Frédéric Le Roy

• Université de Montpellier

A growing literature explores the phenomenon of simultaneous cooperating and competing firms. Mostly in strategic management, this literature primarily focused upon large firms. The dynamics of coopetition in small firms, including new and micro-firms, however, remains under-explored raising questions about how they both engage with and manage this...

Existing research on coopetition acknowledges the dilemma companies face regarding sharing and protecting knowledge when developing coopetitive product innovation. To manage this dilemma, coopetitors can rely on two different organizational designs: the coopetitive project team (CPT) or the separated project team (SPT). The CPT fosters high knowled...

Past research showed how multinational enterprises (MNEs) create specific organizational structures to manage tensions in collaborations with competitors (i.e., coopetition). In this study, we explore how MNEs design their organizational structure to approach tensions specifically in the formation phase of coopetition. Formation is the first and ar...

This Handbook is the first reference created for the large, diverse, and growing field of Open Innovation. Four editors, 75 reviewers, and 136 contributors collaboratively developed 57 handbook chapters. These present the current state of the growing body of work in Open Innovation from leading scholars and researchers in the field. It brings toget...

While a growing number of contributions rely on the concept of coopetition, they adopt very different, and sometimes contradictory, perspectives. Our article aims to lay a foundation for future research on coopetition by defining what can and cannot be categorized as coopetition. Building on a Lakatosian approach, we identify three assumptions that...

The aim of this research is to study the impact of coopetition on the market performance of product innovation. Previous research suggests, on the one hand, that coopetition is a powerful strategy for innovation but, on the other hand, that coopetition creates opportunism risk. Therefore, the impact of coopetition on innovation depends on external...

Recent research has highlighted the importance of management for the success of dyadic coopetition strategies. Coopetition, however, does not always occur in dyadic settings. Oligo-coopetition strategies, i.e., coopetition strategy among more than two but only a small number of coopetitors, and its management remain largely understudied. Oligo-coop...

A growing number of citizens are concerned about the environmental impact of air transport, and aviation has become synonymous with high carbon emissions and global warming, which has led to the development of flygskam (or flight shame) in Europe. While its impact on air traffic remains unclear, flight shame has forced the airline industry to react...

Ce chapitre présente la coopétition, ses origines, ses principes de management ainsi que les principaux débats qui structurent le champ.

在现有很多关于竞合理论的研究中，学者们普遍认为竞合是一种比其他方式更能提升业绩水平的策略，即实施竞合策略的公司，相比于单一采用合作策略或竞争策略的公司，可以获得更 高的绩效预期。但实际上，竞合策略是把双刃剑，它是否带来积极影响，取决于对其采用何种管理竞合。从策略竞合到竞合紧张态势出发，对当前竞合管理的研究进行了梳理，主要关注的是管理原 则，同时提出了深入探索竞合“黑匣子”即日常竞合管理的研究展望。

The aim of this paper is to assess the relevance of the Gravity model to investigations of alliance flows within and between countries. We also aim to identify how different distance dimensions impact the choice of a partner. Inspired by economics research, we use the Gravity model to estimate and analyse bilateral alliance flows within countries a...

This chapter highlights how the three core processes of open innovation (OI) should be organized and managed when the OI process concerns direct rivals. We seek to show how OI between competitors affects each of the three OI processes and leads to new potentially fruitful research areas. We also attempt to define a research program for OI involving...

To manage coopetition, two principles have previously been highlighted in the literature: the separation principle at the organizational level and the integration principle at the individual level. But less attention has been paid to the working-group level. In this chapter, we describe an original organizational mode designed by coopetitors to ach...

Product innovations result frequently from inter-firm cooperation, rather than being developed in “isolation” from single firms. The question is not whether or not companies have to collaborate for innovation, but who is the best partner for innovation. Two opposite points of view exist in past research. In the first, competitors cannot be good par...

In the early 2000s, the term coopetition was seized by academics, and it became a concept. Since then, interest in coopetition has continued to grow in strategic management and beyond into other disciplines and sciences. Coopetition offers various benefits to develop radical and incremental innovation. This chapter argues that the only way of addre...

Initially developed in strategic management, the concept of coopetition is increasingly used in the marketing field or in a marketing empirical context. In this chapter, we aim to define what we call coopetitive marketing. To do so, we first come back on the origins of the coopetition concept and underline how they relate to the marketing field. We...

Coopetition can be either a win-win or a win-lose strategy. Consequently, we argue that its success depends on its management. In this chapter, first we examine the benefits and tensions that could arise from coopetition strategies. After that, we discuss the three principles previously identified to manage efficiently coopetition: the separation,...

