George M. Alliger

self

Anti-work philosophy holds that work, in and of itself, tends to be harmful for most people. Some anti-work theorists even advocate for the abolition of paid employment altogether. We argue that, while endorsement of the radical ideology of anti-work is in no way necessary for I/O psychologists, considering the thinking behind these ideas can be be...

Deriving meaning from work is neither new nor bad - Volume 12 Issue 4 - George M. Alliger

Purpose Over the past two decades, research has shown a growing consensus that 70% to 90% of organizational learning occurs not through formal training but informally, on-the-job, and in an ongoing manner. Despite this emerging consensus, primary data on the nature and correlates of informal learning remains sparse. The purpose of this study was to...

We review and synthesize previous team research and suggest that individuals’ previous experiences and orientations combine to yield predispositions to occupy six different team roles, which we refer to as Team Role Experience and Orientation (TREO) dimensions. We report the development of a survey measure of TREO dimensions and establish its conte...

Although teams are considered to be the building blocks of modern organizational designs and numerous theoretical models, and narrative and meta-analytic reviews of the literature exist, there is a lack of coherence, integration, and understanding of how team composition effects relate to important team outcomes. Accordingly we have five primary go...

The Mission Essential Competency (MEC) approach to work and training needs analysis has been the focus of a multiyear research project of the United States Air Force. This article was written with the specific goal of reviewing the psychometric characteristics of the various measures that are used in this process. Using extensive survey data from d...

The United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Human Effectiveness Directorate, Warfighter Readiness Research Division, in conjunction with the United States Air Force Major Command, Air Combat Command (ACC), has for a number of years pursued a program of research whose focus is the rational integration of networked flying, flying-related,...

The Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC) is the commander of air assets and answers directly to the Joint Force Commander (JFC). The Air and Space Operations Center (AOC) is the weapon system which enables the JFACC to accomplish these command and control (C2) responsibilities. Currently, JFACCs receive little preparatory training for the co...

The objective for this SBlR Phase II project was to increase the degree to which soldiers are able to apply classroom/computer-mediated training on-the-job and to capitalize on their present digital skills in the acquisition of new and changing digital skills. Aptima, Inc. and the Group for Organizational Effectiveness, Inc. used basic theories of...

This study reports the analyses of data collected from an evaluation effort for 2 Mission Ready Technician (MRT) training programs for C-141 transport and F-16 fighter aircraft crew chiefs. We obtained ratings from over 100 trainees in each program, as well as from their trainers and supervisors, both during training and in the field via survey. Th...

Self-report personality and integrity tests have been used increasingly in recent years, which may make them a target of test coaching. However, relatively little is known about the effects of coaching on these types of tests. Extending previous research (Alliger, Lilienfeld, & Mitchell, 1996), we investigated the susceptibility of personality-base...

This paper reports on a project that addresses a critical need for tomorrow's Army: Training in the ability to adapt digital skills to the ever-changing evolution of technology. As outlined in this Phase I report, Aptima and the Group for Organizational Effectiveness (gOE) have lain the groundwork for an innovative, computer-based, digital-skills t...

Previous research has reported a positive correlation between the perceived invasiveness of overt integrity test items and their perceived fakability. The present study investigated the extent that items rated as being invasive were actually susceptible to faking. An inverse relationship was found between the perceived invasiveness of integrity tes...

Although it has been consistently found that test takers can effectively fake good on self-report noncognitive measures when instructed to do so, not all measures are equally susceptible. The present review meta-analytically synthesized studies that have investigated the extent to which individuals can inflate their integrity test scores when coach...

A total of 102 participants rated overt integrity test items on three dimensions (invasion of privacy, ease of faking, job relatedness). Integrity test items were grouped into seven categories. Participants identified items that required direct admissions of counterproductive behaviors as being the most invasive but also the easiest to fake. Job re...

