Gerónimo Quiñonez-Barraza

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• Dr.
• Scientist Researcher at Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias

This study addressed multi-product optimization in Cedrelinga cateniformis plantations in the Peruvian Amazon, aiming to maximize volumetric yields of logs and sawn lumber. Data from seven plantations of different ages and types, established on degraded land, were analyzed by using ten stem profile models to predict taper and optimize wood use. In...

Desde hace años, los inventarios forestales se han utilizado para conocer/estimar la biomasa forestal, con fines de aprovechamiento, conservación, protección, restauración u otros objetivos ecológicos; en la actualidad existen métodos novedosos para los inventarios forestales y estimación de reservorios de carbono, tal como las imágenes LIDAR (Lase...

El estudio se realizó en el predio particular "La Lobera", localizado en el municipio de Guachochi al suroeste del estado de Chihuahua, México, con el objetivo de contrastar las estimaciones del contenido de carbono almacenado en un bosque irregular en relación a dos métodos de muestreo empleados, se realizaron 50 sitios de dimensión fija y 50 de v...

The relationship between tree height (h) and diameter at breast height (dbh) is important for forest management and planning. Various approaches have been used to study the heightdiameter (h—dbh) relationship across different species worldwide. Nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NLMEM) has been widely utilized, and recently, the resilient backpropaga...

Data science comprises a set of principles, problem definitions, algorithms, and processes designed to extract hidden and valuable patterns from large datasets (Kelleher and Tierney, 2018). The total tree height (h) and diameter at breast height (dbh) relationship is an essential tool in forest management and planning. Lately the artificial neural...

The carbon forest projects in managed forests are an important opportunity to remove the greenhouse gases of atmosphere through improve forest management. This study utilized the Bootstrapping technique to create multiple resamples by randomly sampling forest inventory plots with replacement. The focus was on quantifying equivalent carbon dioxide....

In forestry, accurate estimation of timber volume is essential for forest management in temperate forests. The objective of the present research was to generate equations of the total tree volume (Vtt), stem volume (Vs), and stem profile for Pinus ayacahuite, Pinus leiophylla, Pinus hartwegii, Pinus montezumae, Pinus patula, Pinus pseudostrobus, Pi...

Forest inventories are undergoing rapid changes due to an increasingly complex set of economic, environmental, and social policy objectives. Therefore, the objective is to identify, analyse, and discuss the main forest inventory methods at global, regional, and local levels, with an analytical perspective on the goals they seek to achieve in variou...

PRÓLOGO Es de reconocimiento internacional, que México es un país dotado de un invaluable y diverso recurso forestal. Cuenta con una cobertura forestal de 137.84 millones de hectáreas, dentro de las cuales, predominan ecosiste mas áridos, bosques de clima templado frío, y selvas, que ocupan 56.30, 34.20, y 30.03 millones de hectáreas, respectiva...

Gmelina arborea es una especie que ostenta valor económico en los mercados forestales, esencialmente por la versatilidad de su biomasa, su rápido crecimiento y la calidad de su madera. Los objetivos principa- les de esta investigación fueron evaluar la dendrometría, la biomasa, el suelo y las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de la madera en dos roda...

Tree height (H) in a natural stand or forest plantation is a fundamental variable in management, and the use of mathematical expressions that estimate H as a function of diameter at breast height (d) or variables at the stand level is a valuable support tool in forest inventories. The objective was to fit and propose a generalized H-d model for Pin...

Characterization of the diameter distribution of forest stands managed for timber production provides accurate estimates of existing wood volume by diameter class and area unit. It provides the basis for determining the stand's ecological and economic value, its structure, the potential for ecosystem services, and appropriate management practices....

Maximizing the ability of forests to capture carbon (C) from the atmosphere is critical to mitigate global warming. This is a daunting task as the warming climate is adversely affecting forests with increasing forest fires, pests, and a shift to tree species that can tolerate the newer climate conditions. A large (about 1 million hectares) mixed pi...

En este documento se considera que la cadena productiva de la madera aserrada comienza en el bosque y por eso, en este capítulo se abordan algunos conceptos importantes relativos al manejo sustentable de los recursos forestales. El término “manejo forestal” tiene su origen en la traducción de “forest management”, que puede interpretarse como “...