This reference volume is the first to provide a comprehensive international survey of co-opetition research. Organised thematically and written by the world’s most cited researchers in the field, it views the topic through the lens of a variety of disciplines including innovation, strategic management, marketing and operations management. This refe...

The invention, implementation and diffusion of management innovation is a new research area. This paper identifies the main steps of development of this concept. By analysing the specificity of management innovation against other kinds of innovation, the authors adopt a historical overview to describe the slow recognition of this concept in the lit...

This paper assesses the relevance of the Gravity model to investigations of alliance flows within and between countries. Accordingly we aim to identify how different distance dimensions impact the alliance partner choice. Inspired by economics research, we use the Gravity model to estimate and analyse bilateral alliance flows within countries and b...

La coopétition est une stratégie porteuse de performances et de risques pour les entreprises. Ceci est également vrai pour les petites entreprises (PE). Les recherches antérieures montrent qu’elles peuvent bénéficier de la coopétition, mais qu’elle se traduit par des tensions et des conflits destructeurs de valeur. La coopétition doit donc être man...

Research on coopetition – the simultaneous occurrence of competition and cooperation among firms – is usually limited to the realm of large firms. While some research has examined the motives and outcomes of coopetition among small- and medium-sized business, little is known about how coopetition is managed among micro-firms. The French wine sector...

This paper examines the specific impacts of market-oriented coopetition on product commercial performance. Indeed, most contributions have focused on technology-driven coopetition with cooperation on activities that are far from the market (e.g., production, R&D), whereas most coopetitive agreements involve market-oriented coopetition in which the...

This research focuses on the project structure used by coopetitors to achieve common innovation projects. Scholars have recently identified an original but complex project structure that they call the Coopetitive Project Team (CPT). However, other project structures can also be implemented by coopetitors to achieve innovation. Therefore, we address...

Managing coopetition is important for the success of coopetition strategies. Past studies on the management of coopetition are largely dedicated to R&D coopetition. However, selling coopetition is an important phenomenon that is quite different from R&D coopetition. In this research, we therefore focus on the management of selling coopetition and b...

Considering the increasing number of cobranding agreements taking place between competing firms, by highlighting its different forms, benefits and risks. To better understand this phenomenon, we develop a theoretical framework in which we explore different coopetitive branding situations. Based on the literature on coopetition and co-branding, we i...

The previous research on the impact of anti-competitive practices on firm valuation has shown conflicting results. To explain these conflicting results, we introduce three contingency factors: the amount of the fine, the degree of company involvement, and the company size. To test the impact of these factors, an event study is conducted on a sample...

This editorial introduces the papers presented in the special issue. In a first point we show the coopetition research rise. Coopetition research really begins with the 21th century. Since the first academic papers on coopetition there is a fast growing trend which is looked as an opportunity for publications. Researches are now specialized in narr...

We adopt the view of coopetition as a research program, way more than just a stream of literature. A growing community of researchers investigates coopetition’s nature, process, impact on strategies and subsequent performance. This special issue marks a step in the research program development. By identifying the four levels of analysis i.e. macro,...

Innovation strategies are increasingly inter-organizational, and yet firms may find it difficult to choose the appropriate type of cooperation: with competitors (coopetition) or with non-competitors (suppliers, customers, universities, etc.). Coopetition is frequently considered to be a riskier venture, which may lead to the conclusion that this st...

This research examines how a firm's position in a coopetitive network (formed through cooperation among firms within an industry) influences the extent of the firm's competitive aggressiveness and market performance. The authors collected data on the competitive and cooperative actions of firms in the mobile telephone industry from 2000 to 2006, us...

The aim of this research is to study the impact of coopetition strategy on the product innovation. We distinguish three kinds of coopetition: 1) vertical coopetition, 2) horizontal coopetition and 3) simultaneously vertical and horizontal coopetition. We study innovation at the product level. An empirical research is carried out within the publishi...

Types de stratégies de coopétition et performance marché de l'innovation produit : le cas de l'industrie des jeux vidéo Résumé L'objectif de cette recherche est d'étudier l'impact des stratégies de coopétition sur la performance marché de l'innovation produit. On distingue trois types de coopétition: 1) la coopétition verticale, 2) la coopétition h...

This study seeks to provide insights into the management of coopetitive tensions at the working-group level. We theoretically discuss the principles of separation and integration and a combination of both to manage coopetitive tensions at this level. An in-depth case study of a space programme conducted by two competitors − Astrium and Thales Aleni...

