George C Fahey

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Professor Emeritus at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Probiotics, prebiotics, and other biotic substances are not only effective ways to promote a healthy gastrointestinal tract, an effective immune system, and the overall health of humans, but also in agricultural and companion animals. Because key differences exist in regard to gastrointestinal tract anatomy and physiology, dietary management and fe...

The Dietary Fiber (fiber) Terminology Roundtable was organized to address crucial issues concerning current definitions of dietary fiber and the pressing need to resolve inconsistencies and ambiguities in fiber terminology. This publication captures valuable insights and diverse perspectives from a multidisciplinary group of experts who span resear...

For over six decades, nutritional science has provided well-developed, peer-reviewed nutrient recommendations to support the health of dogs and cats. These guidelines are updated based on new scientifically valid research and appropriate peer-review. Recent regulatory and scientific positions around health issues have resulted in strong opinions an...

Canine copper nutrition has received increased attention due to recent reports of apparent copper-associated hepatitis in the United States and European Union. In order to properly address the need to modify NRC and AAFCO canine copper recommendations that will have implications for all dogs, it is important to understand the complexities of copper...

As we have begun to accept the use of probiotic approaches to replace the benefits of antimicrobials in animal production, we also should include prebiotics in animal rations in forms that may support the activity of the host microbiota in an economically feasible manner. While currently established prebiotics are carbohydrate based, prebiotics may...

Probiotics and prebiotics are marketed in the human food sector as being beneficial to gut health. As is often the case, this led to prebiotic and probiotic use in the pet food and supplement markets. There is limited oversight for these products; thus, their application in a clinical setting remains limited. Despite this, research on this topic is...

It has been nearly 31 years since the International Symposium on Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility was held in Madison, WI. The text resulting from that symposium, first published in 1993, has been an invaluable resource for animal and plant scientists alike but, unfortunately, has yet to be updated. Symposium organizers recognized that...

Human intestinal enzymes do not hydrolyze non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs), and thus, they are not digested and absorbed in the small intestine. Instead, NDCs are partially to completely fermented by the intestinal microbiota. Select NDCs are associated with health benefits such as laxation, and blood cholesterol and glucose-lowering effects. ND...

Nicola M McKeown and colleagues advocate for the importance of translating the health impact of high fibre diets to patients and clients, with emphasis placed on incorporating a variety of plant based foods to achieve dietary fibre recommendations

Objective The prebiotic fiber inulin has been studied in individuals undergoing hemodialysis (HD) due to its ability to reduce gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins. However, studies examining the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota and derived metabolites are limited in these patients. We aimed to assess the impact of a 4-week supplementation o...

The fiber component of the diet is the major food source for the intestinal microbiota of swine. Included are traditional insoluble (e.g., cellulose) and soluble (e.g., pectin) dietary fibers, resistant starches (four types), and oligosaccharides (some of which are “prebiotics”). Fiber constituents are found both in the primary and secondary cell w...

Traditional feed composition tables have been a useful tool in the field of animal nutrition throughout the last 70 years. The objective of this paper is to discuss challenges and opportunities associated with creating large feed ingredient composition tables. This manuscript will focus on three topics discussed during the National Animal Nutrition...

Background: Treatment guidelines for chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) recommend an "increase in fiber intake" as a first-line therapy, but most epidemiologic studies fail to support an association between a high-fiber diet and a reduced risk of constipation. Furthermore, randomized controlled clinical studies show that most isolated fibers (e...

In recent years, it has become increasingly obvious that dietary fiber or nondigestible carbohydrate (NDC) consumption is critical for maintaining optimal health and managing symptoms of metabolic disease. In accordance with this, the US FDA released its first official definition of dietary fiber in 2016 for regulation of Nutrition and Supplement F...

Recent data has supported a role for the gut microbiota in improving cognition and shaping behavior. Here, we assessed whether pectin, a soluble, fermentable fiber, could enhance learning and memory in mice. Two cohorts of young male C57Bl/6 J mice, C1 (n = 20) and C2 (n = 20), were obtained from Jackson Laboratory and randomized to semi-purified A...

A two-day workshop organized by NIH and USDA included 16 presentations focused on the role of diet in alterations of the human gastrointestinal microbiome, primarily that of the colon. Although thousands of projects have been funded by United States federal funding agencies to study the intestinal microbiome of humans and a variety of animal models...

