George Harvey Noell

• Louisiana State University

Limited research exists on special education teachers (SETs) of students with intellectual disability (ID), developmental delay (DD), and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), their intent to leave or stay in the teaching profession, and the working conditions impacting those decisions. Through an online survey, we investigated working conditions of S...

Rule-governed behavior (RGB) is behavior that is controlled by verbal descriptions of contingencies rather than by direct contact or a history of direct contact with the contingencies. Humans rely on RGB to navigate a multitude of life experiences, and in doing so, we avoid direct contact with destructive or harmful contingencies or contingencies t...

Assuring treatment plan implementation following consultation is critically important because implementation is strongly related to outcomes. Treatment implementation has been hypothesized to be influenced by both the nature of the follow-up support provided and contextual variables. However, studies to date have not examined both issues while dire...

It is common practice in research on the treatment of problem behavior to compare levels of targeted behaviors during treatment to levels when treatment is not in place. Some researchers use data collected as part of a multielement functional analysis as the initial baseline, whereas others collect new baseline data following completion of the func...

Research has demonstrated that engaging in helping behavior is highly valued by children and adults and has diverse benefits for the recipient, helper, and larger group. Not surprisingly, raising children who exhibit pro-social behavior such as helping others is a central concern for parents and societies. However, the learning process that leads t...

Systemic efforts to strengthen teacher preparation in Louisiana led to the first statewide value-added assessment (VAA) of teacher preparation programs (TPPs). Subsequently, a number of states have adopted VAA of TPPs. The authors describe challenges that were confronted around the deployment of Louisiana’s VAA of TPPs. The discussion is organized...

Prior research on treatment integrity has focused either on the lack of measurement of the in- dependent variable or on methods to increase overall levels of treatment integrity. Little research has focused on the effectiveness of common interventions when implemented with less than perfect integrity. The current investigation evaluated the effecti...

Self-management skills and organization skill level have been shown to contribute to student success in high school and post-secondary education. Academic coursework, organization, and time-management skill deficits are often a source of stress for undergraduate students who are transitioning from a supportive high school environment to an autonomo...

Response to intervention (RTI) is a rationally appealing approach to meeting the needs of all students; it is predicated on providing students support at the time and in the environment in which they need support with intensity match to that need. However, the rationality of the system is grounded on providing interventions at a meaningful level of...

Twenty-nine peer-reviewed journal articles that analyzed intervention implementation in schools using single-case experimental designs were meta-analyzed. These studies reported 171 separate data paths and provided 3,991 data points. The meta-analysis was accomplished by fitting data extracted from graphs in mixed linear growth models. This analyti...

The articles presented in this special issue both advance what is currently known about treatment implementation in research and practice and illuminate what remains unknown. This article provides a commentary selectively linking current findings to prior research to make arguments regarding those facts that are well established and the gaps in the...

Achievement outcomes for students taught by recent program completers of Louisiana’s teacher preparation programs (TPPs) are examined using hierarchical linear modeling of State student achievement data in English language arts, reading, mathematics, science, and social studies. The current year’s achievement in each content area is predicted using...

This study examined the effects of e-mailed daily behavior report cards (DBRC) on students' disruptive classroom behaviors. Additionally, teacher acceptability of e-mailed DBRC as an intervention was assessed. Participants included 46 elementary students (37 males and 9 females), that were assigned to one of three conditions; delayed treatment cont...

In this article, we provide a brief review and a critique of behavioral consultation (BC; Bergan & Kratochwill, 1990). Specifically, the procedures utilized within BC for assessment of the problem, development of an intervention, implementation of the intervention, and plan evaluation are overly reliant on indirect methods of behavior assessment an...

Academic demands are central to the lives of children living in the information age and in industrial societies. Schools are the workplaces of children and are the gateways into adult work for most adolescents. Historically, academic concerns are the most common reason that children are referred for special education services within schools and are...

Proponents of systemic changes in education commonly encounter ethical, theoretical, and pragmatic challenges in moving from possibility to implementation of their vision of change. Although ethical and theoretical issues are critically important to a successful change initiative, pragmatic issues relevant to assuring program implementation have ge...

Implementation integrity is a potentially critical issue for problem-solving teams (PST) and most response-to-intervention models. The current study hypothesized that providing performance feedback, which has consistently been shown to increase implementation integrity, to PSTs would enhance the procedural integrity of the process. The PSTs for thr...

This study compared the effectiveness of a multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (MSWO) preference assessment and teacher preference ranking in identifying reinforcers for use in a general education setting with typically developing elementary-school children. The mean number of digits correctly answered was greater in the MSWO-selected reward and...

