Friedrich Ehrendorfer

• emer. Univ.-Prof. Dr.
• Professor Emeritus at University of Vienna

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207615.].

The Rubiaceae tribe Rubieae has a world-wide distribution with up to 1,000 species. These collectively exhibit an enormous ecological and morphological diversity, making Rubieae an excellent group for macro- and microevolutionary studies. Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses used only a limited sampling within the tribe or missed lineages cruci...

Background Polyploidy is one of the most important evolutionary pathways in flowering plants and has significantly contributed to their diversification and radiation. Due to the prevalence of reticulate evolution spanning three ploidy levels, Knautia is considered one of the taxonomically most intricate groups in the European flora. On the basis of...

Background and aims: Capsicum (Solanaceae), native to the tropical and temperate Americas, comprises the well-known sweet and hot chili peppers and several wild species. So far, only partial taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses have been done for the genus. Here, the phylogenetic relationships between nearly all taxa of Capsicum were explored to te...

The use of DNA sequence data in plant systematics has brought us closer than ever to formulating well-founded hypotheses about phylogenetic relationships, and phylogenetic research keeps on revealing that plant genera as traditionally circumscribed often are not monophyletic. Here, we assess the monophyly of genera documented in Rothmaler's "Exkurs...

Background Polyploidisation is one of the most important mechanisms in the evolution of angiosperms. As in many other genera, formation of polyploids has significantly contributed to diversification and radiation of Knautia (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacoideae). Comprehensive studies of fine- and broad-scale patterns of ploidy and genome size (GS) variati...

Rubia L. is the type genus of the coffee family Rubiaceae and the third largest genus in the tribe Rubieae, comprising ca. 80 species restricted to the Old World. China is an important diversity center for Rubia where about half of its species occur. However, its internal phylogenetic relationships are still poorly understood. The objective of the...

The role of glacial oscillations in shaping plant diversity has been only rarely addressed in endemics of formerly glaciated areas. The Galium pusillum group represents a rare example of an ecologically diverse and ploidy-variable species complex that exhibits substantial diversity in deglaciated northern Europe. Using AFLP and plastid and nuclear...

On the basis of multidisciplinary studies on the tribe Rubieae, we contribute to the current discussion on paraphyly and supraspecific taxa that do not contain all descendant species of an ancestral clade. Rubieae belong to the large, predominantly tropical and woody family Rubiaceae and include possibly ≤ 1000 mostly temperate and herbaceous speci...

Le progrès de notre compréhension de l'évolution chromosomique des plantes ligneuses tropicales, depuis les contributions de pionnier de G. Mangenot et de ses collaborateurs au cours des premières années 1960, est illustré par des données sur les Flacourtiaceae, les Dilleniaceaee, les Rutaceae, les familles des Laurales et les Annonaceae. La différ...

Capsicum (chili peppers) is a New World genus with five crop species of great economic importance for food and spices. An up-to-date summary of the karyotypic knowledge is presented, including data on classical staining (chromosome number, size and morphology), silver impregnation (number and position of active nucleolar organizing regions), fluore...

Successful crossing experiments between the tetraploids Achillea ceretanica4x, A. collina, A. distans subsp. styriaca, A. pratensis, and the octoploid A. monticola, all from the A. millefolium agg. (Compositae), are reported. Chromosomes were studied in 514 out of 883 hybrid plants obtained from 13 crossings. Fi-offspring from tetraploid parents wa...

New crossing and selfing experiments within Achillea millefolium agg. (Compositae) succeeded with tetraploid individuals of A. ceretanica -4 x, A. collina, A. pratensis and F1 hybrids. Chromosome numbers of 105 out of 785 individuals including F1, BC, S1 offsprings and free pollinated F1 progenies were studied. Generally, plants were tetraploid, bu...

Background and Aims Plants endemic to areas covered by ice sheets during the last glaciation represent paradigmatic examples of rapid speciation in changing environments, yet very few systems outside the harsh arctic zone have been comprehensively investigated so far. The Galium pusillum aggregate (Rubiaceae) is a challenging species complex that e...