Background: Because of its chemical complexity, the estimation of dietary fiber content of feed and food materials is a difficult analytical challenge. Three major fiber analyses are conducted routinely in the United States including crude fiber (CF), detergent fiber, and total dietary fiber (TDF). Objective: Factors crucial to the successful measu...

Seasonal changes in the foodscape force herbivores to select different plant species or plant parts to meet nutritional requirements. We examined whether the search for calorie-rich carbohydrates explained giant panda’s selection for bamboo culm over leaves during spring. Leaves and culms were collected from four Phyllostachys bamboos (P. aurea, P....

Butyrate possesses negative sensory qualities and is most effectively utilized in the intestine to provide energy to the colonocyte for the maintenance of intestinal health. Butyrate has also shown promise in the treatment of intestinal disorders and diseases such as short bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer. To modify sens...

Introduction Recent data indicates that environmental conditions early in life can alter behavioral outcomes and responses to dietary interventions in model experiments. The gut microbiota may mediate such differences. Methods Two cohorts, C1 (n = 20) and C2 (n = 20), of C57Bl/6J mice were randomized to a 5% pectin (n = 20) or cellulose diet (n =...

Animal proteins are commonly used in extruded dog foods. Plant-based proteins have a more consistent nutrient profile than animal sources but may contain antinutritional factors, including trypsin inhibitors and oligosaccharides. Bioprocessed soy protein (SP; HP-300; Hamlet Protein, Inc., Findlay, OH) is a processed soy-based product with low antin...

Animal proteins are commonly used in extruded dog foods. Plant-based proteins have a more consistent nutrient profile than animal sources but may contain antinutritional factors, including trypsin inhibitors and oligosaccharides. Bioprocessed soy protein (SP; HP-300; Hamlet Protein, Inc., Findlay, OH) is a processed soy-based product with low antin...

The objectives were to examine in vitro fermentation characteristics, in vivo nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and serum lipid profiles as affected by α-cyclodextrin (ACD) supplementation. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was measured after in vitro fermentation for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h of ACD, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin. Five...

The objectives were to examine in vitro fermentation characteristics, in vivo nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and serum lipid profiles as affected by α-cyclodextrin (ACD) supplementation. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was measured after in vitro fermentation for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h of ACD, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin. Five...

Introduction Pectin is a soluble, fermentable dietary fiber that can improve intestinal homeostasis in mammals. Beyond the gut, recent evidence suggests a positive relationship between fiber intake and learning and memory in humans. The potential mechanisms by which fermentable, dietary fibers can modulate behavior have not been fully explored. Hy...

Our objective was to measure the proximate, starch, amino acid, and mineral compositions of grains, grain co-products, and other carbohydrate sources with potential use in pet foods. Thirty-two samples from barley (barley flake, cut barley, ground pearled barley, malted barley, whole pearled barley, pearled barley flakes, and steamed rolled barley)...

Pet owners have increasing concerns about the nutrition of their pets, and they desire foods and treats that are safe, traceable, and of high nutritive value. To meet these high expectations, detailed chemical composition characterization of ingredients well beyond that provided by proximate analysis will be required, as will information about host...

Purified xylooligosaccharides from Miscanthus x giganteus (MxG XOS) were used in an in vitro fermentation experiment inoculated with human fecal microbiota. A commercial XOS product and pectin were used as controls. Decreases in pH by 2.3, 2.4, and 2.0 units and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetic acid: 7764.2, 6664.1, 6387.9 µmol/g...

Objective: Simplification of diets, low in variety but high in energy, contributes to the loss in diversity observed in the obese gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome. A novel GI microbiome modulator (GIMM) as a dietary intervention was developed. Methods: Mice were fed either an obesogenic diet (ObD) or an ObD containing 15% activated soy pod fiber...

Prebiotics resist digestion, providing fermentable substrates for select gastrointestinal bacteria associated with health and well-being. Agave inulin differs from other inulin type fibers in chemical structure and botanical origin. Preclinical animal research suggests these differences affect bacterial utilization and physiologic outcomes. Thus, r...

INTRODUCTION Prebiotic fibers in pet foods are becoming increas­ ingly popular due to their favorable effects on gut function and health by increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and changes in the intestinal microbiota (Propst et al., 2003). Most prebiotic fibers are rapidly fermentable and, if added at high concen­ trations to the...

