Genhua Niu

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at Texas A&M University

Introduction Low light intensity and far-red (FR) light act as shade signals to induce specific morphological changes mediated by plant photoreceptors phytochromes (PHYs). Applying FR light or lowering light intensity over a longer photoperiod at a constant daily light integral (DLI) can increase crop yield by enhancing leaf expansion and photon ca...

Fertilization guidelines for organic watermelon transplant production are rare. We investigated the effect of four commercial organic fertilizers and seven organic fertilizer blends, along with one conventional fertilizer (Peter’s Professional 20-20-20) on watermelon transplants. The four organic fertilizers were Nature Safe (fertilizer label: 7-7-...

The increasing population, its requirements for food, and the environmental impact of the excessive use of inputs make crop production a pressing challenge. Integrated nutrient management (INM) has emerged as a critical solution by maximizing nutrient availability and utilization for crops and vegetables. This review paper highlights the potential...

Onion (Allium cepa L.), a globally cultivated vegetable crop, possesses a shallow root system, making it vulnerable to abiotic stresses. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events in recent years necessitates sustainable solutions to enhance onion growth. Biostimulants offer a promising and accessible approach to promote onion growth and qu...

The onion processing industry produces hundreds of thousands of tons of onion waste annually. Normally, onion peel waste is dumped in landfills, which creates additional sources of greenhouse gases. Research has validated that onion peel is a concentrated source of bioactive compounds; therefore, it can be turned into useful agricultural products s...

Background Organic agriculture has grown rapidly in recent years due to its environmental friendliness, sustainability, and improved farm profitability. Transplants are commonly used for fruits and vegetables to achieve consistent quality, uniformity, and easy field spacing control. The efficacy and optimal amounts of fertilizers for organic transp...

'Wonderful' pomegranate (Punica granatum) is currently the industry-standard cultivar, accounting for more than 90% of all commercially planted trees. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of 'Wonderful' pomegranate trees to a range of salinity by irrigating them with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 d...

Peat moss has desirable properties as a container substrate, however, harvesting it from peatland for greenhouse/nursery production use has disturbed peatland ecosystem and caused numerous environmental concerns. More recently, many nations have taken actions to reduce or ban peat moss production to reach the carbon neutral goal and address the env...

Recent studies using LED lighting at low to modest intensity have indicated that compared with red light, blue light can promote plant elongation in many crops as a shade avoidance response despite varying sensitivity with light environments, plant species, and growth stages. Currently, there is limited understanding of how temperature affects the...

This study was carried out to determine the effect of three commercial LEDs of different spectra with or without far red (FR) photons on the growth, morphology, and mineral content of two leafy vegetables under two temperatures (30 °C and 21 °C). The two leafy greens were ‘Cegolaine’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and ‘Petite Star’ pak choy (Brassica rap...

Seven zoysiagrass genotypes were evaluated for salt tolerance in a greenhouse study. The plant materials included Zoysia matrella 'Diamond', Z. japonica 'Palisades', three Z. matrella × Z. japonica hybrids DALZ 1701, DALZ 1713, and 'Innovation', and two Z.minima × Z. matrella hybrids (DALZ 1309 and 'Lazer'). Treatments included a control (nutrient...

Hydroponics has become a popular production technology for leafy greens in greenhouses. However, year-round production of cool-season leafy greens remains challenging due to costly heating and cooling during winter and summer seasons, depending on location. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of nutrient solution coo...

White light emitting diodes (LED) have commonly been used as a sole light source for the indoor production of microgreens. However, the response of microgreens to the inclusion of ultraviolet A (UVA) and/or far-red (FR) light to white LED light remains unknown. To investigate the effects of adding UVA and FR light to white LEDs on plant biomass, he...

Winter–spring greenhouse vegetable production is limited by low-level natural light, resulting in decreased growth and quality. To investigate whether short-term pre-harvest supplemental lighting (SL) with light emitting diodes (LEDs) can address this issue, a study was conducted in a greenhouse in Dallas, Texas. Red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L....