This article studies the link between technical and management innovation. Two types of technical innovation are identified: product and process innovation. The effect of the size of the firm is also taken into account. We presume that the more innovative a firm is in products and processes, the more innovative it will be in management. We also pre...

Les stratégies de coopétition combinent deux forces contradictoires : la compétition et la coopération. Ces stratégies créent des tensions fortes entre les coopétiteurs. Les tensions coopétitives sont étudiées, dans les recherches antérieures, au niveau inter-organisationnel mais pas au niveau intra-organisationnel. Afin de combler ce vide, une étu...

While we witness an increasing scholarly interest in SME coopetition strategies, the question how to manage coopetition remains widely unanswered. Filling this gap, we investigate coopetition management at the example of the Pic-Saint-Loup case study on wine sector. Our results show that Pic Saint-Loup SMEs cooperate simultaneously in a union while...

General Electric (GE) ou Siemens-Mitsubishi ? Dans les deux cas, Alstom perdra le drapeau français, après d’autres fleurons de l’industrie hexagonale comme Arcelor ou Pechiney. Ce qui est présenté aujourd’hui comme une nécessité aurait-il pu être évité ? Nul ne le saura jamais. Mais peut-être est-il temps d’arrêter l’hémorragie des savoir-faire fra...

Très peu de travaux établissent une relation entre les stratégies de coopétition et la performance de l’entreprise. Aucun de ces travaux ne met à jour l’impact des stratégies de coopétition sur la performance comparativement à l’impact des stratégies agressive et coopérative. Afin de combler ce vide, cette recherche étudie l’impact des stratégies c...

Individual strategy, vertical cooperation or coopetition strategy: What is the best strategy for innovation product? This research aims at studying the impact of individual strategies, vertical collaboration and coopetition strategies on product innovation. The empirical study focuses on the video game industry and, more particularly on the strateg...

S’allier avec une entreprise de son secteur pour innover n’a pas nécessairement la faveur des dirigeants. C’est une démarche a priori contre-intuitive. Les concurrents ne peuvent pas, dans notre culture occidentale, être en même temps des partenaires. Cette conception n’est pas sans fondements. Les dangers de l’alliance avec des entreprises du même...

Cet article propose une reflexion sur la genealogie, les defis et perspectives de l�innovation manageriale. Apres une presentation detaillee de la genese de l�innovation manageriale, des origines du concept jusqu�aux annees 1990, les auteurs montrent que les innovations organisationnelle et manageriale sont les predecesseurs du concept d�innovation...

Les recherches antérieures sur l'impact des stratégies de coopétition sur l'innovation-produit aboutissent à des résultats contrastés. Pour certaines recherches, l'impact est négatif alors que, pour d'autres recherches, l'impact est positif. Afin d'expliquer ces différences de résultats, nous proposons de distinguer trois types de coopétition (hori...

Coopérer avec ses amis ou avec ses ennemis Quelle stratégie pour l'innovation produit ? Cette recherche 1 s'inscrit dans les nouvelles approches de l'innovation qui mettent l'accent sur l'importance des stratégies de coopération. Les auteurs étudient le lien entre les différentes stratégies de coopération et l'innovation produit, en fonction du typ...

Les stratégies de coopétition consistent à coopérer et à rivaliser simultanément avec le même partenaire-adversaire. Management peu étudié dans les recherches antérieures, cette recherche 1 se propose de répondre aux questions suivantes. Comment deux firmes concurrentes s'organisent-elles pour coopérer ? Comment gèrent-elles les tensions liées à la...

The role of regional determinants in new entrepreneurs’ location decisions is analyzed in the French information and communication technologies (ICT) sector. As we focus on the emergence of this industry, our dataset includes every new ICT firm in France in the period 1993–2001. We find evidence for the positive effect of co-location with incumbent...

An important stream of literature in the past 20 years focuses on the impact of new firm formation, i.e., entrepreneurship, for the economic development of regions and nations. Addressing the importance of small business and new firm formation for economic growth (Audretsch 1995), a considerable outpouring of literature presented empirical evidence...

The paradoxical nature of coopetition is determined by a combination of collaboration and competition. Coopetition is a relational mode frequently applied by information and communications technologty (ICT) firms. Using a qualitative approach, this study investigates the evolution of inter-firms coopetitive agreements in the enterprise resource pla...

Cet ouvrage permet de mieux appréhender les innovations majeures dans le domaine des sciences du management (comptabilité, finance, RH...) et de mesurer leur impact sur l’entreprise. Le lecteur peut ainsi s’approprier les connaissances indispensables en management tout en développant son esprit critique. Qu’est-ce que l’innovation managériale ? Qu...