The objectives were to quantify gastrointestinal tolerance, total tract nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profiles of dogs as affected by α-cyclodextrin (ACD) supplementation and to validate the accuracy of fat analyses techniques using novel ACD-fat complexes. The ACD was hydrolyzed and free sugars and hydrolyzed monosaccharides were quantif...

Dietary fermentable fiber is known to benefit intestinal health of companion animals. Soluble corn fiber (SCF) was evaluated for its chemical composition, nitrogen-corrected true ME (TMEn) content, in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics, and in vivo effects on nutrient digestibility, fecal fermentation end products, and modulation of t...

The objectives were to quantify gastrointestinal tolerance, total tract nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profiles of dogs as affected by α-cyclodextrin (ACD) supplementation and to validate the accuracy of fat analyses techniques using novel ACD-fat complexes. The ACD was hydrolyzed and free sugars and hydrolyzed monosaccharides were quantif...

During the annual period of bamboo shoot growth in spring, free-ranging giant pandas feed almost exclusively on the shoots while ignoring the leaves and full- height culm. Little is known about the nutritional changes that occur during bamboo shoot growth, if nutritional changes differ among species, or how these changes might influence forage sele...

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of in vitro fermentation of coconut endosperm fiber (CEF), chicory pulp (CHP), and selective blends of these substrates on SCFA production and changes in microbiota using canine fecal inocula. A total of 6 individual substrates, including short-chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS; a welle...

In our published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-period crossover trial, healthy adult men (n = 21) consumed bars containing no supplemental fiber (placebo; NFC), polydextrose (21 g/d), and soluble corn fiber (SCF; 21 g/d) for 21 d each. Fecal specimens were collected between days 16 and 21 for fermentative end-product analysis and...

Inclusion of fermentable fibres in the diet can have an impact on the hindgut microbiome and provide numerous health benefits to the host. Potato fibre (PF), a co-product of potato starch isolation, has a favourable chemical composition of pectins, resistant and digestible starch, cellulose, and hemicelluloses. The objective of the present study wa...

Fructan supplementation of a commercially available canned cat food was evaluated using senior (≥ 9 yr) cats to assess nitrogen (N) partitioning in excreta and stool metabolite and microbiota concentrations. Oligofructose (OF) or SynergyC (OF+IN) were added to the diet individually at 1% (dry weight basis). Cats were acclimated to the control diet...

Pet owners desire treats with adequate nutritional profiles, functional benefits, long-lasting properties and an interactive nature. Therefore, it is pivotal to understand the digestion characteristics of treats produced by different processing methods and having variable nutritional composition. The objective of the present study was to measure in...

The objective of this research was to measure in vitro hydrolytic digestion, glycemic and insulinemic responses in dogs, and true ME (TMEn) content of select soluble corn fibers (SCF) in roosters. The first generation (G1) SCF included hydrochloric acid-treated corn syrup (G1-CS-HCl), an SCF with an increased total dietary fiber (TDF) content (G1-S...

Dietary fermentable fiber is known to benefit intestinal health of companion animals. Nutriose®FM (NU), a soluble corn fiber dextran, was evaluated for in vitro fermentablity, in vivo nutrient digestibility, and fecal fermentation end‐products. Nutriose®FM was subjected to in vitro fermentation using dog fecal inoculum, with fermentative outcomes m...

This study examined the following: effects of simulated firefighting (FF) activities under heat stress on sustained attention; whether incident rehabilitation (IR) influences performance; and relationships between performance, affect and personality. Firefighters performed ∼18 min of FF. Attention, physiological, perceptual and psychological assess...

Little clinical research exists on agave inulin as a fiber source. Due to differences in botanical origin and chemical structure compared to other inulin-type fibers, research is needed to assess gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance following consumption. This study aimed to evaluate GI tolerance and utilization of 5.0 and 7.5 g per day of agave inulin...

Nontargeted metabolomics analyses were used (1) to compare fecal metabolite profiles of healthy breast-fed (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants before and during in vitro fermentation in batch culture and (2) to evaluate fecal metabolomics in assessing infant diet. Samples from healthy BF (n = 4) or FF (n = 4) infants were individually incubated at 37...

The impact of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) on mucosal immunity, gut microbiota and response to rotavirus (RV) infection was investigated in the piglet model. Newborn piglets were fed with formula alone (FF) or formula supplemented with 4 g l(-1) HMO (HMO) or a prebiotic mixture of 9:1 short-chain galactooligosaccharides (3.6 g l(-1)) and long-...