Organic food continues to increase in popularity worldwide. Similarly, hydroponic production of leafy greens is expanding globally and is an important component of the world's food supply. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth and quality of lettuce using six nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic systems. There were three treatmen...

Hydrangeas are popular landscape plants that are widely grown in many parts of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the salinity tolerance of three novel Dichroa × hydrangea hybrids [ Dichroa febrifuga ‘Yamaguchi Hardy’ × Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hamburg’ (YH × Hamburg), Dichroa febrifuga ‘Yellow Wings’ × Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Nigr...

A hydroponic system is an essential and important component for a plant factory. Current commercial hydroponics for greenhouse crop production includes nutrient film techniques and deep water culture systems that are suitable for small crops such as leafy greens. Substrate culture has been used for seedling and transplant production and for fruitin...

Aquaponics is an integrated production of fish and hydroponic crops with recirculation of the nutrient solution in which fish wastes are used as plant fertilizers. There is a growing interest in aquaponics in the United States of America and around the globe due to the increased preference for locally grown food produced in an environmentally frien...

Weedy rice grows competitively with cultivated rice and significantly diminishes rice grain production worldwide. The different effects of Cu-based nanomaterials on the production of weedy and cultivated rice, especially the grain qualities are not known. Grains were collected from weedy and cultivated rice grown for four months in field soil amend...

Treated urban wastewater (TWW) is seen as a potential alternative for agricultural irrigation in arid west Texas region, due to scarcity of Freshwater (FW) supplies. However, TWW can potentially cause soil salinization and affect soil quality and crop productivity. Therefore, crops that are salt-tolerant and less water-intensive are needed to susta...

Demand for Asian vegetables is rising rapidly due to changing demographics and increasing consumer awareness of their health benefits. However, growers are not familiar with growing these “foreign” crops due to insufficient technical information regarding suitable cultivars for different regions, production schedules, disease and pest susceptibilit...

Freshwater (FW) scarcity as a result of prolonged drought has reduced FW availability to agriculture in the arid west Texas region in order to meet demands from other sectors. Alternatively, there is enormous potential to utilize treated urban wastewater (TWW) for agricultural irrigation. However, the soil salinization potential of TWW is a concern...

Blue light and ultra-violet (UV) light have been shown to influence plant growth, morphology, and quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of pre-harvest supplemental lighting using UV-A and blue (UV-A/Blue) light and red and blue (RB) light on growth and nutritional quality of lettuce grown hydroponically in two greenhouse experiments....

In this study, spinach plants exposed to fresh/unweathered (UW) or weathered (W) copper compounds in soil were analyzed for growth and nutritional composition. Plants were exposed for 45 days to freshly prepared or soil-aged (35 days) nanoparticulate CuO (nCuO), bulk-scale CuO (bCuO), or CuSO4 at 0 (control), 400, 400, and 40 mg/kg of soil, respect...

Pomegranate is a drought-tolerant and salt-tolerant crop. Its fruits contain high levels of phytochemicals that have many health benefits. Pomegranate has the potential to be an alternative crop in areas where water availability is limited, such as west Texas. However, more than 500 pomegranate varieties are estimated to exist worldwide, and little...

A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the relative salt tolerance of 11 cultivars of hydrangea: Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Ayesha’, ‘Emotion’, ‘Mathilda Gutges’, ‘Merritt’s Supreme’ and ‘Passion’; H. paniculata ‘Interhydia’ and ‘Bulk’; H. quercifolia ‘Snowflake’; H. serrata ‘Preciosa’; and H. serrata × macrophylla ‘Sabrina’ and ‘Selina’. Plants we...

Biochar (BC) has the potential as a peat moss alternative for container plant growth. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of mixed hardwood BC, compost types, mycorrhizae, and fertigation on container-grown tomato and pepper growth. In experiment 1 (Exp1), BC at 50%, 70%, and 90% (vol.) were mixed with 5% vermicompost (VC) with...

