Georgiana Shick Tryon

The Graduate Center, CUNY | CUNY · Program in Educational Psychology

The author reviews skills for setting and developing attainable therapy goals and methods to achieve goal consensus. These goals should be determined in collaboration with the patients, should be in the patients’ best interest, and should address the patients’ problems. Once the therapist–patient dyad has established the goals of therapy, the thera...

This chapter provides meta-analyses of the relation between goal consensus and collaboration and individual psychotherapy outcome. For the 54 studies ( N = 7,278) of goal consensus and outcome, the result was r = .24 or d = .49, representing a medium effect. For the 53 studies ( N = 5,286) of patient–therapist collaboration and outcome, the result...

This article provides meta-analyses of the relation between goal consensus and collaboration and individual psychotherapy outcome using studies published in English between 1978 and June 2017. Inclusion criteria involved (a) a measure of psychotherapy outcome, (b) a measure of goal consensus and/or collaboration, (c) a group design, (d) adult patie...

This chapter, ‘Goals and psychotherapy research’, examines goals in psychotherapy as they relate to clinical outcomes by surveying the extant research. Following a brief discussion of the importance of goals for personal development, the chapter focuses on research concerning the collaborative relationship between client and psychotherapist in goal...

Engagement in psychotherapy is defined as client return for treatment after intake. Clients who are harder to engage are those who have personal characteristics that interfere with successful interpersonal relationships, and are frequently more disturbed than clients who are easier to engage. Therapists who are more verbally proficient and who have...

This study surveyed 347 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning college students from across the United States concerning their bully victimization, depressive symptoms, and sources of support. Participants responded to an online survey that asked them about their victimization experiences during the 3 months prior to the survey. The r...

Research on the effectiveness of homework provides ample evidence that homework has a positive effect on learning, particularly for secondary students. Unfortunately, the rate of consistent homework completion for students, with and without disabilities, is low. This study used a between-groups design to examine the differential effectiveness of co...

Accurate implementation of individualized behavior intervention plans (BIPs) is a critical aspect of evidence-based practice. Research demonstrates that neither training nor consultation is sufficient to improve and maintain high rates of treatment integrity (TI). Therefore, evaluation of ongoing support strategies is needed. The purpose of this st...

Verbal and written performance feedback for improving preschool and kindergarten teachers' treatment integrity of behavior plans was compared using a combined multiple-baseline and multiple-treatment design across teacher–student dyads with order counterbalanced as within-series conditions. Supplemental generalized least square regression analyses...

I discuss the three things that I want to accomplish in each psychotherapy session from the theoretical orientation of a cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist. They are to establish collaboration, goal consensus, and engagement with the patient. I indicate my approach to these therapy elements in the beginning, middle, and end of sessions, and provi...

The relative effectiveness of two writing accommodations, word processing (WP) and speech-recognition (SR) technology, was examined relative to the writing skills of four boys with Asperger syndrome. The more effective accommodation was then combined with the Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) writing intervention and compared with SRSD and...

This article updates our previous article in this journal (Tryon & Winograd, 2001) by examining via meta-analyses results of recent studies, published from 2000 through 2009, that relate goal consensus and collaboration to treatment outcome. Specifically, 15 studies with a total sample size of 1,302 yielded a goal consensus-psychotherapy outcome ef...

Comments on the original article, "The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy," by J. Shedler (see record 2010-02208-012). Shedler's informative article raised several issues worthy of comment. His choice of the word distinctive (p. 98) in describing aspects of psychodynamic technique is open to at least two interpretations. On the one hand, disti...

The purpose of this study was to extend the research on the Tests of Early Numeracy (TEN) by following a cohort of 61 students from kindergarten through first grade. Specifically, this study examined the relationship between kindergarten and first-grade TEN measures built within and across school years and their predictive validity of a math curric...

This paper details the construction of a scale to measure the culture-bound syndrome of nervios in Latino early adolescents, ages 11 to 14. Informed by nervios literature and experts, we developed the 31-item Adolescent Nervios Scale (ANS) with items comprised of symptoms representing various psychiatric conditions common to Western culture. In con...