Sled dogs commonly suffer from diarrhea. Although multiple etiologies exist there are limited field studies using synbiotics as a supplement to prevent or treat diarrhea. The objective of this study was to examine alterations in fecal quality, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and the fecal microbiome in two groups of training sled dogs fed a synbiot...

The objective of this study was to compare two in vivo methods using pigs and roosters and an in vitro method for determining the caloric value of four fiber sources [i.e., two resistant starches (RS 60 and RS 75), soluble corn fiber (SCF 70), and pullulan]. Metabolizable energy (ME) in pigs and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) in roosters were det...

In October 2012, a group of scientists met at the 10th Meeting of the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) in Cork, Ireland to discuss issues surrounding prebiotics and their development. This article summarises outputs from the meeting. Various prebiotic definitions were discussed and how the concept has evolv...

Potato fiber (PF), a co-product of potato starch manufacture, was evaluated as a potential novel fiber source in dog food. Potato fiber contained 55% total dietary fiber, 29% starch, 4% crude protein, and 2% acid-hydrolyzed fat. The PF substrate was evaluated for chemical composition, in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics, and in vivo...

A primary function of the gastrointestinal tract is to provide the body with water, electrolytes and nutrients. It accomplishes this by ingestion, mechanical shearing, mixing and movement of the food through the gastrointestinal tract (motor events), secretion of digestive juices (≈ 6 liters per day) for degradation of complex nutrients into simple...

Approximately 45-50% of all duty-related deaths among firefighters are due to sudden cardiovascular events and a disproportionate number of these fatalities occur following strenuous fire suppression activities. To evaluate the effect of strenuous firefighting activities on platelets, coagulation and fibrinolytic activity and to document the extent...

The US has a pet population of approximately 70 million dogs and 74 million cats. Humans have developed a strong emotional bond with companion animals. As a consequence, pet owners seek ways to improve health, quality of life and longevity of their pets. Advances in canine and feline nutrition have contributed to improved longevity and well-being....

The apparent total tract and ileal digestibility assays to measure AA absorption in commercial canine diets was compared in the present study. Five ileal cannulated dogs were fed 5 commercial dry canine foods selected to contain 19 to 30% CP in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Ileal and total tract digestibility (apparent and standardized) of DM, OM, C...

Studies of whole grain and chronic disease have often included bran-enriched foods and other ingredients that do not meet the current definition of whole grains. Therefore, we assessed the literature to test whether whole grains alone had benefits on these diseases. The objective was to assess the contribution of bran or cereal fiber on the impact...

The objective of these experiments was to measure in vitro hydrolytic digestion and glycemic and insulinemic responses of select carbohydrate blends, all containing the novel carbohydrate, soluble corn fiber (SCF). Two SCF that varied in their method of production were used to formulate the carbohydrate blends. One set of blends contained a SCF tha...

Colonization of the intestinal microbiota after birth plays an important role in development of the neonatal gastrointestinal and immune systems. Two key environmental factors that influence the colonization pattern are delivery mode and nutrition. In this study, the impact of delivery mode and nutrition on microbial colonization and metabolic acti...

Butyratre, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) increases intestinal adaptation but the association with SCFA receptors and transporters in intestinal failure (IF) is unknown. We hypothesized that prebiotic supplementation would increase butyrate, FFAR2, FFAR3, MCT1 and SMCT1 mRNA in an IF piglet model. Neonatal piglets (n=87) underwent an 80% jejunoileal...

The impact of diarrheal disease and prebiotics was studied in piglets fed with formula (FF), or formula with 4 g/L human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) or prebiotics (PRE; 9:1 of short chain galactooligosaccharides and long chain fructooligosaccharides). At d10, approximately half of the piglets were infected with 5×10 ⁶ focus‐forming units of group A...

Dietary fibre has been a subject of study in companion animal nutrition for approximately 25 years, recently focusing on its benefits for dog and cat health and well-being. Pet animal diets contain significant amounts of carbohydrates, including dietary fibre. Depending on the properties of carbohydrates and their level in the diet, different physi...

This study sought to determine fermentation potential of human milk oligosaccharides by mixed cultures of fecal microbiota from breast-fed (BF; n=4) and formula-fed (FF; n=4) infants. Infant fecal inocula were incubated with galactooligosaccharide (GOS), gum arabic (GA), HP inulin (HP), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL), and lacto-N...