A number of issues must be addressed in order to intervene with academic problems within classrooms . These issues include screening, problem specification, problem function, solving the problem, and subsequent problem evaluation. Although the addition of a consultant will allow services to be delivered to greater numbers of children than could be...

Although the assessment of response to intervention (RTI) as a service delivery model has undergone considerable development over the last decade, all of the critical elements that must be in place for RTI to be successful have not received similar attention. One of the fundamental elements of RTI is the implementation of interventions. However, im...

This study examined the impact of a time efficient self-study method for providing practicing teachers with job-embedded professional development targeting specific classroom management skills. The training method employed print packets and videotapes that provided models of effective classroom management strategies for instruction-giving, praise,...

This study investigated the efficacy of a method of parent training and parent reading tutoring that built on past research. Parents of five first-grade children who were reading below grade level participated. Parents were trained to implement a tutoring procedure that included modeling, practice, phonics, fluency building, accuracy building, comp...

Assessing response to intervention (RTI) is a complex process that requires selecting interventions, identifying a reasonable strength of intervention, implementing the intervention, assessing progress, and applying decision rules to the resulting data. Appropriate standards and practices are critically important for all of these activities. Howeve...

The bulk of the existing literature emphasizes the use of phonemic/phonetic based instruction to enhance generalization between reading and written language. However, phonetically irregular words are common in English and may require the use of whole word approaches. This study examined generalization between from reading to spelling and from spell...

Five hundred thirty-eight elementary school students participated in a study designed to examine the technical characteristics of curriculum-based measures (CBMs) for the assessment of writing. In addition, the study investigated rating-based measures of writing using the Six Trait model, an assessment instrument and writing program in use in many...

This study evaluated students’ daily implementation,of a reciprocal peer tutoring procedure for mathematics ,and methods ,for supporting student imple- mentation. Additionally, this study evaluated the reliability of progress monitoring data collected by students. The peer tutoring procedure was designed such that completion of each treatment compo...

This study examined teachers' implementation of treatment plans fol- lowing consultation. Interventions were implemented for 45 elementary school students referred for consultation and intervention due to academic concerns, chal- lenging behavior, or a combination of the two. The consultation follow-up proce- dures examined were brief weekly interv...

This study examined an approach for assessing and intervening with academic concerns that is conceptually derived from the distinction between skill deficits and performance deficits. A class-wide assessment was used to describe the students' functioning in the context of their peers and to help select a target concern for intervention. An individu...

Curriculum-based measures have been validated for use in evaluating reading, mathematics, and writing skills (Marston, 1989). Despite its common use by school psychologists (Wilson & Reschly, 1996), the relationship between the Woodcock Johnson-Revised and curriculum-based measures of writing has not been evaluated. This study investigated the rela...

This study compared two strategies for increasing accurate responding on a low-preference academic task by interspersing presentations of a preferred academic task. Five children attending a preschool program for children with delayed language development participated in this study. Preferred and nonpreferred tasks were identified through a multipl...

Curriculum-based measures of written expression have traditionally used total words written or correct word sequences as indices of students' skill levels. Although there are validity data to support these measures, anecdotal evidence indicates that these measures may be unacceptable to some teachers and psychologists. This investigation attempted...

This study examined 4 general education teachers' implementation of behavior management interventions following consultation. Interventions were implemented for 8 elementary school students (aged 5-8 yrs) referred for consultation and intervention due to disruptive behavior in the classroom. Initial implementation varied across teachers, but became...

This study examined the impact of three levels of treatment integrity on students'' responding on mathematics tasks. Instruction was provided separately for addition and subtraction to six second-grade students who were referred due to poor performance with these operations. The treatment consisted of a computer delivered delayed prompt to use a co...

Generalization across time or maintenance of behavior change is a fundamental concern for behavior analysts and educators that remains insufficiently understood. This study examined the maintenance of mathematics responding during and following delayed intermittent reinforcement when common stimuli were programmed across the treatment and maintenan...

This single-student experiment demonstrated a method for assessing a student's poor performance on pre-reading measures that tested skill deficit and performance deficit hypotheses. This assessment was conducted or a student whose parents reported concerns regarding a variety of indicators of school functioning. During the summer prior to his enter...

This study examined three strategies for assessing compliance in students (aged 5 yrs) whose speech and language development were delayed. The effects of attention versus escape from instruction following compliance were examined through a descriptive assessment in the classroom, an out-of-class experimental analysis conducted by a consultant, and...