Las guías de densidad (GD) son herramientas fundamentales para la silvicultura porque permiten realizar una mejor distribución del espacio de crecimiento dentro del rodal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue construir y aplicar dos GD derivadas de un modelo potencial (MP) y uno exponencial (ME) para la simulación de aclareos. Se probaron dos objetivos...

Es de reconocimiento internacional, que México es un país dotado de un invaluable y diverso recurso forestal. Cuenta con una cobertura forestal de 137.84 millones de hectáreas, dentro de las cuales, predominan ecosistemas áridos, bosques de clima templado frío, y selvas, que ocupan 56.30, 34.20, y 30.03 millones de hectáreas, respectivamente. De es...

Resumen Introducción: La relación densidad-tamaño máxima (RDTM) describe la dinámica de los rodales con mezcla de especies y es fundamental en la implementación de tratamientos silvícolas para el control de la densidad. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de la composición de especies en la RDTM en bosques templados mixtos de Nuevo San Juan Parangaric...

This study estimated biometric attributes of individual trees from the automated measurement of tree height (THUV) by using images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). An experiment was carried out in a natural forest stand in the north of Mexico by using a DJI P4 multispectral equipment and regression analysis. The results show that total tree he...

The total tree height (h) and diameter at breast height (dbh) relationship is an essential tool in forest management and planning. Nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NLMEM) has been extensively used, and lately the artificial neural network (ANN) and the resilient backpropagation artificial neural network (RBPANN) approach has been a trending topic f...

The total tree height (h) and diameter at breast height (dbh) relationship is an essential tool in forest management and planning. The height—diameter (h-dbh) relationship had been studied with several approaches and for several species worldwide. The nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NLMEM) has been extensively used and lately the resilient backpro...

The objective of the study was to compare and validate two methodologies in order to estimate the merchantable volume of Pinus cooperi (Pc) and Pinus durangensis (Pd) in the forest region of El Salto, Durango, Mexico. The used data were 164 Pc and 182 Pd trees, whose diameters at different heights and the total height were measured. The 70 % of the...

In sustainable forest management it is essential to conserve and maintain biodiversity, the floristic composition and the mixture of its species. For this purpose, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the selection silvicultural treatment as a function of time, on the horizontal structure of a Pine-Oak Forest in northern Mexico...

Understanding the effects of land use on soil structure and nutrients is important for soil and water conservation in an ecologically fragile zone. This study was carried out to examine the variability of physicochemical properties in three different land use types: abandoned land (AL), eucalyptus plantation (EP), and road lawn (RL) sites at soil d...

Las plantaciones forestales comerciales contribuyen al incremento de la producción maderable en bosques con manejo forestal en el estado de Michoacán, México; sin embargo, no se considera el uso de ecuaciones que permitan predecir, de manera eficiente, la dinámica de crecimiento en diámetro, lo cual es imprescindible para la planeación y evaluación...

Understanding the ecological role of fire in forests is essential for proper management and conservation programs. The objectives of this study were: (1) to reconstruct the history of fires in a temperate forest in Sierra Madre Occidental; and (2) to interpret the impacts of fire and climate on forest structure. Sixty tree cross-sections with fire...

The dimensions and morphological characteristics of a tree canopy are indicators of photosynthetic capacity and are influenced by competition. Morphometric indices (MI) and correlations between dasometric variables can be used in forest management. The objectives of this study were to calculate and correlate some MI, and to model the proportional c...

Extreme drought events reduce the productivity of forest ecosystems. One approach for estimating the effects of drought on forests is by assessing their resilience. The objective of this study was to estimate resilience rates at different heights along the tree stem of Pinus durangensis Martínez. The radial growth of 200 cross sections extracted at...

The success of commercial forest plantations (CFP) depends on essential knowledge of the productive capacity of the site. Site index (SI) curves help classify forest land based on the productive capacity for a given forest species. This study attempted 1) to fit dominant-height growth models as a function of age with a mixed-effects model approach...