New data on fruit anatomy, floral characters and pollen morphology are reported for three species of Pterocephalus s.l. in its traditional circumscription: the annual W-Mediterranean Pterocephalus diandrus (now Pterocephalidium diandrum), the shrubby SE African P. centennii, and the E African P. frutescens. For comparison and augmentation of taxono...

New data on fruit anatomy, floral characters and pollen morphology are reported for three species of Pterocephalus s.l. in its traditional circumscription: the annual W-Mediterranean Pterocephalus diandrus (now Pterocephalidium diandrum), the shrubby SE African P. centennii, and the E African P. frutescens. For comparison and augmentation of taxono...

Species complexes or aggregates consist of a set of closely related species often of different ploidy levels, whose relationships are difficult to reconstruct. The N Hemisphere Achillea millefolium aggregate exhibits complex morphological and genetic variation and a broad ecological amplitude. To understand its evolutionary history, we study sequen...

On the basis of extensive herbarium studies, Rubia pseudogalium Ehrend., Galium chekiangense Ehrend., G. kunmingense Ehrend., G. rupifragum Ehrend., and G. sichuanense Ehrend, are described, illustrated, and discussed as new species from Zhejiang (= Chekiang), Yunnan, and Sichuan, respectively, for the flora of eastern and southwestern China. Galiu...

The aligned polymorphic sites among 21 SBP haplotypes. These haplotypes are generated from 60 substitution sites among 163 clones (sequences) from 35 individuals of 19 populations of 10 diploid Achillea species (seven within and three outside A. millefolium agg.). Abbreviations of the species: (1) of A. millefolium agg.: asi = A. asiatica, asp = A....

The aligned polymorphic sites among 31 haplotypes of the sequenced ncpGS gene. These haplotypes are generated from 134 substitution sites among 186 clones (sequences) from 49 individuals of 20 populations of 10 diploid Achillea species (seven within and three outside A. millefolium agg.). Abbreviations of the species: (1) of A. millefolium agg.: as...

Unrooted Neighbour Joining cladogram of the SBP gene of all the diploid and polyploid taxa analyzed in this study. The tree contains 68 allelic haplotypes generated from 349 sequences with 68 substitution sites. Topology of the MP tree on the same data set is broadly comparable with that of the NJ tree. Bootstrap supports (> 50%) from NJ/MP analyse...

A list of sequences obtained by this study and those deleted for the final data analyses. In this list, we highlight the sequences deleted during our final data analyses. These sequences might contain PCR artefacts, e.g., PCR-mediated recombination which is inevitable when sequencing nuclear genes from genomes where two partially homologous templat...

The genus Carlina, with its 28 currently accepted species, ranks among the most thoroughly studied plant genera in Europe. Previous evolutionary hypotheses rested on a priori assumptions of character change, but for this study, DNA sequence data from nuclear ETS and three chloroplast regions obtained from all but one species of Carlina were used to...

The genus Carlina, with its 28 currently accepted species, ranks among the most thoroughly studied plant genera in Europe. Previous evolutionary hypotheses rested on a priori assumptions of character change, but for this study, DNA sequence data from nuclear ETS and three chloroplast regions obtained from all but one species of Carlina were used to...

In the flowering plants, many polyploid species complexes display evolutionary radiation. This could be facilitated by gene flow between otherwise separate evolutionary lineages in contact zones. Achillea collina is a widespread tetraploid species within the Achillea millefolium polyploid complex (Asteraceae-Anthemideae). It is morphologically inte...

The monophyletic Anemone section Anemone (Ranunculaceae) includes predominantly diploid and outbreeding geophytic perennials. A revised taxonomy of the section with 16 species (and some infraspecific taxa) is proposed on the basis of a critical morphological analysis of living populations and extensive herbarium material, together with karyological...

Klassische and moderne Praktiken, Konzepte and Probleme der botanischen Systematik und Taxonomie im Hinblick auf die Species-Kategorie werden anhand von etwa 25 besser bekannten Gruppen von Samenpflanzen illustriert. Die grobe Mannigfaltigkeit an verschiedenen Artbildungsmustem und Evolutionsstrategien läbt sich auf mehrere Komponenten zurückführen...