More than half of residential water in Utah is used for landscape irrigation. Reclaimed water has been used to irrigate urban landscapes to conserve municipal water. High salt levels in reclaimed water may pose osmotic stress and ion toxicity to salt-sensitive plants. Viburnums are commonly used landscape plants, but salinity tolerance of species a...

Viburnums are widely used in gardens and landscapes throughout the United States. Although salinity tolerance varies among plant species, research-based information is limited on the relative salt tolerance of viburnum species. The morphological and growth responses of 12 viburnum taxa to saline solution irrigation were evaluated under greenhouse c...

Understanding the responses of plant growth and secondary metabolite synthesis to different light wavelengths is important for optimizing lighting conditions for vegetable production in indoor vertical farms. Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) ‘Improved Genovese Compact’ (green leaf) and ‘Red Rubin’ (purple leaf), green mustard ‘Amara’ ( Brassica carinata...

The comparative toxicity of nano/bulk cupric oxide (CuO) and ionic copper (Cu) in Rosie and Green bok choy (Brassica rapa) varieties, with higher and lower anthocyanin contents, respectively, was investigated. Both phenotypes were cultivated for 70 days in natural soil amended with nano CuO (nCuO), bulk CuO (bCuO), and Cu chloride (CuCl2) at 75, 15...

With the exponential growth of nanomaterial production in the last years, nano copper (Cu)-based compounds are gaining more consideration in agriculture since they can work as pesticides or fertilizers. Chinese scallions (Allium fistulosum), which are characterized by their high content of the antioxidant allicin, were the chosen plants for this st...

Prolonged drought in arid west Texas has resulted in freshwater scarcities in the Rio Grande basin, forcing growers to abandon agricultural lands. Augmenting freshwater scarcities with marginal quality treated urban wastewater could be an alternative strategy. However, higher salinity in wastewater could be detrimental to crops and soil quality. Th...

Tatarian dogwood ( Cornus alba ) is an ornamental shrub with white fruits, creamy-white flowers, and red stems in fall through late winter and is widely used in residential landscape, public parks, and botanical gardens. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to characterize the survival, morphological, aesthetic, and physiological responses of...

To investigate the potential of biochar as a propagation mix component, three experiments were conducted. A phytotoxicity test was conducted with water extract of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB), SBB mixes (10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% SBB with 30% perlite (P) and the rest being peat moss (PM); by vol.), mixed hardwood biochar (HB) mixes (10%, 30%, 50%,...

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that inhibit plant growth and reduce crop yield. There are about 800 million hectares of salt-affected farmland worldwide and this number is predicted to increase. High soil salinity is primarily caused by poor irrigation management and saline groundwater, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, in ad...

Ornamental grasses are commonly used in urban landscapes in Utah and the Intermountain West of the United States. The relative salt tolerance of Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. (purple love grass), Miscanthus sinensis Andersson ‘Gracillimus’ (maiden grass), Panicum virgatum L. ‘Northwind’ (switchgrass), and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Na...

Green light penetrates deeper into the plant canopy because of its high transmittance and reflectance, and may potentially increase light interception and whole-canopy photosynthesis, whereas red and blue light is absorbed primarily by upper leaves. Moreover, green light induces shade avoidance responses and regulates secondary metabolism in plants...

Few researchers examined different red light amounts added in white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with varied daily light integrals (DLIs) for hydroponic lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). In this study, effects of DLI and LED light quality (LQ) on growth, nutritional quality, and energy use efficiency of hydroponic lettuce were investigated in a plant f...

Core Ideas Varietal differences in salt tolerance were observed. There were differences in salt tolerance between the seedling emergence and seedling growth stages. Growth and photosynthesis decreased at high salinity, indicating osmotic stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence did not decrease at high salinity, indicating no stress on photosystem II. Leaf...

Phenolic compounds in basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants grown under a controlled environment are reduced due to the absence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and low photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). To characterize the optimal UV-B radiation dose and PPFD for enhancing the synthesis of phenolic compounds in basil plants without yield reduction,...