Para contribuir al éxito de las plantaciones forestales comerciales (PFC) es fundamental conocer la capacidad productiva del sitio. Las curvas de índice de sitio (IS) son útiles para clasificar los terrenos forestales en función de la capacidad productiva para una determinada especie forestal. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) ajustar modelo...

Sustainable forest management requires accurate biometric tools to estimate forest site quality. This is particularly relevant for prescribing adequate silvicultural treatments of forest management planning. The aim of this research was to incorporate topographic and climatic variables into dominant height growth models of patula pine stands to imp...

In recent decades, droughts associated with climate change have increased in frequency and intensity. Given this trend, the understanding of climate variability over time has raised great interest. The main objective of this study was to reconstruct the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) from tree rings of Pinus durangensis...

Forests experience disturbances, such as fire, that affect their functioning, structure, and species composition. The objective of this work was to compare the species diversity and forest structure at sites affected by different degrees of fire severity, 9 years after a forest fire event. We used the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) index....

Introduction: Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen lacks in many areas of site index (SI) models to classify timber productivity. Objective: To develop a dynamic SI equation, using the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) to describe the dominant height growth pattern and classify the productivity of natural stands of P. chiapensis in P...

La relación ahusamiento-volumen es indispensable para la planeación del manejo silvícola en los bosques con la finalidad de favorecer la distribución de los productos. Por esta razón, el objetivo del presente estudio fue generar un modelo compatible que permitiera estimar de forma precisa el volumen-ahusamiento de Abies religiosa en varias regiones...

In the middle of the last century, the Mexican government applied a forest administration policy based on state control through concessions to parastatal enterprises. In the 1980s, communities began to regain control of their forests and promote community forestry, with Ixtlán playing a leading role. This study compared three forest management plan...

The dimensions and morphological characteristics of a tree canopy are indicators of photosynthetic capacity and are influenced by competition. Morphometric indices (MI) and correlations between dasometric variables can be used in forest management. The objectives of this study were to calculate and correlate some MI, and to model the proportional c...

Las estimaciones de altura dominante o índice de sitio permiten evaluar la productividad del rodal del bosque y funcionan como una herramienta dentro del plan del manejo forestal para fines de aprovechamiento. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar curvas dinámicas de índice de sitio con el enfoque de diferencia algebraica generalizada (EDAG) en...

El diámetro normal tiene correlación alta con otros atributos del árbol y del rodal, por tanto, su modelación es relevante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una ecuación dinámica para estimar, en función de la edad, el crecimiento e incremento en diámetro normal de árboles de Pinus montezumae. Se utilizó una muestra de 81 árboles colecta...

Una de las actividades más importantes en el manejo de los recursos forestales es la extracción de volumen maderable, siendo la variable de mayor importancia debido al valor económico que tiene. El objetivo del trabajo fue ajustar modelos de ahusamiento-volumen para Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. en el ejido Corona del Rosal, municipio de Galeana, Nuev...

Key message The oak species Q. crassifolia produces reliable annual rings with better climatic sensitivity than many conifer species commonly used for hydroclimatic reconstructions in Mexico. Abstract Most dendrochronological research in Mexico has been done with conifers, but broadleaf species have been underutilized. Mexican oaks are found among...

Estimating tree volume components is an essential element in sustainable forest management. Compatible taper and merchantable outside-bark volume systems based on volume ratio models were globally fitted to four pine species (reduced models) with the aim to select the best reduced model and to fit it with dummy variables and additive effects using...

Con el propósito de incrementar la producción y productividad de los bosques en el estado de Durango, se realizaron cortas a matarrasa en rodales naturales de Pinus y Quercus que fueron sustituidos por plantaciones con dos especies de Pinus. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de las cortas de matarrasa con plantaciones inmediatas en...

La densidad indica el grado de aglutinamiento de los árboles en un rodal, sus cambios afectan el rendimiento maderable y el tamaño de los individuos. El modelo de Reineke y su índice de densidad del rodal (IDR) se usan en la construcción de diagramas para manejar la densidad (DMD), el IDR define el límite superior del autoaclareo y el punto mínimo...