This study examined whether the definition and use of the word “bully” would result in lower self-reports of bullying behavior by providing students with one of three versions of a self-report measure with: (a) no reference to the word bully or its definition, (b) the definition of the word bully followed by use of the word in each item, or (c) the...

College students (N = 102) from African American and Latino backgrounds who participated in an opportunity program completed H. E. A. Tinsley's (1982) Expectations About Counseling-Brief Form (EAC-B) and measures of self-esteem, attributional style, problem-solving appraisal, acculturation, and cultural congruity. Lower self-esteem and a more depre...

Forty-four high school students took part in focus-type group that used an induced hypocrisy paradigm developed from cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 195712. Festinger , L. 1957 . A theory of cognitive dissonance Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press . View all references) to reduce cheating behavior. Posttesting following the interventio...

Researchers studying the working alliance frequently comment that clients and therapists tend to rate the alliance highly. The authors conducted this study to determine the accuracy of these comments by examining of the magnitude of adult client and therapist working alliance ratings in 63 refereed articles published between 1990 and 2007. The auth...

Using 53 studies, comprising 52 separate data sets, published in refereed journals from 1985 through 2006, the authors conducted meta-analyses of the correlation and mean difference between client–therapist alliance ratings. Client and therapist alliance ratings were moderately correlated (=.36, SD=.00); clients’ ratings were higher than ratings by...

This study used 8 vignettes to investigate the beliefs of 326 doctoral students in school psychology concerning credit for authorship of an article based on the dissertation. The vignettes varied according to who originated the topic of the dissertation (student or advisor) and who wrote an article based on the dissertation and received credit for...

Twenty-seven special education students in self-contained classes whose behavior met DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnosti1c criteria for an ODD diagnosis were matched according to age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, math and reading scores, and IQ with 27 special education students in self-contained classes who did no...

Schulman and colleagues demonstrated that classroom activity level can be reduced in hyperactive boys using activity-level feedback and positive reinforcement. This article reports preliminary results using a device that combines modern beeper and actigraphy technology for the purpose of measuring, monitoring, and modifying motor excess in children...

Schulman and colleagues demonstrated that classroom activity level can be reduced in hyperactive boys using activity-level feedback and positive reinforcement. This article reports preliminary results using a device that combines modern beeper and actigraphy technology for the purpose of measuring, monitoring, and modifying motor excess in children...

Client return for post-intake therapy is one indication of client engagement in the therapy process. A therapist's verbal responses from seven engagement and four nonengagement interviews were classified using the 12-category Hill Therapist Verbal Response Category System (Hill, 1993). In engagement interviews, the therapist provided the client wit...

GLOSSARY common factors Procedures and processes that occur in all types of therapies regardless of the theoretical orientation of the therapist. effect size The statistical degree to which differences or relationships between groups exist. meta-analysis A statistical analysis that combines the results of several empirical studies. working alliance...

This study investigated the relationship of depressive symptomatology to type of classroom placement in a sample of adolescents with learning disabilities who attended an urban public high school. Fifty-two students, half of whom were in self-contained classrooms and half of whom were in general education classrooms with resource room, self-rated t...

This study investigated school psychology doctoral students' beliefs concerning their preparation for, and concern about, dealing with 12 ethical issues based on year in graduate school and whether they had taken an ethics course. Two hundred thirty-three doctoral students from 18 of the 44 American Psychological Association accredited programs in...

This study examined the effectiveness of a commercially available social skills training program plus classroom reinforcement for use with preschoolers with developmental delays. Two groups of 19 participants (mean age 49.73–52.9 mo old) each received either the combined treatment package or classroom reinforcement of target behaviors only. An addi...

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between self-reported social skills, anxiety, and depression in adolescents. Participants were 97 students from a private high school in New York City. They were administered the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS), the Social Skills Rating System-Study Form (SSRS-S), and the Revised Ch...

There are differences in the extent to which patient and therapist agree on psychotherapy goals and work together in the helping relationship. This article reviews the empirical research on the relation between psychotherapy outcome and patient-therapist goal consensus and collaboration. Research results suggest that psychotherapy outcome is enhanc...

This study examines ethical transgressions of school psychology graduate students us- ing the critical incidents technique. Program directors of school psychology programs listed in the Directory of School Psychology Graduate Programs (Thomas, 1998) were asked to describe ethical violations committed by their students during the past 5 years. Viola...