Core Ideas Salinity and drought are the major issues confronting agriculture in arid regions of the world. Guar is a multipurpose drought‐ and salt‐tolerant crop that has the potential to improve farm revenue in arid regions. Guar accessions vary in their salt tolerance and there is a strong need for developing information on accessions appropriate...

Many Dendrobium species are both ornamental and medicinal plants in China. Several wild species have been exploited to near extinction, and facility cultivation has become an important way to meet the great market demand. Most Dendrobium species have evolved into crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathways in adapting to harsh epiphytic environment...

Salt tolerant ornamental plants can be irrigated with alternative water sources that are typically saline as a sustainable practice for urban landscaping, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the salt tolerance of many ornamentals is not known. An eight-week greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the relative salt tolerance of...

This column study evaluated the effects of irrigation with two water qualities (WW and FW) to produce bioenergy sorghum on SOC balance, nutrients availability and salt constituents in two soils (TX and NM) amended with gypsum & elemental sulfur (S) and un-amended. Study results indicated that SOC concentration was higher in freshwater irrigated col...

Roses generally experience a decrease in flower productivity and size in response to summer temperatures greater than 30°C that is common throughout the southern states of the USA. In College Station, Texas, the August mean and mean maximum summer temperatures can be 32 and 40°C, respectively. Under these extreme heat stress conditions, a large ros...

This chapter firstly describes the fundamental concepts of photosynthesis of plants and LEDs for applications in the plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL). The complexity of light environment control to maximize the cost performance of the PFAL is discussed for getting an idea of smart LED lighting system related to phenotyping, information...

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the relative salt tolerance of pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) cultivars. Twenty-two pomegranate cultivars were irrigated weekly with a saline solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 10.0 dS·m –1 for 4 weeks and subsequently with a saline solution at an EC of 15.0 dS·m –1 for another 3 weeks...

Crop production in open fields is increasingly limited by weather extremes and water shortages, in addition to pests and soil-borne diseases. In order to increase crop yield, quality, and productivity, controlled environment agriculture (CEA) can play an important role as an alternative and supplemental production system to conventional open field...

Scarcity and competition for good quality and potable water resources are limiting their use for urban landscape irrigation, with several nontraditional sources being potentially available for these activities. Some of these alternative sources include rainwater, stormwater, brackish aquifer water, municipal reclaimed water (MRW), air-conditioning...

Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) cultivars (‘Alamo’, ‘Cimarron’, ‘Kanlow’, ‘NL 94C2-3’, ‘NSL 2009-1’, and ‘NSL 2009-2’) were evaluated for salt tolerance in two separate greenhouse experiments. In experiment (Expt.) 1, switchgrass seedlings were irrigated with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m⁻¹ (control) or a sali...

Consumption of basil (Ocimum basilicum) has been increasing worldwide in recent years because of its unique aromatic flavor and relatively high concentration of phenolics. To achieve a stable and reliable supply of basil, more growers are turning to indoor controlled-environment production with artificial lighting due to its high environmental cont...

Marigolds (Tagetes sp.) are ornamental plants with fine-textured, dark green foliage, and yellow, orange, or bicolored flowers. The relative salt tolerance of eight marigolds [‘Discovery Orange’, ‘Discovery Yellow’, ‘Taishan Gold’, ‘Taishan Orange’, and ‘Taishan Yellow’ african marigold (Tagetes erecta); ‘Hot Pak Gold’, ‘Hot Pak Orange’, and ‘Hot P...

Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the growth and mineral nutrition of four leafy vegetables in a nutrient film technique (NFT) system with water with low to moderate salinity. In Expt. 1, a nutrient solution was prepared using reverse osmosis (RO) water and treatments consisted of supplementing with RO water, tap water, or nutrie...

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the growth and flowering of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) grown in a commercial substrate (Sunshine Mix #1) amended with biochar at 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, or 80% (by volume) and fertigated at four different regimes (constant feeding at 200 or 300 mg L⁻¹ N, or at every third watering with 200...