Football and Stock Market : An analysis of the volatility around the sporting results This study investigates the relationship between Football and stock market by analyzing the volatility around the sporting result announces. The theoretical background is based on the importance of intangible assets in the football industry and the difficulty in e...

This study adapts the research framework applied by previous studies regarding the determinants of small firm performance in hostile environments to investigate the factors that influence the performance of small wine producers during a market crisis manifested in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Taking into account the importance of a clear manage...

This study investigates the effect of sporting performances on the volatility of listed football clubs. The theoretical background is based on the importance of intangible assets in the football industry and the difficulty in evaluating them. The empirical analysis is based on the family of autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model...

L’objet de cet article est de mieux comprendre les déterminants et les implications de la « coopérativité ». Une revue de la littérature permet de définir la coopérativité et de proposer une modélisation de ses déterminants et implications dans l’industrie de la téléphonie mobile permet de tester cette modélisation.

L’objectif de cet article est de mieux comprendre les processus de dissolution d’alliances entre firmes non concurrentes au départ de l’alliance. L’étude se centre plus spécifiquement sur la question de la création de tensions concurrentielles au cours du processus d’alliance. Le cadre théorique est celui des stratégies relationnelles qui distingue...

Les stratégies de rupture consistent à redéfinir les règles du jeu dans une industrie. Les recherches antérieures sur ce type de stratégie sont essentiellement centrées sur ses conditions d’émergence. Cette recherche se propose d’appréhender la stratégie de rupture comme une manoeuvre qui entre dans la dynamique des interactions concurrentielles. A...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the competitive strategies adopted by French wine producing firms in a crisis context. Design/methodology/approach First, two case studies have been developed through interviews with wine producers. They show that many strategies, corresponding to different levels of performance, are possible in...

L'émergence du concept de coopétition, réunion des deux principaux paradigmes du management stratégique marque l'ouverture d'un vaste champ de recherche. Afin d'évaluer l'intensité d'une pratique coopétitive ou son influence sur la performance, il est important d'appréhender le phénomène de manière fiable. Cet article s'interroge sur l'observation...

This study investigates the effect of sporting performances on the volatility of listed English football clubs. The theoretical background is based on the importance of intangible assets in the football industry and the difficulty in evaluating them. This results in the hypothesis that sporting results affect the volatility of share prices. The emp...

Firms are increasingly adopting strategies of coopetition, i.e. strategies in which they combine the advantages of both competition and cooperation. The drivers that can explain the implementation of these strategies of coopetition are still not well understood. In order to identify those drivers a qualitative study was undertaken within the Europe...

Cet article se propose d’identifier les principales strategies concurrentielles dans une industrie en crise. L’etude empirique porte sur l’industrie vitivinicole en Languedoc-Roussillon. Les donnees ont ete collectees par un questionnaire administre aupres de cent soixante entreprises. Les resultats montrent notamment que, plutot que des strategies...

Résumé Malgré la forte croissance du secteur des TIC, les recherches concernant ses spécificités entrepreneuriales sont peu nombreuses. Or, les entrepreneurs ne constituent pas une entité homogène et il est nécessaire d’élaborer des typologies pour montrer leurs différentes caractéristiques. Nous cherchons donc à déterminer si les entrepreneurs TIC...

Les stratégies de coopétition consistent à coopérer et à rivaliser simultanément avec le même partenaire-adversaire. Management peu étudié dans les recherches antérieures, cette recherche 1 se propose de répondre aux questions suivantes. Comment deux firmes concurrentes s'organisent-elles pour coopérer ? Comment gèrent-elles les tensions liées à la...

'This book provides a diverse set of perspectives on the topic. It is very useful reading for anyone interested in understanding coopetition in multiple contexts.' - Devi R. Gnyawali, Virginia Tech, US. © Saïd Yami, Sandro Castaldo, Giovanni Battista Dagnino and Frédéric Le Roy 2010. All rights reserved.

Coopetition is an alternative to the two main paradigms of strategic management: competition and cooperation. We can study the possibilities for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to cooperate and compete simultaneously in light of the existing literature on the new forms of rivalry and cooperation. However, this recent paradox must be tested in v...

Since 2003, the Interdisciplinary European Conference on Entrepreneurship Research (IECER) has become an important forum for interdisciplinary entrepreneurship research in Europe. After five editions, the founders and organisers take stock and look forward. The attendant structures, outreach, participation of disciplines, thematical focus of the re...