A general survey on the basis of nr and cpDNA demonstrates that Achillea (incl. Otanthus) is monophyletic. Relevant for the Bulgarian flora are the Achillea sections Anthemoideae and Achillea (=Millefoium, incl. Filipendu/inae) with 3+ 16 species. New country records are A. kotschyi and A. asplenifolia. Surveys of available and new information on c...

The single-seeded fruits of the Dipsacaceae are enclosed by four fused bracts forming an epicalyx. A detailed study of the epicalyx morphology and anatomy of nearly all of the approximately 30 species of Pterocephalus s.L, together with other floral, palynological and karyological data, suggest only loose relationships and convergent similarities (...

1) A survey of cytological, genetical, and other evidence for phylogenetic differentiation of higher plant groups in Mediterranean and Central European areas is presented. 2) Methods and possible results are demonstrated, using as an example the closely related Rubiaceous genera Cruciata and Valantia , where polyploidy, descending dysploidy, increa...

The contributions to the symposium on “New evidence for relationships and modern classifications in angiosperms” (held on 22 Aug 1981 during the XIII International Botanical Congress in Sydney) are surveyed, the present situation of this field of research is outlined. A ± monophyletic origin of the angiosperms is supported. Evidence for relationshi...

Sequences of the plastid DNA atpB/rbcL intergenic spacer and rps16 intron from 23 genera and 47 species of Rutaceae were used to resolve phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Aurantioideae. According to these, the subfamily is monophyletic, but its classical subdivision into tribes Clauseneae and Citreae is only justified if the genus Murraya s.s...

Achillea millefolium agg. is an ecologically most diverse N Hemisphere polyploid complex. Because of ubiquitous hybridization and polyploidization, the aggregate is extremely polymorphic and notorious for its difficult taxonomy. AFLP analyses were applied to 61 populations representing most of the known taxa of A. millefolium agg. Genetic distance...

The members of Anemone L. sect. Himalayicae (Ulbr.) Juz. (Ranunculaceae) are mainly distributed in the Himalaya of North India, Nepal and Bhutan and the neighbouring mountains of SW China at elevations between 1850 and 4800 m. Their taxonomy is re-evaluated on the basis of a critical morphological analysis of extensive herbarium material. The secti...

Capsicum (chili peppers) is a New World genus with five crop species of great economic importance for food and spices. An up-to-date summary of the karyotypic knowledge is presented, including data on classical staining (chromosome number, size and morphology), silver impregnation (number and position of active nucleolar organizing regions), fluore...

New records of chromosome numbers are presented for eleven Australian species of Veronica sens. lat. Reference is also given to records previously published for ten species that have been referred to Derwentia, Parahebe or Chionohebe, but that are now included in a widely circumscribed Veronica. The species formerly included in Derwentia, Parahebe...

Four Australian species of Veronica sens. lat. are newly described and illustrated; lectotypes are selected for other species and synonyms. In V. 'sect. Derwentia' (Raf.) B.G.Briggs (in Garnock-Jones et al. submitted) we informally recognise three clades: the Derwentia clade, the V. formosa clade and the V. calycina clade. A second species of the V...

The plastid matK gene, trnL/F spacer, and nuclear rDNA ITS were sequenced for 36 species of Leontodon and 29 taxa of related genera of tribe Lactuceae. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from the independent and combined data are largely congruent and reveal that Leontodon sensu lato (s.l.) as presently defined is diphyletic: L. subgenus Leontodon...

Without Abstract

Ehrendorfer, F. & Guo, Y.-P.: Multidisciplinary studies on Achillea sensu lato (Compositae-Anthemideae): new data on systematics and phylogeography. — Willdenowia 36 (Special Issue): 69–87. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2006 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.36.36105 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) On the basis of extended DNA sequences (nrITS, cptrnL-F)...

