Gebhard J. Matt

• Ph.D
• Senior Researcher at ETH Zürich

Over the past decade, lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have become a vibrant thrust in the field of direct conversion X‐ray and gamma‐ray radiation detectors, offering promising cost‐effective and robust alternatives to traditional semiconductors. This review article chronicles the significant strides made since the inception of this field, emphasizi...

Modern color image sensors face challenges in further improving sensitivity and image quality because of inherent limitations in light utilization efficiency1. A significant factor contributing to these limitations is the use of passive optical filters, which absorb and dissipate a substantial amount of light, thereby reducing the efficiency of lig...

The last decade has seen a renewed exploration of semiconductor materials for X-ray detection, foremost focusing on lead-based perovskites and other metal halides as direct-conversion materials and scintillators. However, the reported performance characteristics are often incomplete or misleading in assessing the practical utility of materials. Thi...

We investigated the impact of carrier trapping on the carrier lifetime of metal halide perovskite materials, which are key to solar cell production. We examined NH3CH3PbI3 (MAPbI3), NH3CH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3), and CsPbBr3 using continuous-wave (CW) laser illumination during microwave photoconductivity decay (μ-PCD) measurements. Traditional pulsed light...

Since the earliest days of liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) research, substrate stability has been a prerequisite for investigating nucleation and epitaxial growth. For flux- and melt-growth LPE, soluble substrates have always been viewed as problematic and difficult. However, solution-growth LPE transforms this disadvantage into a benefit by facilitatin...

A major thrust of medical X-ray imaging is to minimize the X-ray dose acquired by the patient, down to single-photon sensitivity. Such characteristics have been demonstrated with only a few direct-detection semiconductor materials such as CdTe and Si; nonetheless, their industrial deployment in medical diagnostics is still impeded by elaborate and...

The lifetime of a carrier is a crucial parameter for solar cell materials, and metal halide perovskite materials are promising for solar cell applications. In this study, we observed carrier recombination using time-resolved photoluminescence (TR-PL) and microwave photoconductivity decay (μ-PCD) in metal halide perovskite materials: NH 3 CH 3 PbI 3...

Single‐crystal halide perovskites exhibit photogenerated carriers of high mobility and long lifetime, making them excellent candidate materials for applications that demand thick semiconductors, such as ionizing radiation detectors, nuclear batteries, and concentrated photovoltaics. However, charge collection depreciates with increasing thickness s...

Since the inception of the unprecedented rise of halide perovskites for photovoltaic research, ion migration has shadowed this material class with undesirable hysteresis and degradation effects, limiting its practical implementations. Unfortunately, the localized doping and electrochemical reactions triggered by ion migration cause many more undesi...

Exploring better Gamma, X-Ray and IR-Mid-R detectors, adequately sensitive to ambient temperatures and environmental conditions, is highly desirable. Therefore, following this path, we present detecting opportunities, based on data of experimental and theoretical investigation of the electronic and optical properties, photocurrent behavior at diffe...

CsPbBr3 single crystals have potential for application in ionizing-radiation detection devices due to their optimal optoelectronic properties. Yet, their mixed ionic− electronic conductivity produces instability and hysteretic artifacts hindering the long-term device operation. Herein, we report an electrical characterization of CsPbBr3 single crys...

The ideal photodetector is the one able to detect every single incoming photon. In particular, in X-ray medical imaging, the radiation dose for patients can then approach its fundamentally lowest limit set by the Poisson photon statistics. Such near-to-ideal X-ray detection characteristics have been demonstrated with only a few semiconductor materi...

Simultaneously enhancing device performance and longevity, as well as balancing the requirements on cost, scalability, and simplification of processing, is the goal of interface engineering of organic solar cells (OSCs). In our work, we strategically introduce antimony (Sb³⁺) cations into an efficient and generic n-type SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) hos...

Self‐healing of defects imposed by external stimuli such as high energy radiation is a possibility to sustain the operational lifetime of electronic devices such as radiation detectors. Cs3Bi2Br3I6 polycrystalline wafers are introduced here as novel X‐ray detector material, which not only guarantees a high X‐ray stopping power due to its compositio...

Stability of perovskite-based photovoltaics remains a topic requiring further attention. Cation engineering influences perovskite stability, with the present-day understanding of the impact of cations based on accelerated ageing tests at higher-than-operating temperatures (e.g. 140°C). By coupling high-throughput experimentation with machine learni...