An augmented framework for training criteria based on Kirkpatrick's (1959a, 1959b, 1960a, 1960b) model divides training reactions into affective and utility reactions, and learning into post-training measures of learning, retention, and behavior/skill demonstration. A total of 34 studies yielding 115 correlations were analyzed meta-analytically. Re...

This article describes how current job analysis methods can be used to incorporate the mandates of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of (1990). First, terms in the ADA such as “qualified individuals with disabilities,” “essential functions,” and “reasonable accommodation” are discussed in reference to their implications for job analysis. Se...

This report provides a brief overview of three methods, or general approaches, to judging the usefulness of training. The first method or approach is the traditional evaluation approach of training effectiveness evaluation. This method or approach centers on estimations of training effect size and the determination of the statistical significance o...

Client-server technology and object-oriented development are two promising technologies whose large-scale application has historically posed significant migration problems. Because the technologies themselves are proven, we are left to wonder about the human element underlying technology insertion-that is, the element of personnel and training. Sur...

Managers and programmers in a programming shop moving to client-server (CS) and object-oriented (OO) technology need to answer the following questions: What tasks will he most important for fully functioning CS and OO developers? Should training and educational requirements focus on programming skills (such as mastering a particular language) or on...

Although previous research has indicated that faking can affect integrity test scores, the effects of coaching on integrity test scores have never been examined. We conducted a between-subjects experiment to assess the effects of coaching and faking instructions on an overt and a covert integrity test. Coaching provided simple rules to follow when...

Four tests for the difference between pooled estimators of effect size from separate meta-analyses are discussed, and small sample performance compared via Monte Carlo simulation. In terms of Type I error and power, a z-test based on the difference between pooled estimators appears most accurate, while a confidence interval approach modified to per...

Comments on W. J. Camara and D. L. Schneider's (see record 1994-23870-001) summary of reports on integrity tests (ITs). S. O. Lilienfeld et al contend that 3 issues remain unresolved: There are virtually no data regarding types of classification errors made by ITs; the extent to which ITs are susceptible to impression management was not addressed;...

Research on job satisfaction traditionally has gathered data at the level of the overall job. But a job consists of many distinct tasks—some of which may be enjoyable, complex, and important, and some not. Job satisfaction research so far has not assessed affective or motivational properties of individual tasks; therefore, it is not known how exper...

Several unsettled issues related to the day-to-day experience of work and family roles were investigated through the daily reports of 41 employed parents. Multiple role juggling, task demands, personal control, and goal progress affected mood in work and family roles. Unpleasant moods spilled over from work to family and vice versa, but pleasant mo...

The authors clarified the relationship between 2 concepts that have been confused, and often used interchangeably, in the literature. Job involvement was defined as the degree to which one is cognitively preoccupied with, engaged in, and concerned with one's present job. Work centrality was defined as the degree of importance that work, in general,...

Monte Carlo simulation procedures were used to assess the power of moderated multiple regression (MMR) to detect the effects of a dichotomous moderator variable under conditions of: (1) between- group differences in within-group relationships between two variables (i.e., |ρXY(1) -ρXY(2) |= .20, .40, .60); (2) different combined sample sizes for the...

The authors clarified the relationship between 2 concepts that have been confused, and often used interchangeably, in the literature. Job involvement was defined as the degree to which one is cognitively preoccupied with, engaged in, and concerned with one's present job. Work centrality was defined as the degree of importance that work, in general,...

In this article, the advantages and drawbacks of using Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM), especially signal-contingent ESM, to study psychological variables in the workplace are described. It is argued that ESM can be a valuable tool in the field study of work, with the potential to answer different research questions than can be answered by tr...

Advances have occurred in incorporating fuzzy sets into decision theory, but these advances have not been applied to the personnel selection process. Rating data obtained from employment interview or performance appraisal settings may, in fact, be particularly appropriate for such a fuzzy decision approach since these data are subjective. One fuzzy...

