G. Leonard Burns

• Ph.D.
• Professor (Full) at Washington State University

The symmetrical bifactor model is often applied to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-hyperactive/impulsive (HI), ADHD-inattentive (IN), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, but this model frequently yields anomalous or inadmissible results. An alternative model, the bifactor S – 1 model, is more appropriate for examining...

The commentaries by Burke and Johnston (this issue), Eid (this issue), Junghänel et al. (this issue), and Willoughby (this issue) on Burns et al. (this issue) provide useful context for comparing three latent variable modeling approaches to understanding psychopathology—the correlated first-order syndrome-specific factors model, the bifactor S – 1...

Objective: Psychometric and normative information is provided for the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Inattention, ADHD Hyperactivity/Impulsivity, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Callous-Unemotional Behaviors (Limited Prosocial Emotions specifier), Anxiety, Depression, Social Impairment, Friendship Difficult...

Symmetrical bifactor models are frequently applied to diverse symptoms of psychopathology to identify a general P factor. This factor is assumed to mark shared liability across all psychopathology dimensions and mental disorders. Despite their popularity, however, symmetrical bifactor models of P often yield anomalous results, including but not lim...

The study determined consistency relative to a reference source (convergent validity for non-reference sources with a reference source) and specificity for non-reference sources in true score variance in Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) ADHD-inattentive (IN), ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive (HI), sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), oppositiona...

Psychometric and normative information is provided for the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) cognitive disengagement syndrome, anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-inattention, ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder, social impairment, peer rejection, withdrawal from peer interacti...

Although the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) scale has demonstrated validity relative to the CABI attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention (ADHD-IN) scale with parent ratings of youth from North America, Europe, East Asia, and Central Asia, no study has evaluated the validity of the...

Study Objectives To use a nationally representative sample to (1) evaluate the factor structure of the PROMIS parent proxy pediatric sleep scales (Spanish translation), (2) examine the invariance of these scales across sex and across different developmental periods of childhood and adolescence, (3) confirm the information and precision of the scale...

Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), formerly termed sluggish cognitive tempo, is a set of symptoms characterized by excessive daydreaming, mental confusion, and slowed behavior/thinking. CDS is distinct from symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other psychopathologies and uniquely associated with functional impairment...

Background This study sought to determine whether cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS, formerly sluggish cognitive tempo) has different external correlates relative to ADHD‐inattentive presentation (INP), ADHD‐hyperactive/impulsive presentation (HIP), and ADHD‐combined presentation (CP). Methods Parents of a nationally representative sample of 5...

Objective The internal (structural) and external validity of a self‐report measure of cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS, formerly sluggish cognitive tempo) relative to a self‐report measure of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder‐inattention (ADHD‐IN) was evaluated with adults from university outpatient psychiatric clinics in Turkey. Metho...

Objective: Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) includes excessive daydreaming, mental confusion, and hypoactive behaviors that are distinct from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattentive (ADHD-IN) symptoms. A growing number of studies indicate that CDS symptoms may be associated with ratings of social withdrawal. However, it is import...

Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), previously known as sluggish cognitive tempo, is a collection of symptoms that include excessive daydreaming, mental confusion, and slowed behavior and thinking. These symptoms are different from the inattention seen in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other psychological conditions. Resear...

Objective: The identification of a common set of symptoms for assessing cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS, formerly sluggish cognitive tempo) for early childhood (ages 5–8), middle childhood (ages 9–12), and adolescence (ages 13–16) is needed to advance research on the developmental psychopathology of CDS (i.e. a common symptom set with compara...

The internal (structural) and external validity of a self-report measure of cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS, formerly sluggish cognitive tempo) relative to a self-report measure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention (ADHD-IN) was evaluated with adults from university outpatient psychiatric clinics in Turkey. A total of 274 o...

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and an evening chronotype are both common among college students, and there is growing interest in understanding the possible link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and circadian function. However, mixed findings have been reported, and many of the existing studies have used small samples that...

Abstract: The internal and external validity of cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) relative to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention (ADHD-IN) was evaluated herein with Far-si-speaking adults. A total of 837 Iranian adults assessed throughout the whole country (54.72% women, Mage = 23.85; SD = 7.05; age range = 18 to 58 years; 75...