Non‐fullerene‐based organic solar cells (OSCs) have recently proven to perform with efficiencies above 18%. This is an important milestone for one of the most promising technologies in the fields of flexible and transparent/semitransparent photovoltaics. However, the stability of OSCs is still a challenging issue to meet the industry requirements....

Aerosol deposition (AD) is a promising additive manufacturing method to fabricate low‐cost, scalable films at room temperature, but has not been considered for semiconductor processing, so far. The successful preparation of cesium lead tribromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite films on interdigitated indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes by means of AD is report...

Light-induced halide segregation limits the bandgap tunability of mixed-halide perovskites for tandem photovoltaics. Here we report that light-induced halide segregation is strain-activated in MAPb(I1−xBrx)3 with Br concentration below approximately 50%, while it is intrinsic for Br concentration over approximately 50%. Free-standing single crystal...

Potentiostatic impedance spectroscopy (IS) is a well-established characterization technique for elucidating the electric resistivity and capacitive features of materials and devices. For solar cells, by applying a small voltage perturbation the current signal is recorded and the recombination processes and defect distributions can be accessed. In t...

Despite the intense research on photovoltaic lead halide perovskites, reported optical properties as basic as the absorption onset and the optical band gap vary significantly. To unambiguously answer the question whether the discrepancies are a result of differences between bulk and "near-surface" material, we perform two nonlinear spectroscopies w...

Here the fabrication of an inorganic metal‐halide perovskite CsPbBr3 based X‐ray detector is reported utilizing a simple, scalable, and cost‐sensitive melt processing directly on substrate of any size. X‐ray diffraction analysis on the several 100 mm thick melt processed films confirms crystalline domains in the cm2 range. The CsPbBr3 film features...

Potentiostatic impedance spectroscopy (IS) is a well-known tool for characterization of materials and electronic devices. It can be complemented by numerical simulation strategies relying on drift-diffusion equations without any equivalent circuit-based assumptions. This implies the time-dependent solutions of the transport equations under small pe...

Potentiostatic impedance spectroscopy (IS) is a well stablished characterization technique for elucidating the electric resistivity and capacitive features of materials and devices. In the case of solar cells, by applying a small voltage perturbation the current signal is recorded and the recombination processes and defect distributions are among t...

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) changed the world of solution processed semiconductors, previously dominated by organic semiconductors, toward predominantly inorganic materials with a relatively high electron/hole mobility. A series of devices benefit from their optoelectronic properties, including X-ray detectors. After the introduction of MHP X-r...

Non-circuit theory drift-diffusion numerical simulation of standard potentiostatic impedance spectroscopy (IS) is a well-known strategy for characterization of materials and electronic devices. It implies the time-dependent solutions from the continuity and Poisson's equations under small perturbation of the bias boundary condition at the electrode...

Controllably manipulating the spectral response of broadband-absorbing semiconductors is crucial in developing wavelength-selective optoelectronic devices. In this article, we report for the first time bias-dependent spectral responses for a metal-halide perovskite photodiode. Tunable external quantum efficiencies in the short-, long-wavelength reg...

With state‐of‐the‐art organic solar cells (OSCs) surpassing 16% efficiency, stability becomes critical for commercialization. In this work, the power of using photoluminescence (PL) measurements on plain films is demonstrated, as well as high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis to reveal the origin of UV instabilities in OSCs based on the mo...

Drift-diffusion modeling of the ionic dipole switching from the measurement of fast scanned and long pre-biased electrical response is proposed as a novel protocol for evaluation of limit hysteretic effects in perovskite solar cells. Up to eight systems were measured including CH3NH3PbI3 , Cs0.1FA0.74MA0.13PbI2.48Br0.39 and FA0.83MA0.17 Pb1.1Br0.22...

Future autonomous driving requires new lighting solutions. Communication in between other cars and pedestrians, which fulfills the requirements of the automotive lighting industry, is needed. A very promising lighting solution for this application are highly segmented organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Unfortunately, small area OLEDs are very s...