This chapter considers the pedagogical and professional view of the structure of the field of industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology. It demonstrates that although grand theory is not reflected in the structure of the field, this does not contradict the original direction of the field. Then it demonstrates that inductive approaches to research...

Meta-analysis was used to examine the validity of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) in predicting "success" in graduate school. Results are presented for studies conducted in Psychology/Counseling departments. Validity coefficients were demonstrated to come from a homogeneous population (variance across studies was due mostly to sampling error)...

Studies involving gender differences in cognitive ability have almost exclusively examined mean differences. In a recent article, Feingold (1992a) addressed this deficiency in the literature with an examination of variability differences between males and females on several cognitive test batteries. His analyses consisted of calculations of varianc...

The internal consistency of a scale (as indexed, for example, by coefficient alpha) is related directly to mean scale item intercorrelation. Various indices of rating scale response styles such as halo, leniency, and positive or negative response bias are also related to mean scale item intercorrelation. The nature of the consequent relationship be...

A Quick BASIC program for generating random bivariate normal standard scores with given correlation is described. The program uses the Box-Muller (1958) generation method. Compiled run-time and source code versions of the program are available.

The effects of multiple role juggling (i.e., simultaneously attending to demands of different roles) on daily mood states of employed mothers were examined. Ss completed activity and mood questionnaires 8 times a day for 8 days. Multiple role juggling had immediate negative effects on task enjoyment and mood. However, contrast effects and habituati...

A method is proposed to combine a relative and an absolute approach to performance appraisal; specifically, graphic rating and ranking are combined. In two studies which examined this method, called the Quantitative Ranking Scale (QRS), less leniency generally was found in QRS than in graphic rating. The psychometric performance of the QRS was best...

Kirkpatrick's model (1959a, 1959b, 1960a, 1960b) of training evaluation criteria has had widespread and enduring popularity. This model proposed four “levels” of training evaluation criteria: reactions, learning, behavior, and results. Three problematic assumptions of the model may be identified: (1) The levels are arranged in ascending order of in...

The Schmidt–Hunter validity generalization procedure (Schmidt & Hunter, 1977) uses a hypothetical distribution of range restricted standard deviations and the expected value obtained from that distribution. In this article we investigate 12 empirically derived distributions, using the General Aptitude Test Battery, Law School Admissions Test, and S...

The Schmidt-Hunter validity generalization procedure (Schmidt & Hunter, 1977) uses a hypothetical distribution of range restricted standard deviations and the expected value obtained from that distribution. In this article we investigate 12 empirically derived distributions, using the General Aptitude Test Battery, Law School Admissions Test, and S...

Because the variability of rating distributions decreases with leniency, common indices of the psychometric performance of rating data may be confounded. Lenient rating distributions, for example, should show lower average scale intercorrelations (a measure of halo) than do less lenient rating distributions. Although psychometric theory would predi...

Most current statistics packages do not appropriately compute tests for normality on categorized data. This program for personal computers calculates two test statistics and associated significance levels for categorized data: the Kolmogorov-Smimov D, and an omnibus test based on skew and kurtosis. This program would be useful in examining, for exa...

A limit placed on the maximum values that can be taken by a variable may result in a sample distribution that is distorted by this ceiling. We propose a method that allows for the correction of means, variances, and correlations for such distorted samples. We examine computer-simulation results and some relevant time and performance-rating data to...

Whether measures of different intellectual abilities are positively intercorrelated has been a topic of interest and debate since the turn of the century. The data from an article by Guilford pivotal to this debate are reexamined. It is argued that, contrary to the original claim of the article, the data set of over 7,000 correlations does not prov...

Estimates of population, or unrestricted, variance are generally required to correct correlations for restriction in range. Several articles have been concerned with the advantages of being able to correct correlations for variables that are restricted in range but for which the population variance is not known. Methods previously suggested use a t...

Although the problem of correcting correlation coefficients that have arisen from range-restricted distributions has received a great deal of attention in the psychological testing and measurement literature, very little of that literature has dealt with the problem of restriction on both the independent (X) and dependent (1) variable. Wells and Fr...