The objective of this study was to evaluate health outcomes resulting from dietary supplementation of novel, low-digestible carbohydrates in the cecum and colon of Sprague-Dawley rats randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups for 21 days: 5% cellulose (Control), Pectin, soluble fiber dextrin (SFD), or soluble corn fiber (SCF). Rats fed Pect...

Guar gum and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) are food ingredients that have been available for many years. PHGG is the partially hydrolyzed product produced from guar gum obtained from the Indian cluster bean (Cyanopsis tetragonolopus). The gum (CAS RN 9000-30-0) is composed of galactomannan, a gel-forming polysaccharide with a molecular weigh...

Fermentable oligosaccharides, particularly those found in soybean meal (SBM), may modulate fermentation in the ceca, thus affecting intestinal immune responses to intestinal pathogens. We hypothesized that fermentable oligosaccharides found in SBM would positively affect cecal fermentation and intestinal immune status in chicks challenged with an a...

Probiotics are marketed in the human food sector as being beneficial to gut health. As is often the case, this led to similar trends in the pet food and supplement markets. Although it is difficult to incorporate probiotics into pet diets because of processing problems, supplements and diets containing probiotics are now available. There is limited...

Purpose: This review focuses on the health benefits of viscous versus nonvis-cous soluble fibers, why symptoms can occur with increased fiber consumption , and how to avoid symptoms to improve adherence with a high-fiber diet.

Four healthy adult cats were used in a crossover design to determine phylogeny and metabolic functional capacity of the cat's gastrointestinal microbiota using a metagenomic approach. Healthy adult cats (1.7 y old) were fed diets containing 4% cellulose, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), or pectin for 30 d, at which time fresh fecal samples were collec...

Chews are an important part of the pet product industry, with many having potential benefits to decrease plaques or calculus formation. However, their digestion characteristics and gut transit time are virtually unknown. Two experiments were conducted to determine in vitro DM digestibility of expanded pork skin chews and rawhide chews, and apparent...

Fermentable carbohydrates may enhance the ability of the gastrointestinal tract to defend against a pathogenic infection. We hypothesized that a galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide-arabinoxylan (GGMO-AX) complex would positively affect immune status and prevent colonization and shedding in Salmonella typhimurium-infected chicks. Using a completely r...

This review focuses on the health benefits of viscous versus nonviscous soluble fibers, why symptoms can occur with increased fiber consumption, and how to avoid symptoms to improve adherence with a high-fiber diet. Review of scientific literature as well as evidence-based guidelines and resources. While it is generally known that "fiber is good fo...

The relative contribution of novel fibers such as polydextrose and soluble corn fiber (SCF) to the human gut microbiome and its association with host physiology has not been well studied. This study was conducted to test the impact of polydextrose and SCF on the composition of the human gut microbiota using 454 pyrosequencing and to identify associ...

Fermentable carbohydrates may enhance the ability of the gastrointestinal tract to defend against pathogenic infection. We hypothesized that a mannose-rich, galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide-arabinoxylan (GGMO-AX) complex would positively impact immune status and prevent weight loss resulting from acute coccidiosis (Eimeria acervulina) infection o...

The effects of diet and age on in vitro fermentation of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), lacto‐ N ‐neotetraose (LNnT), and three prebiotics (2:1 polydextrose / galactooligosaccharides and short‐chain fructooligosaccharides) by microbiota from the ascending colon of 9‐ and 17‐day‐old (do) formula‐fed (FF) and sow‐reared (SR) piglets were assessed....

The objective of the study was to test the impact of polydextrose and soluble corn fiber on the composition of the human gut microbiota using 454 pyrosequencing. Healthy adult males (n = 20) were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study. Subjects consumed 3 treatments (snack bars) containing either no supplemental...

The microbial composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), a 2:1 mixture of polydextrose (PDX) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) by pooled ascending colonic microbiota from 9- and 17-d-old formula-fed (FF) and sow-reared (SR) p...

The food industry is constantly shifting focus based on what is most important to the consumer. Products are marketed currently that are believed to provide health benefits to the consumer such as beneficial effects on health or as disease preventatives. Much of the focus is on oligosaccharides as health-promoting substrates. Many oligosaccharides...

Fish proteins have been reported to be more satiating than meat proteins. The objective was to determine the effect of different animal protein pre-meals on satiety. A total of ten intact female hounds were fed pork loin, beef loin, chicken breast, salmon fillet or pollock fillet. Each pre-meal was fed to contain 100 g protein. Blood was collected...