Do clinical child and school psychologists feel that broadening their training to include aspects of other professional child psychology specialties would enable better service provision to their clients? Do they feel that children, adolescents, and families would be better served if the 2 specialties were merged? An exploratory questionnaire was s...

Do clinical child and school psychologists feel that broadening their training to include aspects of other professional child psychology specialties would enable better service provision to their clients? Do they feel that children, adolescents, and families would be better served if the 2 specialties were merged? An exploratory questionnaire was s...

Participants were 12 counseling center psychologist and thir 257 college-student clients. Immediately after intake, clients indicated whether or not they would make an additional appointment, their reasons for not making another appointment, and the estimated number of sessions they would attend. Counselors rated clients' attractiveness and disturb...

Examined the self-rated development of 25 Integrated Developmental Model Level 2 supervisees. The Supervisory Levels Questionnaire—Revised (SLQ—R) was used to assess ratings of self–other awareness, motivation, and dependency–autonomy among 18 clinical and 7 counseling advanced psychotherapy practicum trainees. Supervisees completed the SLQ—R at 5...

This article presents and discusses issues to consider when instituting time limitations on individual counseling services. Although time-limited therapy often reduces waiting lists and is generally effective for many client problems, precipitous imposition of rigid time limits can create service delivery problems. Counseling staff should be includ...

This article presents and discusses issues to consider when instituting time limitations on individual counseling services. Although time-limited therapy often reduces waiting lists and is generally effective for many client problems, precipitous imposition of rigid time limits can create service delivery problems. Counseling staff should be includ...

The study investigated the relationship of therapist-rated client and therapist involvement and client relatedness in the first session to strength of working alliance, measured after the third session, and type of client termination. Ten therapists and their 109 college student clients participated. How well the client related at intake was positi...

Therapists-in-training often have difficulty recognizing connections between clients' verbal self-descriptions and their actual behavior in session. Using a developmental framework, case examples are presented, illustrating transference reactions clients may typically exhibit and the ways the therapeutic relationship can be diagnostic. A discussion...

Examined the relationship between strength of working alliance after the 3rd session and unilateral client termination. Participants were 4 PhD psychologists and 6 practicum trainees and their 103 college student clients. Both members of 91 counseling dyads (88%) completed the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory (T. J. Tracey and A. M....

The 11-item Counselor Reaction Form was subjected to a principal components analysis resulting in three scales for psychologists and three scales for practicum trainees.

The relationship between strength of working alliance after the 3rd session and unilateral client termination was examined. Participants were 4 Ph.D. psychologists and 6 practicum trainees and their 103 college student clients. Both members of 91 counseling dyads (88%) completed the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory (Tracey & Kokotovi...

Verfahren, die an die moderne Technik des Gedankenstops erinnern, sind schon seit langem bekannt, weil Menschen schon immer versucht haben, sich gegen unerwünschte, immer wiederkehrende, unangenehme Gedanken zu wehren. Es gibt eine Reihe von Varianten der ursprünglichen, in den 50er Jahren entwickelten Gedankenstoptechnik. Grundsätzlich wird versuc...

The study examined the relationship between client attractiveness and return for a second appointment using 163 clients and their 10 therapists. Clients rated as more attractive were more likely to return after intake. A further investigation showed that both therapists with a history of higher percentages of returning clients and more-attractive c...

In the study presented here I investigated therapist perceptions of client attractiveness, anxiety, and disturbance as they relate to therapist prediction of the number of sessions the client will attend and actual client attendance. Therapists were five professionals and five practicum students at a university counseling center. Their clients were...

Investigated the relation of client-counselor evaluation of initial interview to client return for another session. At the end of the initial session, 5 professionals, 5 practicum trainees, and their 290 college-student clients completed the depth and smoothness indexes of the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (W. B. Stiles; see record 1980-12384-0...

The study was conducted to determine the relationship between strength of the helping alliance and type of client termination (premature or with mutual knowledge of client and counselor). Participants were 102 client-counselors dyads at a university counseling center. After an average of 8 sessions, clients and couneselors completed Alexander & Lub...