Reexamines, via meta-analysis, the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions or extent of leader emergence, arguing that prior research on trait theories and leadership has been misinterpreted as applying to a leader's effect on performance when it actually pertains to the relation of leadership traits to leadership emergence....

A long history of restriction of range research has developed in the psychometric literature under the assumption of strict truncation. A conceptualization of the general problem of non-random sampling is proposed leading to a model of which both restriction of range and Berkson's Fallacy (Berkson, 1946) are special cases. Cast in the framework of...

This paper examines the differential accuracy of the Fisher and Hotelling transformations of the correlation coefficient. Contrary to expectation, the Hotelling transformation provided a minimal gain in power and was associated with a larger Type I error rate when compared to Fisher's formula with small sample sizes. The two transformations produce...

Correction of correlation coefficients that have ari sen from range restricted populations is commonly suggested and practiced in research on testing and measurement. Until recently, that research has oper ated under two important limitations. First, the major ity of the research has dealt with range restriction on one variable only, and second, th...

Extended the research of F. L. Schmidt et al (see record 1976-29035-001) and P. R. Sackett and B. E. Wade (see record 1983-31752-001), who examined the n-size requirements for validity studies to reach a specified level of power under 2 forms of restriction of range to include 2 different types of range restriction (bidimensional direct truncati...

Extended the research of F. L. Schmidt et al (see record 1976-29035-001) and P. R. Sackett and B. E. Wade (see record 1983-31752-001), who examined the n-size requirements for validity studies to reach a specified level of power under 2 forms of restriction of range to include 2 different types of range restriction (bidimensional direct truncation...

A comparison of various measures of association for 2 x 2 data was carried out by computer analysis. Bivariate normal population distributions of known p were generated and divided into quadrants, yielding a total of 1,539 2 x 2 tables. For each of these tables, 14 measures of association were calculated and evaluated against the underlying p. A re...

This study examined the validity of four alternative information processing models which specify how interaction behavior related to social perceptions in a small group problem-solving experiment. Results indicated that leadership and social power perceptions were based on relative, as opposed to absolute, frequency of behaviors and that this relat...

The present journal has published several articles whose authors argue for a new, collectivistic and socially aware approach both to social science and science in general. A. Kukla (see record 1983-20002-001) has joined the proponents of this position and furthers their arguments by maintaining that empirical science is logically incoherent. The a...

Correction of correlations diminished by range re striction is a commonly suggested psychometric tech nique. Such corrections may be appropriate in applied settings, such as educational or personnel selection, or in more theoretical applications, such as meta-analy sis. However, an important limitation on the practice of range restriction correctio...

When selection occurs on the basis of two or more predictors, multivariate restriction of range can reduce various parameters of a validation study. An SAS and a FORTRAN IV program are available that allow for correction of criterion standard deviation(s) and zero-order validities.

The effect of range restriction on one variable in a bivariate normal distribution on the X-Y correlation and the problem of estimating unrestricted from re stricted correlations has been widely studied for more than half a century. The behavior of correction formu las under truncation of both X and Y, however, re mains largely unresearched. The pe...

As a result of standardization and fiscal inefficiencies, the US Air Force designated the AOC as a weapon system four years ago to improve its condition. Since then, this classification has sparked multiple efforts to advance AOC training. One such effort that has caught the interest of many in the Air Force, including the current Chief of Staff of...

The Air and Space Operations Center (AOC) is the operational Command and Control center in which the Commander, Air Force Forces (COMAFFOR) has centralized the functions of planning, direction, and control over assigned and attached Air Force resources. If the COMAFFOR is also designated as the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC), these fun...

This paper describes a program of research and development to establish and test a more sophisticated approach to composing effective teams. As part of the effort, a team optimization algorithm and team role profile measure was developed. Three empirical investigations lend support for the algorithm and measure, so an automated team composition dec...