In forestry there is a long history in the parameterization and use of models to quantify and predict the growth and yield of forest stands, as a fundamental requirement to optimize the application of silvicultural practices for sustainable forest management. The status of Mexico on the use and parameterization of forest models shows significant ad...

Introduction: Total height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) are important variables in forest inventory and they are the basis for growth and yield systems. Objective: To generate three prediction and projection equation systems for Pinus arizonica Engelmann (Pa) and Pinus durangensis Martinez (Pd) in mixed stands in Durango, Mexico. Mater...

El objetivo fue determinar el modelo alométrico con efectos mixtos que mejor describe la relación altura total-diámetro normal (A-d) para árboles de Lysiloma latisiliquum en Quintana Roo, México. Con 2214 pares de datos A-d obtenidos del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos (2004-2009), se calculó el índice de esbeltez (IE: A/d) y se ajustaron...

Lack of knowledge of individual tree growth in species-rich, mixed forest ecosystems impedes their sustainable management. In this study, species-specific models for predicting individual diameter at breast height (dbh) and total tree height (h) growth were developed for 30 tree species growing in mixed and uneven-aged forest stands in Durango, Mex...

La predicción implícita es una herramienta valiosa para conocer el tipo de productos que se pueden obtener del bosque en un tiempo determinado y, de esta forma, planificar el manejo forestal sostenible. En la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, México, existen rodales coetáneos de Pinus patula, una especie maderable de rápido crecimiento e importancia económic...

Introduction: Predictions of dominant or co-dominant height are an important element in planning forest management with timber production objectives. Objective: To develop dominant height growth and site index (SI) equations for Quercus sideroxyla Bonpl. Materials and methods: The height current annual increment model was fitted, and the age of the...

Los rodales pueden ser afectados por diversos factores, como los fenómenos naturales o el manejo forestal, porque modifican su estructura y el volumen maderable residual. La cuantificación del volumen removido en una intervención silvícola suele ser difícil, pero después de la aplicación de tratamientos silvícolas queda como evidencia el tocón; con...

Ten systems of compatible taper and outside-bark volume equations derived from upper-height-based volume ratio equations were compared with a used segmented-stem system of compatible taper and volume equations. All the systems were simultaneously fitted to cumulative volume data and taper data for Arizona pine, Aztec pine, Durango pine, Mexican whi...

The forest management-planning in northwest of Durango, Mexico involve mixed-species stands and the selection method is normally applied for uneven-aged stands in such forests. An individual distance-dependent model without age was used to evaluated the diameter at breast height (dbh) growth and neighborhood effects for four species groups in mixed...

Taper and volume equations are essential components of forest inventory, growth and yield prediction, and forest management-planning in mixed-species forests. Ten taper and stem outside-bark equations system derived from upper-height-based volume ratio functions were compared with a segmented compatible taper-volume system. All compatible systems w...

Durango is the major state for timber production in Mexico (28.5 % of the national total); it is estimated that the area under use is 2 million hectares, which is why forest management is an important task for forestry managers. The height-diameter relationship (h-d) is mainly used to describe the structure of a stand, to estimate the individual-tr...

Durango is the major state for timber production in Mexico (28.5 % of the national total); it is estimated that the area under use is 2 million hectares, which is why forest management is an important task for forestry managers. The height-diameter relationship (h-d) is mainly used to describe the structure of a stand, to estimate the individual-tr...

Durango es el principal estado en México para la producción de madera (28.5 % del total nacional). Se estima que la superficie bajo aprovechamiento es de 2 millones de hectáreas; razón por la cual, la ordenación forestal es una tarea importante para los manejadores silvícolas. El conocimiento sobre la relación altura-diámetro (h-d) de los árboles s...

Two new maximum stand density indices (SDIs) based on exponential density decline as a function of quadratic mean diameter were developed for and applied to mixed-species forests from Durango, Mexico. The exponential-based density-diameter relationship was compared with the power law density-diameter relationship (Reineke’s model) in the linear and...

Un diagrama para el manejo de la densidad (DMD) es una herramienta técnica para aplicar silvicultura cuantitativa, la que contribuye a mejorar el manejo técnico de los bosques. El objetivo fue generar un diagrama para manejar la densidad con base en el índice de densidad de rodal de Reineke en bosques coetáneos de Pinus patula en Puebla, México. Se...

