Light influences on plants’ "physiological, morphological, and biochemical" properties with its three aspects "intensity, quality and length of radiation". Light is not the only source of photosynthesis but is the important and influential signal of the growth stages...

The white spectrum encompasses all visible spectrums and a wide range of frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. It is indeed a fusion of spectrums from different colors and therefore if it is colored, it is not in vain. Our experience proves that each color has its characteristic and its mood. For example, the red spectrum represe...

We must know that everything we can't see or feel, we cannot say that it does not exist. And everything we see or feel, we can't always tell what or how it is made. The mass, by definition, is a measure of resistance of an object to acceleration when a force is applied. And, in principle, the mass occupies space and it is there where the force take...

If we take a look at the proton, we see a sun which is made of a large collection of small particles. The structure of the proton is similar to a cherry or to the sun with two layers; the core and the mantle. The core is almost spherical and its radius is about one-third of the radius of the entire proton, but its density is about 15 times more tha...

Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all the particles and fundamental forces of nature in a single theory by modeling them, as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings. If we assume that the smallest massive particle which constructs the whole universe is such tiny supersymmetric or consists of several tiny supersymmetric, it can be seen t...