Current state‐of‐the‐art organic solar cells (OSCs) still suffer from high losses of open‐circuit voltage (VOC). Conventional polymer:fullerene solar cells usually exhibit bandgap to VOC losses greater than 0.8 V. Here a detailed investigation of VOC is presented for solution‐processed OSCs based on (6,5) single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT): [6,6...

Significance Lead halide perovskites are successfully used in thin-film solar cells, with efficiencies on the laboratory scale exceeding 22%. The electronic structure underlying their exceptional phototransport properties is complex because of the organic–inorganic character of the materials, their mechanical softness, and the strong spin–orbit cou...

Recently, AgBiS2 has been demonstrated to be a promising non-toxic, earth-abundant absorber material for solar energy application. In this work, a novel route to deposit AgBiS2 thin films from single molecular precursor ink is presented. It is found that the amount of thiourea has a crucial impact on the formulation of a stable molecular ink. Under...

Lead halide perovskites often suffer from a strong hysteretic behavior on their j–V response in photovoltaic devices that has been correlated with slow ion migration. The electron extraction layer has frequently been pointed to as the main culprit for the observed hysteretic behavior. In this work three hole transport layers are studied with well‐d...

The ubiquitous hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristic of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) interferes in a proper determination of the diode ideality factor (n), a key parameter commonly adopted to analyze recombination mechanisms. An alternative way of determining n is by measuring the voltage variation of the ac resistances in conditions of...

Mixed-halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for optoelectronics due to their tunable bandgap in the entire visible region. A challenge remains however in the photo-induced phase-segregation, narrowing the bandgap of mixed-halide perovskites under illumination thus restricting applications. Here we use a combination of spatially-res...

Hybrid organic inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have emerged as cost effective and high performance semiconductors for optoelectronic applications. Precise knowledge of charge carrier mobility and especially the temperature dependence of mobility is therefore of utmost relevance for advancing high performance materials. Here, charge carrier mobility i...

Due to their large surface to volume ratio, colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are often considered to exhibit a significant amount of surface defects. Such defects are one possible source for the formation of in-gap states (IGS), which can enhance the recombination of excited carriers, i.e., work as electrical traps. These traps are investigated for le...

Organic semiconductors are in general known to have an inherently lower charge carrier mobility compared to their inorganic counterparts. Bimolecular recombination of holes and electrons is an important loss mechanism and can often be described by the Langevin recombination model. Here, the device physics of bulk heterojunction solar cells based on...

Lead halide perovskite semiconductors are in general known to have an inherently high X-ray absorption cross-section and a significantly higher carrier mobility than any other low-temperature solution-processed semiconductor. So far, the processing of several-hundred-micrometres-thick high-quality crystalline perovskite films over a large area has...

On page 2766, line 25 (left side) of the main text, "rapidly injected a DMF solution of PbX2 and MAX" should be "rapidly injected a DMF solution of PbX2 and FAX".

In the past few years, hybrid organic-inorganic and all-inorganic metal halide perovskite nanocrystals have become one of the most interesting materials for optoelectronic applications. Here, we report a facile and rapid room temperature synthesis of 15-25 nm formamidinium CH(NH2)2PbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I, or mixed Cl/Br and Br/I) colloidal nanocrystals b...

Long carrier lifetimes and diffusion lengths form the basis for the successful application of the organic-inorganic perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 in solar cells and lasers. The mechanism behind the long carrier lifetimes is still not completely understood. Spin-split bands and a resulting indirect band gap have been proposed by theory. Using near band-ga...

The booming of hybrid organohalide lead perovskites in the past few years attracted the broad interest in photovoltaics (PVs) and other optoelectronics research community. [1–7] This is not only because of its unprecedented rate of development compared Thin-film solar cell based on hybrid perovskites shows excellent light-to-power conversion effici...

The performance of organic solar cells is determined by the delicate, meticulously optimized bulk-heterojunction microstructure, which consists of finely mixed and relatively separated donor/acceptor regions. Here we demonstrate an abnormal strong burn-in degradation in highly efficient polymer solar cells caused by spinodal demixing of the donor a...

Supplementary Figures, Supplementary Tables and Supplementary References

Carbon-based organic electronics are a technology, with the potential of complementing and substituting opto-electronic devices based on inorganic semiconductors and metals. In the group of organic semiconductors, carbon allotropes come with outstanding opto-electric properties and are remarkable candidates for novel applications like printed elect...