Investigated the relation of client-counselor evaluation of initial interview to client return for another session. At the end of the initial session, 5 professionals, 5 practicum trainees, and their 290 college-student clients completed the depth and smoothness indexes of the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (Stiles, 1980). Clients also completed...

The study examined college-student clients' and beginning therapists' perceptions of each other at intake. The therapists were 6 psychotherapy practicum graduate students (5 women, 1 man) and their 133 college student clients (77 women, 56 men) who sought help for the first time at a university counseling center. After the initiative session, clien...

Differences between engaged (clients seen for at least two counseling sessions) and nonengaged clients, and between post-engaged premature terminators and clients who terminated with counselor knowledge at a university counseling center were investigated. Five practicum trainees, four professional counselors, and 308 college student clients partici...

Examined the relationship between (1) therapist understanding of, preparation for, and education of clients, and duration of initial interview and (2) engagement of clients for more than 1 session. Questionnaires were given to 2 male and 2 female psychotherapy practicum trainees, 2 male and 3 female experienced psychologists, and their 238 clients...

Analyses of the i5-item Therapist Personal Reaction Questionnaire (TPRQ) produced 2 clustersthe first related to counselor feelings toward the client, and the second related to counselor feelings about the interview.

Discusses presenting problems, characteristics, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III—Revised (DSM-III—R) diagnostic criteria associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and suggests strategies for counseling university students with BPD. Presenting problems generally involve interpersonal relationships and sexual...

A principal components analysis with direct oblimin rotation of the Counselor Rating Form- Short Version (CRF-S) yielded two factors. The first is composed of attractiveness and trustworthiness items and the second is composed of expertness and trustworthiness items.

The study was an examination of the relationship among clinical practicum students' Engagement Quotients (EQs), defined as the percentage of clients returning to each trainee for more than one session, and various measures of client session attendance at a university counseling center. Data were collected for 43 practicum students. Higher trainee E...

Examined relations among various client and counselor characteristics and engagement in counseling for more than 1 session with 5 female and 4 male practicum counselors and 203 of their clients (128 women, 75 men) who had come to a university counseling center for the 1st time. After the initial interview, clients rated counselors' interest, helpfu...

Surveyed 300 independent psychologists on their experiences with abusive patient behavior. It was found that 81% experienced at least 1 incident of patient physical attack, verbal abuse, or other harassment in private practice, at another job, or both. Verbal abuse was the most frequently reported event. Physical attacks were about twice as common...

Two variables thought to influence return rates for mail surveys, type of covering envelope (plain or university printed) and type of return envelope (postage stamp or business reply) produced no statistically significant differences in return rates. Therefore, anticipated response rates and cost-effectiveness become important considerations when c...

A survey of 300 independent practitioners revealed that 81 % experienced at least one incidentof patient physical attack, verbal abuse, or other harassment in private practice, at anotherjob, or both. Verbal abuse was the most frequently reported event. Physical attacks wereabout twice as common in hospitals and clinics as in independent practice....

In this article the author presents data regarding her experience publishing in refereed journals.

In this study the author discusses an alcohol use survey and summarizes the survey literature on college alcohol consumption.

Regional psychology conventions provide students with opportunities to present their own work and learn about the work of others. Students' convention experiences would be enhanced if all convention presenters provided full abstracts or manuscripts of their work.

The present study examined the relationship between sex of client, sex of counselor, client's presenting problem, and the length of time the counseling dyad stayed together. Dyads engaged in personal counseling had significantly more sessions than dyads engaged in vocational counseling or test feedback. Clients receiving personal counseling were mo...

Compared problems for which residence-hall and commuter students and students from different academic classes sought help at a university counseling center. Participants were 345 undergraduates who sought individual counseling during 1 academic year. Reasons for coming to counseling were tabulated from intake cards. Results indicate that residence-...

Information about 165 full-time private practitioners in psychology was obtained from a 34-item questionnaire sent to 300 practitioners across the nation. The questionnaires yielded information concerning Ss' education, geographic location, orientations, hours, referral sources and policies, patients, fees, consulting jobs, organizational membershi...