This is part II of a taxonomic revision of Anemone sect. Omalocarpus. In this part, 10 species (A. demissa hook. f. & Thoms., A. robusta W. T. Wang, A. tapaiensis W. T. Wang, A. smithiana Lauener & Panigrahi, A. cathayensis Kitag. Ziman & Kadota, A. polyanthes D. Don, A. tetrasepala Royle, A. elongata D. Don, A. sikokiana (Makino) Makino and A. fus...

Achillea (Asteraceae-Anthemideae) offers classical models for speciation by hybridization and polyploidy. Here, we test the suspected allotetraploid origin of two species, Achillea alpina and Achillea wilsoniana between phylogenetically distinct lineages in East Asia. A total of 421 AFLP bands from 169 individuals and 19 populations of five 2x- and...

The taxonomy of Anemone section Omalocarpus (Ranunculaceae), with members distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and especially in East Asia, was reevaluated on the basis of a critical morphological analysis of extensive herbarium materials and living populations. A conspectus, key, morphometric tables, and figures illustrating taxonomic ch...

Ehrendorfer, F. & Guo, Y. P.: Changes in the circumscription of the genus Achillea (Compositae-Anthemideae) and its subdivision. — Willdenowia 35: 49–54. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2005 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi: 10.3372/wi.35.35102 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) On the basis of recent multidisciplinary (including DNA-analytical) studies, the fusion of...

Achillea, a temperate genus of herbaceous allogamous perennials, is a model for evolutionary radiation through hybridization and polyploidization. AFLP analyses were performed on 300 individuals of 66 populations and 27 taxa/cytotypes, mainly from the polyploid A. millefolium aggregate and its suspected hybrid links with other clades of the genus....

The N Hemisphere genus Achillea includes about 130 perennial and allogamous species, is centered in SE Europe/SW Asia, and exhibits a complex phyletic structure due to excessive hybridization and polyploidy. About half of the species and five of the six traditional sections together with several outgroup genera were studied using nrITS and plastid...

Flow cytometric measurements of nuclear DNA content were performed using ethidium bromide as the DNA stain (internal standard, Hordeum vulgare 'Ditta', 1C = 5.063 pg) in 25 samples belonging to nine diploid species and four varieties of Capsicum: C. chacoense, C. parvifolium, C. frutescens, C. chinense, C. annuum var. annuum, C. baccatum var. bacca...

The western Mediterranean geophyte Anemone palmata L. is one of the most endangered angiosperm taxa in France. The biological and ecological characteristics of French populations are contrasted with those of populations from near the centre of the species distribution in east Spain. A Correspondence Analysis discriminates the French and Spanish pop...

 Using two molecular data sets, the plastid atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer region and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the taxonomic affinities of two newly available Anemone species from the Southern Hemisphere were tested. From previous work based on morphology and geographic distribution, it was assumed that A. tenui...

Galium sect. Orientigalium Ehrend. is a species rich and polymorphic clade centred in the western Irano-Oriental region, from where it extends to the Iberian Peninsula in the W, the Leba-non in the S, and the Caucasus region in the N. Preliminary chromosome counts and correlated pollen diameter measurements show that the clade includes several poly...

The genus Anemone and its close relatives (Anemoninae) encompass about 210 species. According to the most recent taxonomic survey of the Ranunculaceae (Tamura, 1995), this diversity is clearly centred in the Northern Hemisphere, but distribution is world-wide, and interesting biogeographic extensions exist into the Southern Hemisphere (Tasmania and...

The somatic chromosome number of Takhtajania perrieri, the only relict representative of Winteraceae on Madagascar, is documented as 2n = 36. The possibly paleotetraploid karyotype appears "diploidized." Chromosome size and be havior, as well as structure of interphase nuclei, correspond to the prochromosome type, widespread among the Magnoliid ass...

The heterochromatin banding patterns in the karyotypes of 17 species belonging to 15 genera of Rutaceae subfamily Aurantioideae (= Citroideae) were analyzed with the fluorochromes chromomycin (CMA) and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-2HCl (DAPI). All species were diploids, except one tetraploid (Clausena excavata) and two hexaploids [Glycosmis parvif...