Un diagrama para el manejo de la densidad (DMD) es una herramienta técnica para aplicar silvicultura cuantitativa, la que contribuye a mejorar el manejo técnico de los bosques. El objetivo fue generar un diagrama para manejar la densidad con base en el índice de densidad de rodal de Reineke en bosques coetáneos de Pinus patula en Puebla, México. Se...

Los sistemas de rendimiento que proveen estimaciones de volumen maderable por clase diamétrica (predicción implícita) son una herramienta de alto valor para la planificación del manejo forestal, ya que, al revelar la estructura del rodal, permite definir los tratamientos silvícolas que se pueden aplicar y saber a qué edad y diámetro se encuentra la...

Se desarrolló un sistema de crecimiento y rendimiento maderable explícito, para la Cooperativa Integradora Forestal de Zacualpan, Veracruz, debido a que no contaban con estudios que permitieran predecir el crecimiento maderable para programar cosechas y evaluar financieramente las plantaciones. En su construcción se estableció una red de 50 sitios...

This study presents two stand-density indices (SDIs) based on exponential density decline as a function of quadratic mean diameter for all species combined in mixed-species forests with 22 species mix grouped in four species groups. The exponential-based density-diameter relationship, as well the density index corresponding to the slope or instanta...

Introduction: Estimation of total and merchantable tree volume, as well as of biomass and carbon, implies the generation of biometric tools essential in forest management and planning. Objectives: To fit a compatible taper, volume, green weight, dry biomass and carbon concentration system for Quercus sideroxyla Bonpl. species using wood density. Ma...

Introduction: Dominant height and site index (SI) models consider average parameters for a sample or population. The dummy variable (DV) modeling approach generates global and local parameters, while mixed-effects models (MEM) generate fixed and random ones for each tree or plot. Objective: To fit and compare dynamic dominant height equations with...

Se desarrolló un sistema de crecimiento y rendimiento maderable explícito, para la Cooperativa Integradora Forestal de Zacualpan, Veracruz, debido a que no contaban con estudios que permitieran predecir el crecimiento maderable para programar cosechas y evaluar financieramente las plantaciones. En su construcción se estableció una red de 50 sitios...

The stem profile or taper describes the change in diameter against the increasing height of the tree. In order to describe this variation and quantify bole volume sections of standing trees, mathematical models commonly have been used, because these statistical tools provide a flexible representation to estimate stocks and forest products classific...

La productividad de las masas forestales se puede determinar numéricamente a través del índice de sitio, el cual es el resultado de la interacción de diferentes factores bióticos y abióticos que interactúan en el rodal, y se refleja en el valor de la altura dominante a una edad de referencia determinada. Esta estimación permite clasificar los rodal...

Introduction: Density management diagrams (DMDs) are useful tools for characterizing and managing stand density. Objective: To develop a DMD to schedule thinnings in the natural mixed-species forests of the El Salto region, Durango. Materials and methods: The data were collected in 441 temporary sampling plots in 263 mixed-species stands with mainl...

Site index models represent an important tool to classify forest productivity. The goal of this research was to develop dynamic site equations derived with the Generalized Algebraic Difference approach (GADA) for four pine species growing in the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca, Mexico. Data from stem analyses of Pinus oaxacana, P. douglasiana, P. patula...

In modeling of taper functions and dominant height growth with time series data, the presence of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation in residuals is common. Variance Functions (varFunc) and correlation structures (corStruct) were used to correct heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation; both were combined and evaluated through taper and height gro...

En la modelación del ahusamiento y del crecimiento en altura dominante con datos de series de tiempo, es muy común la presencia de heterocedasticidad y autocorrelación de los errores. Funciones de varianza (varFunc) y estructuras de correlación (corStruct) para corregir la heterocedasticidad y modelar dependencia de los errores, respectivamente. Es...

Los modelos de índice de sitio representan una herramienta silvícola muy importante para clasificar la productividad de los bosques. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar ecuaciones dinámicas de índice de sitio derivadas, mediante el método de Diferencias Algebraicas Generalizadas (GADA), para cuatro especies de pino en la Sierra Norte del es...