This study investigated whether oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) with the DSM-5 limited prosocial emotions (LPE) specifier marks a more severe clinical presentation than ODD alone. Mothers, fathers, and teachers of 2,142 Spanish children (49.49% girls; ages 8 to 13 years) completed measures of ODD, LPE, ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), ADHD-...

ARTICLE FREE TO ACCESS AT: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2022.2158842. In this editorial statement, we briefly delineated a series of observations, guidelines, and directions for future research focused on the most common outcome of multi-informant assessments of youth mental health. Discrepancies commonly occur between estimates of youth mental...

The Adult Concentration Inventory (ACI) is an adult self-report measure of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) developed following a meta-analysis identifying items distinguishing SCT from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattention. To date, only one study conducted in college students has examined the structural and external validity o...

Dangerous driving accounts for 95% of driving fatalities among emerging adults. Emerging adult drivers exhibiting symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are at greater risk for motor vehicle crashes and engaging in unsafe driving practices; however, not all individuals with ADHD symptoms exhibit such risk. Several studies have...

Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is increasingly conceptualized as a transdiagnostic set of symptoms associated with poorer functional outcomes, although the extent to which SCT is associated with academic functioning remains unclear. This study recruited children based on the presence or absence of clinically elevated SCT symptoms, using a multi-inf...

Abstract: Background: Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), recently renamed cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), is a set of behavioral symptoms that includes excessive daydreaming, mental confusion, and fogginess, being lost in one’s thoughts, and slowed behavior and thinking. Symptoms of SCT show overlap with a broad range of other symptoms such as...

Objective (1) Evaluate current knowledge and identify key directions in the study of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and (2) arrive at a consensus change in terminology for the construct that reflects the current science and may be more acceptable to researchers, clinicians, caregivers, and patients. Method Convened an international Work Group that...

The convergent and discriminant validity of the parent version of the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) symptom and impairment scale scores were evaluated with the scale scores from multiple methods including a semistructured diagnostic interview, rating scales, and an academic achievement test. Participants were 82 adolescents (70% ma...

Multisource network and latent variable models were used to examine the construct validity of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms relative to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattentive (ADHD-IN) and depressive symptoms. The five objectives were to determine the (1) distinctiveness of SCT, ADHD-IN, and depressive symptom communities, (...

This study evaluated the internal and external validity of self-report and parent-report measures of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) in South Korean adolescents. Adolescents (N = 469, ages 13–17 years; 50.2% boys) completed self-report measures of SCT and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention (ADHD-IN) in addition to measures of inter...

Despite the importance of daily life executive functioning (EF) for college students’ success, few measures exist that have been validated in college students specifically. This study examined the factor structure of the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) in college students. Participants were 1,311 students (ages 18-28 years,...

The internal and external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) relative to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention (ADHD-IN) was evaluated with Turkish children and adolescents. Parents completed the SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), callous-unemotional (CU), anxiety, depressi...

While cigarette smoking is highly comorbid with stimulant use disorder (SUD), the relationship is rarely evaluated concurrently to better understand the association between the two and how they influence one another over time. The overarching research question posed was, do patterns of cigarette smoking and stimulant use co-vary (both at baseline a...

Background: Psychometric properties and initial normative information are provided for the sluggish cognitive tempo, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder, callous-unemotional behavior (limited prosocial emotions specifier), anxiety, d...

Variability and changes in personality constructs are frequently assessed through longitudinal data. Measurement error, which is ubiquitous in psychology, can lead to bias in the measurement of change. Therefore, personality researchers frequently use latent variable models to analyze longitudinal data. Latent variable models correct for unreliabil...

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is often used to evaluate attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom ratings by parents and teachers. An ADHD-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and ODD three-factor model is usually the best model. Acceptable CFA models, however, can hide sy...

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The supplementary material was not captured to our commentary article.