We investigate the photoinduced absorption (PIA) spectra of the prototypical donor-acceptor polymers C/Si-PCPDTBT over a spectral range from 0.07 to 1.5 eV. Comparison between (TD)DFT simulations of the electronic and vibrational transitions of singlet- and triplet-excitons as well as polarons and bipolarons with the experimental results prove the...

Photoinduced degradation is a critical obstacle for the real application of novel semiconductors for photovoltaic applications. In this paper, the photoinduced degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 in a vacuum and air (relative humidity 40%) is analyzed by ex situ and advanced in situ technologies. Without light illumination, CH3NH3PbI3 films slowly degrade un...

In recent years the concept of ternary blend bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells based on organic semiconductors has been widely used to achieve a better match to the solar irradiance spectrum, and power conversion efficiencies beyond 10% have been reported. However, the fill factor of organic solar cells is still limited by the competition betwe...

Perovskite solar cells based on CH3NH3PbBr3 with a band gap of 2.3 eV are attracting intense research interests due to their high open-circuit voltage (Voc) potential, which is specifically relevant for the use in tandem configuration or spectral splitting. Many efforts have been performed to optimize the Voc of CH3NH3PbBr3 solar cells; however, th...

Unlabelled: A scalable, hysteresis-free and planar architecture perovskite solar cell is presented, employing a flame spray synthesized low-temperature processed NiO (LT-NiO) as hole-transporting layer yielding efficiencies close to 18%. Importantly, it is found that LT-NiO boosts the limits of open-circuit voltages toward an impressive non-radiat...

Medical X-ray imaging requires cost-effective and high-resolution flat-panel detectors for the energy range between 20 and 120 keV. Solution-processed photodetectors provide the opportunity to fabricate detectors with a large active area at low cost. Here, we present a disruptive approach that improves the resolution of such detectors by incorporat...

still limited in multiple aspects. The expensive HTM, the commonly used doped 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N , N-dip -methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9′-spirobifl uorene (spiro-MeOTAD), which greatly increase the materials and manufacturing cost of the device is one of the limitations. In addition, spiro-MeOTAD requires a relatively complex doping strategy by adding...

The evolution of real-time medical diagnostic tools such as angiography and computer tomography from radiography based on photographic plates was enabled by the development of integrated solid-state X-ray photon detectors made from conventional solid-state semiconductors. Recently, for optoelectronic devices operating in the visible and near-infrar...

The successful application of an effective dipolar interface layer based on an amine functionalized fullerene derivative (DMAPA-C60) is reported for the perovskite and organic photovoltaic devices. The incorporation of DMAPA-C60 facilitates a favorable energy level alignment, and results in enhanced mobility-lifetime (μt) product.

In this work, we report on the electrical characterization of nanoparticular thin films of zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO). Temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements revealed that charge transport for both, ZnO and AZO, is well described by the Poole-Frenkel model and excellent agreement between the experimental data and the...

Tandem architecture is the most relevant concept to overcome the efficiency limit of single-junction photovoltaic solar cells. Series-connected tandem polymer solar cells (PSCs) have advanced rapidly during the past decade. In contrast, the development of parallel-connected tandem cells is lagging far behind due to the big challenge in establishing...

Inverted organic solar cells (iOSC) with air stable interface materials and top electrodes and an efficiency of 6.01% are achieved by inserting a Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) layer between the aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) electron extraction layer and the active layer. A low bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole-quinquethiophene alternating copolymer (pDPP...

In colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) devices, trap state densities at their surface exert a profound impact on the rate of charge carrier recombination and, consequently, on the deterioration of the device performance. In the current contribution, we report on the successful application of a ligand exchange strategy to effectively passivate the surface...

The understanding and control of nanostructures with regard to transport and recombination mechanisms is of key importance in the optimization of the power conversion effi ciency (PCE) of solar cells based on inorganic nanocrystals. Here, the transport properties of solution-processed solar cells are investigated using photo-CELIV (photogenerated c...

In this paper, we demonstrate that laser patterning of organic solar cells by ultrafast laser systems (pulse length <350 fs) is an attractive process to produce photovoltaic modules with outstanding high geometric fill factors. Moreover, in terms of precision, registration, and debris generation and in terms of keeping the damage to the underneath...