Key message More accurate diameter at breast height (dbh)-growth models are needed for developing management tools for mixed-species forests in Mexico. Individual distance-dependent dbh growth models that quantify local neighborhood effects have been developed for four species groups in such forests. The performance of the models is improved by dis...

Ten taper equations derived from upper-height based on volume ratio functions were compared with a segmented compatible taper-volume equation. These systems were simultaneously fitted to taper and cumulative volume data for Arizona pine (Ap: Pinus arizonica Engelm.), Aztec pine (Azp: P. teocote Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham.), Durango pine (Dp: P. dur...

Studies on functional relationships between relative stem diameter and height to estimate timber yield are useful in the management of commercial forest plantations. With taper analysis data of 42 Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. trees in the indigenous community of Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro, Michoacan, Mexico, six compatible systems for predicting...

El perfil del fuste o ahusamiento describe el cambio del diámetro conforme aumenta la altura del árbol a partir del tocón. Para describir esta variación y cuantificar las secciones del fuste de árboles en pie, se han utilizado modelos matemáticos, los cuales constituyen una herramienta estadística flexible para procesar datos y determinar existenci...

The assessment of commercial forest plantations (PFC) requires accurate quantitative tools (sampling estimators) to know the timber inventory, to generate reliable information for planning actions and make the best decisions on sustainable forest management of forest resources. In this context the aim of this study was to compare four estimators to...

La evaluación de plantaciones forestales comerciales (PFC) requiere de herramientas cuantitativas precisas (estimadores de muestreo) para conocer las existencias maderables, generar información confiable para planificar acciones y tomar las mejores decisiones en el manejo sostenible de los recursos forestales. En este contexto, se planteó el objeti...

Variable-top stem biomass models at the tree level for second growth forests of roble (Nothofagus obliqua), raulí (Nothofagus alpina), and coigüe (Nothofagus dombeyi) were fitted by a simultaneous density-integral system, which combines a stem taper model and a wood basic density model. For each model, an autoregressive structure of order 2 and a p...

Introduction: Stand density affects productivity and the structure and functions of forests. Objectives: To compare maximum density lines for mixed-species forests adjusted with Ordinary least Squares (OLS) and Stochastic Frontier Regression (SFR); and generate a density management diagram (DMD) to prescribe thinning. Materials and methods: The dat...

Introducción: La densidad del rodal impacta en la productividad y en la estructura y funciones de los bosques. Objetivos: Comparar las líneas de densidad máxima para bosques mezclados, ajustadas con mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO) y regresión frontera estocástica (RFE), y generar un diagrama de manejo de la densidad (DMD) para prescribir aclareo...

RESUMEN Las ecuaciones alométricas son importantes en el manejo forestal porque permiten obtener estimaciones de alturas con precisión alta, en menor tiempo y costo en los trabajos de inventario forestal. El objetivo de esta investigación fue modelar la relación altura-diámetro de árboles de los géneros Pinus, Quercus y otras latifoliadas de interé...

1. Taper and Merchantable compatible equations system. 2. Diameter growth model. 3. GADA equation. 4. Diameter Weibull distributions.

Modelos de ahusamiento de tipo segmentado ajustados y evaluados para nueve especies del género Pinus y Abies regligiosa para cuato UMAFORES del estado de Puebla.

El trabjo tiene como objetivo presentar diagramas para manejar la densidad a tráves de la aplicación de aclareos. los diagramas fueron generados con base en el índice de de densidad de rodales de Reineke y el índice de Yoda.

Sustainable forest management needs tools that can predict how silvicultural treatments will affect cutting stands. Growth and yield systems are an example of these tools because they can represent periods of growth and yield of a stand in numerical terms. The aim of this research was to develop a dynamic growth and yield timber system with the sta...

Tree interactions in mixed species forests are complex and remain unclear. Their effects on the forest dynamics should be included in the growth and yield models. Using stem-mapped re-measurement data of 59 permanent plots in Mexican mixed forests, we developed individual tree growth models without the use of age to explore the neighborhood effects...