Jede Messung setzt sich aus einer systematischen Trait-Methoden-Einheit und einem unsystematischen Fehleranteil zusammen, sodass nicht nur der zu messende Trait, sondern darüber hinaus die verwendete Messmethode als Bestandteil des Messwertes berücksichtigt werden muss. Konstruktvalidität liegt dann vor, wenn einerseits Messungen desselben Konstruk...

Symmetrical bifactor models are frequently applied to diverse symptoms of psychopathology to identify a general P factor. This factor is assumed to mark shared liability across psychopathology dimensions and mental disorders. Despite their popularity, however, symmetrical bifactor models often yield anomalous results, including but not limited to n...

Although fears of negative and positive social evaluation are hallmark cognitive features of social anxiety, attentional difficulties may exacerbate the relation between fears of social evaluation and social anxiety. Thus, the goal of the current study was to test whether two different types of self-reported attentional difficulties, specifically s...

Supplemental Tables for Burns et al. (2020).Application of the Bifactor S - 1 Model to Multisource Ratings of ADHD/ODD Symptoms: An appropriate bifactor model for symptom ratings. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 881-894.

These materials provide the Mplus Model Code for Figure 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D. These materials also provide the global fit indices (Table S1) and the standardized factor loadings (Table S2) from the confirmatory factor analyses for the four models. Figure 1A = Model 1A (correlated factors model) Figure 1B = Model 1B (bifactor S-1 model) Figure 1C = Mo...

To advance the research examining the sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) construct, a key priority has been to develop assessment tools that are reliable and valid. The current study builds upon existing work by conducting the most thorough psychometric evaluation to date of the teacher-reported Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) SCT and at...

Objective Multisource longitudinal network analysis was used to determine if between-child and within-child variance of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms provided unique findings of ADHD relative to latent variable model (LVM) analyses. Method Mothers and fathers of 802 Spanish first-grade children (54% boys) provided rating...

Objective The objective was to determine if Spanish foster care children and Spanish non-foster children differ on sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), ADHD-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), limited prosocial emotions (LPE), anxiety, depression, social and academic impairment measures and if the...

Background Relapse is common in treatment for opioid use disorders (OUDs). Pain and depression often co-occur during OUD treatment, yet little is known about how they influence relapse among patients with a primary diagnosis of prescription opioid use disorder (POUD). Advanced statistical analyses that can simultaneously model these two conditions...

Recent theoretical and empirical evidence highlights associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and task-unrelated thought, including mind-wandering and rumination. However, it has been hypothesized that sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), characterized by daydreaming and staring behaviors, may uniquely relate to task...

A growing number of studies support the internal and external validity of youth self-reported sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms. However, no study has examined SCT in adolescents without ADHD, examined whether adolescent self-reported SCT is distinct from adolescent self-reported ADHD inattention (ADHD-IN), or evaluated whether links between...

El objetivo ha sido determinar si los niños en acogimiento familiar en familia ajena, en comparación con una muestra de niños españoles que viven con sus familias biológicas, difieren en la prevalencia de los síntomas asociados a Tempo Cognitivo Lento, Trastorno por Déficit de Atención, Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad, Trastorno...

El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido determinar si los menores en Acogimiento Familiar (AF) en Familia Ajena (FA) y los que viven con sus familias de origen, presentan diferencias en la presencia de síntomas asociados a dificultades para el desarrollo. Estas son evaluadas mediante el Inventario de Conductas del Niño y el Adolescente (CABI) y c...

A nationally representative sample of U.S. children was used to determine the empirical and clinical differentiation of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using both categorical and dimensional approaches. Mothers of children (N = 2,056, M± SDage = 8.49 ± 2.15 years, 49.3% girls) completed me...

Background: Research has started conceptualizing sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) within the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), but no study has tested SCT symptomatology in relation to the positive valence systems. Methods: Participants (N = 4,679; 18-29 years; M = 19.08, SD = 1.36; 69% female; 80.9% White) enrolled in six universities in the United...

Despite increasing interest in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) in children, the field is stymied by the lack of a standard symptom set that can be used across studies. Without a standard symptom set, it is difficult to determine if differences across studies are due to methodological or sample differences, or simply the way SCT was measured. To move...