The single-seeded fruits of the Dipsacaceae are enclosed by four fused bracts forming an epicalyx. A detailed study of the epicalyx morphology and anatomy of nearly all of the approximately 30 species ofPterocephaluss.l. , together with other floral, palynological and karyological data, suggest only loose relationships and convergent similarities (...

Comments on M. Poole (1994) The New Zealand Rora - entirely long-distance N dispersal? J. Biogeogr. 21, 625-635 and I letter from M. K. Macphail (1997) J. Biogeogr. 24,113-114.

Somatic chromosome numbers have been determined for the followingCerastium taxa:C. eriophorum (2n = 36),C. alpinum (2n = 72),C. transsylvanicum (2n = 108),C. arcticum (2n = 108),C. latifolium (2n = 36),C. carinthiacum (2n = 36),C. banaticum (2n = 36),C. arvense subsp.glandulosum (2n = 36),C. arvense subsp.arvense (2n = 72) andC. fontanum (2n = 144)...

Fruits ofDipsacaceae are single-seeded, have bristle-shaped calyx segments and are tightly enclosed by four fused bracts forming an epicalyx. Comparative morphological and anatomical studies reveal a great diversity of epicalyx and calyx, often relevant to fruit dispersal. The present contribution deals with theScabiosa group of genera, the core of...

Nucleotide sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the 18S–26S nuclear ribosomal DNA have been studied from ten species ofQuercus (representing four subgenera),Castanea sativa andFagus sylvatica, as a preliminary molecular contribution to the still poorly understood systematics and evolution ofFagaceae. The resulting matrix...

The names Cerastium eriophorum, C. villosum, C. lanatum, C. alpinum subsp. babiogorense and C. transsylvanicum are typified. C. eriophorum (= C. villosum) is the correct name for the diploid populations of the C. alpinum group from the Balkan mountains, Carpathians and Eastern Alps. C. lanatum is only applicable to densely hairy forms of the tetrap...

The differentiation of foliar epidermis structures, cuticles, stomata, and indumentum of most of the extant Euro-Mediterranean taxa ofQuercus have been studied by light and scanning electron microscopy, and compared with other genera and fossil material. Results allow the recognition of the subgg.Sclerophyllodrys, Cerris andQuercus, and of various...

For two close diploid relatives of the allotetraploidNicotiana tabacum, N. sylvestris (subg.Petunioides) andN. tomentosiformis (subg.Nicotiana), the nucleotide sequences of the external transcribed rDNA spacer regions (ETS) are described and compared (within the genus and with otherSolanaceae). The ETS of these two diploid species consists of three...

Fluorochrome chromosome banding is applied for the first time to 15 samples of five cultivatedCapsicum species, all with 2n = 24, and allows a detailed analysis of the karyotypes (Tables 2–3, Fig. 8). Banding patterns differ between cytotypes, species and groups, reflecting the dynamics of chromosomal differentiation and evolutionary divergence. Ta...

Allozyme variation at 11 loci (with 37 alleles) was studied electrophoretically in seven outbreeding, closely related diploid and tetraploid taxa, seven from sect.Leptogalium and two from sect.Leiogalium. Whereas the sections are clearly distinct by several different alleles, aggregates, species and subspecies differ only in the frequency or presen...

Allozyme variation at 14 loci was studied electrophoretically in 19 population samples of Quercus cerris, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea, and Q. robur. Genetic variation, measured as mean heterozygosity, was found to be high within populations but low among populations. A significant deficit of heterozygotes was observed in most of the populations of Q....

Nucleolar activity of 22 samples belonging to nine diploid species of Capsicum was analyzed in somatic metaphases and interphase nuclei. They are: C, chacoense, C. parvifolium, C. frutescens, C. chinense, C. annuum var. annuum, C. baccatum var. pendulum, C. pubescens, all with 2n = 24, and C, mirabile var. mirabile and C. campylopodium with 2n = 26...