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells that can be simply processed from solution are in the focus of the academic and industrial community because of their enormous potential to reduce cost. One big challenge in developing a fully solution-processed OPV technology is the design of a well-performing electrode system, allowing the replacement of ITO...

Recently, the concept of near-infrared sensitization is successfully employed to increase the light harvesting in large-bandgap polymer-based solar cells. To gain deeper insights into the operation mechanism of ternary organic solar cells, a comprehensive understanding of charge transfer-charge transport in ternary blends is a necessity. Herein, P3...

This article presents a smart strategy to successfully tackle two main limitations of organic solar cells (OSCs) in one step: the narrow absorption window of polymers as well as the Voc limitation related to the mono-PCBM. We demonstrate the high OSC performance of >5% in the combination of a fullerene multiadduct, i.e. indene-C60 bisadduct (ICBA)...

The authors report on the fabrication of a silicon/organic heterojunction based IR photodetector. It is demonstrated that an Al/p-Si/perylene-derivative/Al heterostructure exhibits a photovoltaic effect up to 2.7 μm (0.46 eV), a value significantly lower than the bandgap of either material. Although the devices are not optimized, at room temperatur...

Intrinsic zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used as an electron extraction layer (EEL) for inverted polymer solar cells. Despite the excellent device performance, a major drawback for large area production is its low conductivity. Using microscopic simulations, we derived a technically reasonable threshold value of 10−3 S cm−1 for the conductivity require...

Silver nanowire (Ag NW) thin films are investigated as top electrodes in semitransparent inverted organic solar cells. The performance of semitransparent poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) organic solar cells with Ag NW top electrode layers is found to match very closely the performance of referen...

In this work, we analyze electrically the Al/p-Si/[6,6] phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester/Al hybrid heterojunction. The barrier height at the p-Si/PCBM interface corresponding to the difference between Si valence band edge and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of PCBM is studied with current-voltage (J-V) and capacitance-volta...

In this paper we report on the replacement for the commonly used ITO electrode material by a low temperature solution processed silver nanowire/(doped) metal oxide composite. Devices employing silver nanowires (AgNWs)/buffer layer electrodes with a photoactive layer of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC...

We demonstrate solution-processed tungsten trioxide (WO3) incorporated as hole extraction layer (HEL) in polymer solar cells (PSCs) with active layers comprising either poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) or poly[(4,4'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4,7-bis(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-5,50-diyl] (Si-PCPDTBT) mixed wi...

This paper is a review of our previous work on the field of low temperature, solution processed metal oxide buffer layers published in various journals. Our work focuses on zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) as n-type and molybdenum oxide (MoO3) as p-type solution processed buffer layer. In addition to that, we investigate the sur...

Solution processing is a convenient method and also the guarantee for low cost and large-scale organic photovoltaic (OPV) production. It was recently suggested that the absorption of OPV devices can be spectrally extended by introducing ternary semiconductor blends, where a second donor with a complementary absorption spectrum is added into the act...

Organic semiconductor blends yielding efficient charge generation and transport are key components for the development of high performance organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells. In this paper the effect of the processing additive octane-dithiol on the charge transfer emission in poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b 0 ]-dithi...

Charge transport is comparatively studied in the bulk and at the interface of disordered fullerene films fabricated using physical vapour deposition. Charge carrier concentration and temperature dependent electron mobilities are comparatively studied using charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) technique and organic field-effect t...

Here, we report on a novel light sensing scheme based on a silicon/fullerene-derivative (methano-fullerene [6,6] phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester – PCBM) heterojunction that allows the realization of optoelectronic devices for the detection of near-to mid-IR light. Despite the absent absorption of silicon and the fullerene-derivative in the IR...

Hot Wall Epitaxy works close to thermodynamic equilibrium and is therefore most applicable for materials with Van der Waals binding character. The Hot Wall Epitaxy system can be described as semiclosed growth reactor, consisting of a vertically mounted quartz cylinder, which is heated by three separately controllable ovens, and is closed on top by...

A novel light-sensing scheme based on a silicon/fullerene-derivative heterojunction allows optoelectronic detection in the near- to mid-infrared (IR), which is fully compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Although silicon and the fullerene derivative do not absorb in the IR, a heterojunction of these materials ab...