The objective was to determine the longitudinal associations between callous-unemotional (CU) and oppositional defiant (OD) behaviors from first to fourth grade for Spanish children. Four possible outcomes were evaluated: (1) CU behaviors in first grade predict increases in OD behaviors in the fourth grade, controlling for OD behaviors in the first...

A latent variable model (LVM) and network analysis (NA) were applied to mother and father ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms to determine if NA offers unique insights relative to the LVM. ADHD-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and ODD symptoms along with a...

The objective was to determine the proportion of trait (consistency across occasions) and occasion-specific variance in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–inattention (IN), ADHD–hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom ratings. A single trait factor-multiple state f...

Multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analysis is one of the most frequently employed methods to examine the validity of psychological measures. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a commonly used analytic tool for examining MTMM data through the specification of trait and method latent variables. Most contemporary CFA-MTMM models either do not allow est...

There is growing recognition that clinical and developmental outcomes will be optimized by interventions that harness strengths in addition to ameliorating deficits. Although empirically-supported methods for identifying strengths are available for children and adolescents, this framework has yet to be applied to emerging adulthood. This study eval...

This study examined the psychometric properties, convergent validity, and divergent validity of a Japanese translation of Barkley (The Barkley adult ADHD rating scale–IV, Guilford Press, New York, 2011) rating scale for assessing sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) in adults. In total, 429 Japanese adults participated across three samples: 26 diagnosed...

Latent state-trait (LST) models are commonly applied to determine the extent to which observed variables reflect trait-like versus state-like constructs. Mixture distribution LST (M-LST) models relax the assumption of population homogeneity made in traditional LST models, allowing researchers to identify subpopulations (latent classes) with differi...

Research has yet to determine how much of the variance in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptom ratings is consistent across occasions, sources, and settings versus specific to occasion, source, and setting. Our first objective was to determine the amount of variance in SCT ratings that was consistent (trait consistency) across three occasions of...

Objectives The current study investigated whether a maladaptive family environment would moderate the strength of the relations of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) to attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention (ADHD‐IN) and to depressive symptoms in a large sample of college students. Methods Participants (n = 3,172), between the ages of 1...

This study (a) determined whether clinical elevations of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom distributions in a large community sample of children would allow for identifying SCT-only, ADHD-only, and SCT + ADHD clinical groups; (b) examined co-occurrence of clinically elevated SCT and ADHD; (c)...

Background: Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered a valid diagnosis for children with intellectual disability, no studies have evaluated the invariance of ADHD symptom ratings across children with and without intellectual disability. Method: Parents completed ratings on the ADHD symptoms for 189 children with intell...

We evaluated sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms in relation to personality as assessed via both the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (BIS/BAS) and Five Factor (Big 5) Model of personality. 3,172 students from five universities completed psychopathology, BIS/BAS, and Big 5 measures. Correlations and path models with SCT, attention-deficit/hyper...

As dimensions of effortful control (EC), activation control, attentional control, and inhibitory control could mediate the relationship between mindfulness meditation practice and the facets of mindfulness (i.e., observing, describing, acting with awareness, non‐judging and non‐reacting to inner experience). In this study, we tested whether partici...

Despite increasing interest in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) in children and advancements in its measurement, little research has examined child self-reported SCT. Child self-report of SCT is important for the multi-informant assessment of SCT. The current study used a large, school-based sample of children and a multi-informant design to examine...

In the study of the dynamic aspects of personality, longitudinal data are frequently used. Longitudinal studies allow researchers to examine interindividual differences in intraindividual changes across time, to study the consistency versus situation-specificity of personality constructs, and to test for person-situation interactions. Longitudinal...

Limited prosocial emotions (LPE, also referred to as callous-unemotional [CU] traits) are considered to reflect a more trait- than state-like construct. Our first objective was to determine the amount true score variance in CU/LPE that was consistent (trait consistency) over two occasions (12-month interval) of measurement versus specific (occasion...

A recent meta-analysis identified optimal items for assessing sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) as distinct from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention (ADHD-IN), and a preliminary study with teacher ratings of children in the United States found strong support for the convergent and discriminant validity of 15 SCT items. The current stu...