Nucleolar activity of 22 samples belonging to nine diploid species of Capsicum was analyzed in somatic metaphases and interphase nuclei. They are: C, chacoënse, C. parvifolium, C. frutescens, C. chinense, C. annuum var. annuum, C. baccatum var. pendulum, C. pubescens, all with 2n = 24, and C. mirabile var. mirabile and C. campylopodium with 2n = 26...

A phylogenetic analysis of 39 species of the tribe Rubieae and of 15 taxa belonging to 12 other tribes of Rubiaceae has been performed using the DNA sequence of the chloroplast atpB-rbcL intergene region. The subfamily Rubioideae may be characterized as a monophylum, i.e., by a characteristic 204-bp deletion, shared by the representative tribes Coc...

On the basis of cpDNA restriction site analyses (Hoot & al. 1994) an improved but still informal hierarchical survey of Anemoninae is presented and combined with diversity and distribution data. Several adaptive syndromes are recognized on the basis of interrelated vegetative, reproductive, cytogenetic and group-organizational aspects. These adapti...

Representatives of seven genera from five tribes ofRubiaceae have been compared in respect to a non-coding intergene cpDNA region of about 1000 bp, situated between the atpB and the rbcL genes. The resulting most parsimonious PAUP cladogram corresponds very well with one based on total cpDNA restriction site data obtained byBremer & Jansen (1991)....

A phylogenetic analysis of 25 species, representing eight genera of theRubieae tribe (Rubiaceae), has been made using the DNA sequence of the chloroplastatp B-rbc L intergene region. Six tropical genera from other tribes ofRubiaceae have been used as outgroups. Whatever the method of analysis (distance, parsimony or maximum likelihood), five groups...

Giemsa C-banding is applied for the first time inCapsicum, allowing preliminary karyotype differentiation of six diploid species. Comparison of interphase nuclei and heterochromatic C-bands reveals striking differences between taxa and contributes to their taxonomic grouping. Therefore, C-banding appears to be a powerful tool for the cytogenetics a...

On the basis of phylogenetic analyses, concludes that only one Australian species is appropriately referred to Parahebe, viz P. lithophila, which is described as a new species. The genus Derwentia Raf. is revived for a group of eight species restricted to Australia and previously undescribed or referred to Veronica or Parahebe. Growth habit and oth...

The variation pattern of a large population ofTocoyena formosa in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil, and of other samples throughout the species area was analysed by morphometrical, statistical, ecological, and phytogeographical methods. Excessive variation and the remarkable coherence of two different character syndromes within this species str...

Five polymorphic enzyme genes (Est-1, Est-5, Got-2, Pgi-2 and 6-Pgdh-1) were studied in Lower Austrian populations of the herbaceous, allogamous polyploid complex Galium pusillum agg. Allele frequencies in the relic G. austriacum-2x document a high amount of genetic differentiation between the isolated, rather uniform and stenoecious populations wh...

Presynaptic alignment occurs at zygotene and early pachytene in a pentaploid hybrid between Achillea collina (4x) and A. millefolium (6x). Mostly, the five corresponding chromosomes of each set are assorted into a group of three (two synapsed plus one aligned) and a group of two (synapsed); groups of five axes by alignment and/or pairing are extrem...

The perennial taxa ofCrucianella in Asia form a coherent group, apparently diploid (x = 11) and outbreeding throughout, and should be placed into sect.Roseae. This Irano-Turanian group has its centre of diversity in the mountain systems south of the Caspian Sea and reaches with outposts NE. and E. Anatolia, NE. Iraq, S. Iran and C. Asia. Four speci...

The only concrete basis for the discontinuous and hierarchical organization of extant organisms lies in their genealogical (i. e. germ line) relationships. Individuals and populations of common descent are called “sib” or “stirps”. Ideally, systematic classification is based on the formulas: (1) sib + taxonomic category + name = taxon, and (2) dive...

The chemosystematics ofRutaceae is reviewed on the basis of updated surveys of various secondary metabolites and their biosynthetic derivation. A comparison of these data with the morphological and geographical differentiation clearly shows that the current taxonomic arrangement of the family is to a large extent artificial and needs improvement. S...

Three new species ofGalium from the NW. Himalaya in Pakistan are described and illustrated.