Leafy vegetable production under controlled environment using artificial lighting has many advantages over conventional greenhouses and open-field production. However, high initial investment and operation costs are restricting the wide application of this technology. In order to design an optimal artificial lighting environment for lettuce product...

Land degradation due to elevated salinity and sodicity is a serious problem affecting many irrigated regions of the world. Salinity coupled with freshwater scarcity has forced many farmers in arid regions to abandon agricultural lands. This study evaluated irrigation potential of marginal quality treated urban wastewater to produce bioenergy sorghu...

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the growth and development of poinsettia ‘Prestige Red’ (Euphorbia pulcherrima) grown in a commercial peat-based potting mix (Sunshine Mix #1) amended with biochar at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, or 100% (by volume) at four different fertigation regimes: F1: 100 to 200 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N), F2: 200 to 300 mg·L...

Because of limited supply of high-quality water, alternative water sources have been used for irrigation in water-scarce regions. However, alternative waters usually contain high salt levels, which can cause salt damage on salt-sensitive plants. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the relative salt tolerance of 10 common ornamental taxa to...

Relative salt tolerance of eight Berberis thunbergii (japanese barberry) cultivars (B. thunbergii ‘Celeste’, ‘Kasia’, ‘Maria’, ‘Mini’, and ‘Talago’; B. thunbergii var. atropurpurea ‘Concorde’, ‘Helmond Pillar’, and ‘Rose Glow’) was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Plants were irrigated with nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC)...

Several studies have explored the effects of copper nanoparticles (NPs) in different edible plants. However, no studies on bell pepper (Capsicum annum L) plants have been reported. In this study, plants were grown for a full life-cycle assessment (90 days of exposure) in natural soil amended with nano CuO (nCuO), bulk CuO (bCuO), and an ionic coppe...

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on organic carbon (SOC), soil macronutrients, Na, Cl and SO4dynamics in soil as well as switchgrass shoots under greenhouse conditions. Average SOC concentrations in upper 60 cm increased significantly from the pre-study level of 18 Mg ha-1 to between 21 and...

Se evaluó el efecto de dos consorcios de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) aislados de plantas de huizache (Acacia sp.) (HMA1) y de una asociación entre Larrea tridentata y Opuntia sp. (HMA2), nativas del desierto Chihuahuense, en los componentes del rendimiento y fitoquímicos en plantas de chile Jalapeño var. M crecidas bajo estrés salino en...

In recent years, consumption of herb products has increased in daily diets, contributing to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, chronic diseases, and certain types of cancer owing to high concentrations of phytonutrients such as essential oils and phenolic compounds. To meet the increasing demand for high quality herbs, controlled environmen...

Ongoing severe drought and increased demand for freshwater by municipal and industrial sectors have reduced the freshwater availability for agriculture in the far west Texas region. The region has enormous potential for developing alternative water sources for a bioenergy crop that requires less water and can grow on saline soils. In addition to im...

Mustard Seed Meals (MSMs) are by-products of biodiesel and an alternative to conventional herbicides for organic farming. However, MSMs might also suppress the emergence of vegetable seedlings. The objective of this study was to determine the response of vegetable seedling emergence to different MSM types and rates applied as an alternative herbici...

The effect of two consortia of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolated from huizache (Acacia sp.) plants (HMA1) and an association between Larrea tridentata and Opuntia sp. (HMA2), both native of the Chihuahuan Desert, on the yield components and fruit phytochemical content of Jalapeño var. M pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) subjected to sali...

The increasing importance of fresh food production in urban areas is discussed and the methods for achieving efficient production are described. Firstly, resource inflow and waste outflow in urban areas are described. Then, the possibility of significantly reducing the outflow waste by using a large portion of it as an essential resource for growin...

Proper understanding of the nature and relationships among the environmental factors in a plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL) is essential in order to control and maintain the optimum levels of the environmental factors to realize the maximum potential of plant production. This chapter describes the physical and chemical properties of the...