Objectives To (1) describe sleep problems in a large, multi-university sample of college students; (2) evaluate sex differences; and (3) examine the unique associations of mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention [ADHD-IN], ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity [ADHD-HI]) in relation to sleep...

According to empirical studies and recent theories, people differ substantially in their reactivity or sensitivity to environmental influences with some being generally more affected than others. More sensitive individuals have been described as orchids and less-sensitive ones as dandelions. Applying a data-driven approach, we explored the existenc...

Objective: Few studies have examined whether separate dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT)—inconsistent alertness and slowness—have different external correlates from each other as well as symptoms of ADHD inattention (ADHD-IN). Method: Participants were 131 Spanish children (ages 6-16; 72% boys) diagnosed with ADHD. Results: In regression...

Objective: To examine the validity of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and ADHD–inattention (ADHD-IN) symptoms in children from Chile. Method: Mothers and teachers rated SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD–hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD-HI), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, depression, academic impairment, social impairment, and peer rejection (teachers...

Objective: This study evaluated whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is separable from ADHD–inattention (IN) and uniquely associated with internalizing dimensions in preschool children in South Korea. Method: Mothers of 172 preschool children (ages 4-6 years; 52% girls) rated children’s SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD–hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), oppositio...

The objective was to evaluate a four-item measure of the DSM-5 Limited Prosocial Emotions (LPE) specifier (a 4-item measure of prosocial emotions). Mothers, fathers, primary teachers, and ancillary teachers completed measures of prosocial emotions (PE), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), ADHD-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI),...

The objective was to evaluate a 4-item measure of the DSM–5 Limited Prosocial Emotions (LPE) specifier (a 4-item measure of prosocial emotions). Mothers, fathers, primary teachers, and ancillary teachers completed measures of prosocial emotions (PE), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-inattention (I...

Introduction Mothers and fathers have only moderate agreement in their ratings of children’s emotional and behavioral functioning, which in turn has implications for clinical assessment. However, we are unaware of any study that has examined mother-father agreement of children’s sleep functioning. The present study evaluated the concurrent and pros...

We provide a tutorial on how to analyze multiple-indicator multi-method (MM) longitudinal (multi-occasion, MO) data. Multiple-indicator MM-MO data presents specific challenges due to (1) different types of method effects, (2) longitudinal and cross-method measurement equivalence (ME) testing, (3) the question as to which process characterizes the l...

In the present chapter, we provide a comprehensive overview of classical approaches and recent advances in the latent variable modeling of person-situation data. We begin by reviewing the key concepts of latent state-trait (LST) theory (Steyer, Ferring & Schmitt, 1992; Steyer, Mayer, Geiser, & Cole, 2015), which is a measurement theory for measurin...

As interest in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) increases, a primary limitation for the field is the lack of a unified set of symptoms for assessing SCT. No existing SCT measure includes all items identified in a recent meta-analysis as optimal for distinguishing between SCT and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study evaluates a...

Objectives: To (1) evaluate mother-father agreement of total sleep problems and specific sleep problem domains, and (2) examine the one-year stability of children’s sleep functioning, including cross-rater stability. Methods: A community-based sample of 519 children (51% boys) in Spain were assessed in third grade and again one year later. At each...

Multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analyses are used in psychology to assess convergent and discriminant validity and to study method effects. Most current MTMM approaches assume that measures have equal convergent and discriminant validity across the entire range of trait values and thus do not account for potential trait × method interactions. A novel...

The objective was to evaluate the validity of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and ADHD-inattention (IN) symptoms in children from Nepal. Teachers rated SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, depression, academic impairment, social impairment, and peer rejection dimensions in 366 children (50...

The objective was to determine and compare the trait and state components of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom reports across multiple informants. Mothers, fathers, primary teachers, and secondary teachers rated the occurrence of the ODD symptoms in 810 Spanish children (55% boys) on 2 occasions (end first and second grades). Single sourc...

This study examined whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattention (IN) symptoms demonstrated cross-setting invariance and unique associations with symptom and impairment dimensions across settings (i.e., home SCT and ADHD-IN uniquely predicting school symptom and impairment dimensions, and vi...