495 college freshmen in 1969 and 412 freshmen in 1979 completed a battery of psychological tests and the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes. The latter measures delay avoidance, work methods, teacher approval, and educational acceptance. Data on Scholastic Aptitude Test scores and high school academic performance were obtained also. There was a d...

Results of a survey in which 120 private practice psychologists indicated which journals were most useful to them reflected the Ss' diversity of interests and theoretical orientations. Considerable differences were found between the rankings of the present study and those reported by D. Koulack and H. J. Keselman (see record 1976-24649-001). Numbe...

A national suvey of full-time private practitioners found that the majority of practitioners sometimes or often refer their patients to other mental health practitioners. The most frequently mentioned reasons for such referrals were: patient needs specialized treatment; therapist does not have available hours; patient needs medication; and patient...

The responses of 165 private-practice clinical psychologists indicated that their major satisfactions were professional independence, success, and high income, while the major dissatisfactions were isolation, time pressures, and problems in the therapeutic relationship. Most Ss reported more sources of satisfaction than dissatisfaction, and number...

48 female and 48 male undergraduates, half of whom had received personal counseling during their freshman year, completed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII). Ss' SCII scores were analyzed via a MANOVA with 2 independent variables (sex and counseling) and 7 dependent variables (general occupational themes—academic orientation, realistic,...

The present article presents a systematic review of the issues involved in dualcareer marriages. A definition of dual-career couples/families is provided. The literature is then reviewed with respect to employment issues, employment issues specific to dual-career couples, career interruptions, household chores, child care, and marital difficulties....

A national survey of full-time private practitioners found that the most effective techniques for marketing psychotherapeutic services were providing patients with good service, giving speeches to community organizations, and displaying professional behavior toward referral sources. Patients were most frequently referred by other patients followed...

A national survey of full-time private practitioners found that the most effective techniques for marketing psychotherapeutic services were providing patients with good service, giving speeches to community organizations, and displaying professional behavior toward referral sources. Patients were most frequently referred by other patients followed...

Findings reveal that women published in proportion to their membership in Division 12 of the American Psychological Association. There was a lower percentage of women authors, however, as compared to the percentage of women PhD clinicians at the end of the decade. Women published most often with members of the opposite sex, whereas men published wi...

This study examined the frequency of 18 student personnel subject areas that were represented in the 1974 and 1979 Journal of College Student Personnel. The topics of counseling, student characteristics, housing, and professional problems accounted for over half the articles in both years. Articles dealing with vocational choice were more prevalent...

The present survey of the publishing habits of women in the Journal of Counseling Psychology found that women published in this journal in higher proportion than would be expected by their membership in Division 17 of the American Psychological Association at the end of the past decade. Women published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology at the...

An examination of the publishing habits of women in the Journal of College Student Personnel over the past five years showed that the percentage of women authors has almost doubled during this time. The percentage of women who were first authors also increased during the five-year period

Verfahren, die an die moderne Technik des Gedankenstopps erinnern, sind schon seit langem bekannt, weil Menschen schon immer versucht haben, sich gegen unerwünschte, immer wiederkehrende, unangenehme Gedanken zu wehren. Es gibt eine Reihe von Varianten der ursprünglichen, in den 50er Jahren entwickelten Gedankenstopptechnik. Grundsätzlich wird vers...

66 directors of clinical training and 118 randomly selected clinicians responded to a questionnaire concerning issues in clinical training. Directors of training were more favorably inclined toward the scientist–professional model than were random clinicians. Random clinicians were more favorably inclined toward alternative, professional models of...

A review of the literature concerning the self-report test anxiety scales and treatment of test anxiety was conducted. The various popular self-report test anxiety instruments were examined with attention given to the reliability and validity status of the scales. Treatment studies were reviewed, with attention being paid to both the outcomes prese...

Literature shows students often take a problem to a friend or relative rather than the counseling center, particularly a personal problem. Research on effective publicizing of counseling services needs to be done. (JAC)

This discussion presents the viewpoints of five well-known psychologists on the role of behaviorism in clinical psychology. The article is a condensed version of a symposium presented at the 1978 annual APA convention.

An engagement quotient (EQ), which is the percentage of clients returning to the counselor for more than one visit, is proposed as one measure of counselors' skills.