To improve the resource use efficiency of a “plant factory with artificial lighting” (PFAL), it is important to understand the characteristics of the principal components of the PFAL. The primary input resources for the PFAL are light, water, CO2, and electricity and inorganic nutrients (fertilizer). This chapter describes and defines the resource...

Much of the technology used in plant factories with artificial lighting (PFAL) differs from that used in horticulture and agriculture, although the basic science and technology are the same. Thus, new ideas for PFAL technologies are needed. Examples include: upward lighting systems, use of green LEDs, breeding of vegetables and medicinal plants sui...

This chapter briefly states the background information on why a new form of plant production system “Indoor Vertical Farming System -Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting (PFAL)” is needed for efficient production of food crops to solve global issues. The definition, characteristics, basic units, and types of PFAL are introduced. It is emphasized...

The resource-saving and resource-consuming characteristics of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFAL) are summarized in this chapter, since efficient uses of resources are the most important factor that determines the opportunities and challenges of PFALs consisting of a thermally well-insulated and highly airtight structure containing mult...

Soil organic matter plays a major role in determining the fate of the engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in the soil matrix and effects on the residing plants. In this study, kidney bean plants were grown in soils varying in organic matter content and amended with 0–500 mg/kg cerium oxide nanoparticles (nano-CeO2) under greenhouse condition. After 52...

Salt tolerance of six Lamiaceae ornamental species was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Rooted cuttings were transplanted into 3.8 L (1 gal) pots and grown for three weeks in the greenhouse before treatment. Plants were then irrigated six times with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or a saline solu...

Asteraceae is one of the largest plant families with many important garden ornamental species. Salt tolerance of 10 aster perennials was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment, including the following: damianita (Chrysactinia mexicana), gregg’s mistflower (Eupatorium greggii), shasta daisy (Leucanthemum ´superbum ‘Becky’), blackfoot daisy (Melampodiu...

The effect of surface or lattice modification of nanoparticles (NPs) on terrestrial plants is poorly understood. We investigated the impact of different zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs on green pea (Pisum sativum L.), one of the highest consumed legumes globally. Pea plants were grown for 65 d in soil amended with commercially available bare ZnO NPs (10 nm),...

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars (“Albion”, “Benicia”, “Camarosa”, “Camino Real”, “Chandler”, “Radiance”, and “San Andreas”) were evaluated for salt tolerance in a greenhouse environment. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.1 dS·m−1 (control) or a nutrient solution with the addition of...

Mustard seed meals (MSMs) are by-products resulting from crushing mustard seeds to provide biofuel. MSMs have been applied as bio-herbicides due to the release of active glucosinolates hydrolysis products. Three experiments were conducted to determine the herbicidal activity of MSM (Sinapis alba 'IdaGold' and Brassica juncea 'Pacific Gold') in two...

The decline of garden rose sales over the past 20 years can be partially attributed to the lack of material adapted to a wide range of landscapes, which includes adaptation to high temperature stress. Current methods for evaluating high temperature susceptibility in garden roses are based on field observations, which are time consuming and subjecte...

This book provides information on a field that is helping to offset the threats that unusual weather and shortages of land and natural resources bring to the food supply. As alternative options are needed to ensure adequate and efficient production of food, this book represents the only available resource to take a practical approach to the plannin...

Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production provides information on a field that is helping to offset the threats that unusual weather and shortages of land and natural resources bring to the food supply. As alternative options are needed to ensure adequate and efficient production of food, this book repre...

Salt tolerance of seven Texas Superstar (R) perennials Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii (Turk's cap), Phlox paniculata 'John Fanick' ('John Fanick' phlox), Phlox paniculata 'Texas Pink' ('Texas Pink' phlox), Ruellia brittoniana 'Katie Blue' ('Katie Blue' ruellia), Salvia farinacea 'Henry Duelberg' ('Henry Duelberg' salvia), Salvia leucantha (me...