The design logic and potential uses of a variant of the multiple-baseline design that implements multiple treatment sequences is described. The multiple-baseline multiple-sequence (MBL-MS) consists of 2 or more multiple-baseline designs that are interlaced with one another and include all possible sequences of the treatments. The counterbalanced se...

This study examined the utility of brief teaching probes as an assessment for students referred due to poor academic performance. Reading-decoding skills as assessed by students' oral reading rate on probes containing letters, words, or prose were examined. The brief assessment consisted of three phases: baseline and two instructional interventions...

This study demonstrated a method for integrating in-class and out-of-class procedures to assess and treat an adaptive behavior deficit. The assessment and intervention procedures were implemented to teach students to respond appropriately when they were asked their name. The students were three preschool boys whose language development was delayed....

This study examined two strategies for increasing the accuracy with which general education teachers implemented a peer tutoring intervention for reading comprehension. The intervention was implemented for 5 elementary school students who had been referred for consultation services. Initial implementation of the intervention by the teachers was var...

This study examined the effect of delayed reinforcement on digits completed by elementary school children and the effect of programming stimuli common to reinforcement conditions on the maintenance of their performance. Participants exhibited similar levels of responding during intermittent and continuous reinforcement. Responding continued for a n...

For consultation to result in the delivery of services to students, it must lead to implementation of an intervention. For this reason, intervention implementation is the crucial challenge for the practice of consultation and, as a result, is the critical research need. The argument is advanced that too little is known about the extent to which tea...

Teachers and school psychologists participating in routine school-based, problem-solving consultation were surveyed regarding their perceptions of the referral concern, intervention development process, intervention outcomes, and their time investment. Respondents were surveyed using parallel forms on matched cases to permit analysis of perceptual...

T. R. Kratochwill, et al (see record 1998-02259-004) raise a number of points of disagreement with 2 previous critiques of the behavioral consultation literature (G. H. Noell and J. C. Witt, see record 1996-06717-001; Witt, et al, see record 1997-02988-004). The purpose of this article is to clarify the role of differing epistemologies in creati...

This study examined the effects of reinforcement contingencies designed to increase the performance of existing reading skills as well as the effects of instruction--modeling and practice--designed to increase skill level for oral reading fluency across three levels of reading materials. Results showed that a combination of contingencies, modeling,...

Of the developments in psychology and education over the last 50 years, those in behavioral psychology have been among the most important. Behavioral psychology has amassed an impressive technology for responding effectively to many problems with important social and pragmatic implications. Many volumes such as this one and entire scholarly journal...

Examined the treatment integrity with which general education teachers implemented a reinforcement based intervention designed to improve the academic performance of elementary school students. The intervention was implemented for 3 3rd graders who were referred for consultation services and were identified as exhibiting performance deficits based...

Behavior consultation (BC) is a scientific model based on assumptions regarding controlling variables in a triadic behavior change process involving a consultant, consultee, and a client. The article critically examines 5 fundamental assumptions underlying BC, noting contradictory evidence, and considers the possibility that these assumptions are i...

The expanding application of behavioral technologies to alleviate the mental health and educational problems of children has increased the scope and social significance of behavior analysis during recent decades. Although behavioral technologies provide an empirical basis for assisting parents, teachers, and children, these procedures rarely includ...

Conditional probability methods (positive predictive power, negative predictive power, sensitivity, and specificity) were employed to differentiate children judged by teachers as belonging to Social Competence (SC) or Low Social Competence (LSC) groups using the Social Skills Rating System-Teacher (Gresham & Elliott, 1990). Social skills functioned...

Presents a theoretical integration of a number of recent important contributions to the psychological intervention literature as they relate to consultation. This synthesis is described under the rubric of functional outcome analysis (FOA) and is organized around an examination of classroom resources. Various methods of assessing intervention costs...

Treatment integrity (the degree to which a treatment is implemented as planned) represents a key concept in school-based intervention and is considered to be a link between use and effectiveness of interventions. 181 experimental studies published between 1980 and 1990 in 7 journals known for behaviorally based interventions were reviewed. Of prima...

Functional analysis of behavior depends upon accurate measurement of both independent and dependent variables. Quantifiable and controllable operations that demonstrate these functional relationships are necessary for a science of human behavior. Failure to implement independent variables with integrity threatens the internal and external validity...

provide a critical analysis of methods for reporting consultation outcomes / an overview of basic research design strategies is presented along with a discussion of dependent variables used in consultation research / particular attention is focused on single-case experimental and case study designs / traditional indices of consultation outcomes, su...