The objective of the present study was to evaluate digestive physiological outcomes elicited by functional fibres fed to healthy adult men. A total of twenty-one healthy adult men were utilised in a cross-over design. Each subject received polydextrose (PDX) or soluble maize fibre (SCF) (21 g/d) or no supplemental fibre (no fibre control; NFC) in a...

Chicks were used to determine whether dietary corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) may prevent or ameliorate Eimeria acervulina (EA) infection. The experiment had a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of 3 diets (inclusion of 0, 10, or 20% DDGS) × 2 challenge treatments: inoculation with distilled water or with 10...

Nine young adult (1.73 ± 0.03 yr) male cats were used to determine the effects of microbial adaptation to select dietary fiber sources on changes in pH in vitro and on total and hydrogen gas, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), and branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) production. Cats were adapted to diets containing 4% cellulose, fructooligosaccharides (FO...

Short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are nondigestible oligosaccharides that result in a prebiotic effect in some animal species; however, the cat has not been well studied in this regard. This experiment evaluated scFOS and GOS supplementation on nutrient digestibility, fermentative end product production, a...

Galactooligosaccharides, gum arabic, HP inulin, and selected human milk oligosaccharides were incubated (37°C) in anaerobic semi‐defined medium with fecal inocula obtained from healthy breast‐fed (BF)(n=4) and formula‐fed infants (FF)(n=4). Samples were collected over 12 h. pH declined (P=0.01) to a greater extent with FF versus BF, particularly at...

The objective was to compare the in vitro fermentation characteristics of oligosaccharides isolated from human milk (HMO), lacto‐N‐neotetraose (LNnT), a predominant HMO, and three commonly used prebiotics: a 1:2 mixture of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and polydextrose (PDX), and short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS). Ascending colonic contents...

A literature review was conducted on the association between intakes of cereal fiber, bran, and whole grains, and risk reduction of heart disease. The purpose of this review was to compare health‐related benefits from bran/cereal fiber and whole grains from observational studies. MEDLINE was used to search the scientific literature for relevant stu...

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), gum arabic (GA), HP inulin (HP), 2′‐fucosyllactose (2FL), 6′‐sialyllactose (6SL), and lacto‐N‐neotetraose (LNnT) were incubated (37°C) in semi‐defined medium with fecal inocula from healthy breast‐fed (n=4) or formula‐fed (n=4) infants, and samples collected over 12 h. LNnT, 2FL, and GOS led to rapid drops in pH (P<0....

The objective of this study was to evaluate fermentation characteristics of novel fibers by healthy adults. Twenty‐one healthy adult males were utilized in a crossover design. Each subject received each treatment of 21 g of polydextrose (PDX) or soluble corn fiber (SCF), or a no‐fiber control (NFC) in a snack bar. Each period lasted 21 d and feces...

IntroductionAnimal ModelsRodentPigDogIn Vitro SystemsHydrolytic and Fermentative Digestion SystemsFermentative In Vitro SystemsMethod ComparisonCell Culture ModelsConclusion References

The primary objective of this study was to document the timeline of physiologic recovery from firefighting activities in order to inform emergency medical services (EMS) of vital sign values that might be expected during incident rehabilitation and in developing rehabilitation protocols to make decisions about when to return personnel to the firegr...

The symposium "Putting the Whole Grain Puzzle Together: Health Benefits Associated with Whole Grains" sponsored by the ASN brought together researchers to review the evidence regarding the health benefits associated with whole grains. Current scientific evidence indicates that whole grains play an important role in lowering the risk of chronic dise...

"Temulose" is the trade name for a water-soluble molasses produced on a large scale (300-400 tonnes per year) as a byproduct of the fiberboard industry. The feedstock for Temulose is predominantly a single species of pine ( Pinus taeda ) grown and harvested in stands in southeastern Texas. Because of the method of production, the molasses was predi...

It is of interest to discover new fermentable carbohydrate sources that function as prebiotics. This study evaluated the hydrolytic digestibility, fermentative capacity, and microbiota modulating properties of Temulose molasses, four hydrolyzed fractions of Temulose molasses, short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), and a yeast cell wall prepara...

A galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide (GGMO) obtained from fiberboard production was evaluated as a dietary supplement for dogs. The GGMO substrate contained increased concentrations of oligosaccharides containing mannose, xylose, and glucose, with the mannose component accounting for 35% of DM. Adult dogs assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design wer...