Franz Winter

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• Professor
• Professor for Thermochemical Process Engineering at TU Wien

The increasing demand for high-performance activated carbon necessitates applying sustainable and cost-effective production methods. This study explores the use of biochar derived from renewable biomass. The primary feedstock for biochar consisted of woody residues from composting, along with pre-dried sunflower seed shells that had a moisture cont...

The increasing demand for high-performance activated carbon necessitates applying sustainable and cost-effective production methods. This study explores the use of biochar, derived from renewable biomass. The primary feedstock for biochar consisted of woody residues from composting, along with pre-dried sunflower seed shells that had a moisture con...

The industrial sector is a significant energy consumer, primarily reliant on fossil fuels. Nevertheless, the potential of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies for decarbonizing the industry is promising and the challenges posed by variability in weather and seasons can be effectively addressed through the use of seasonal storage methods, suc...

Thermochemical energy storage can be used for heating applications, thereby helping to cut down on greenhouse gases from burning non-renewable fuels by offering a solution for seasonal heat storage. In the scope of the EU project RESTORE, a thermochemical energy storage is used to store low temperature waste heat and use it for district heating. Th...

Thick electrode production is a key enabler for realizing high energy density Lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the investigation of tortuosity as a crucial limiting parameter was conducted in this work. A thickness threshold (>150 μm) for a drastic increase in tortuosity for aqueous processed LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) electrodes was determined....

The performance of Li-ion batteries is highly influenced by the microstructure of the assembled electrodes. Typically, porosity is chosen as a standard characteristic parameter, describing the morphology of the material components in the coated layer. However, transport phenomena and concentration polarization resistance also depend on the tortuosi...

Multi-layer coating of electrodes with different material compositions helps unlock the full potential of high-loaded electrodes. Within this work, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathodes with an areal capacity of >8.5 mA h cm⁻² and tuned binder concentrations were fabricated by using an industrially relevant roll-to-roll process. Rate capability tes...

Die TU Wien bringt mit Industrie‐ und Kooperationspartnern ein Verfahren zur Marktreife, das Energie mit reversiblen, chemischen Reaktionen speichert. Deshalb ist während der Lagerung keine Isolierung erforderlich, und viele Ladezyklen sind ohne Verluste möglich.

Maximizing the electrode thickness is an inevitable target to reach when improving the energy density of Li-ion batteries [1,2]. Unfortunately, the fabrication of electrodes of several hundreds of micrometer thickness is often accompanied by detrimental side-effects. A critical process step in thick electrode production is the drying of the coated...

Power-to-Liquid (PtL) plants can viably implement carbon capture and utilization technologies in Europe. In addition, local CO2 sources can be valorized to substitute oil and gas imports. This work’s aim was to determine the PtL efficiency obtained by combining a solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEC) and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. In addition, a recommen...

Clay bricks have been used as a construction material by humans since thousands of years. Modern brick making however is challenged by the still energy-intensive production, coming together with considerable amounts of greenhouse gas emissions and consequently climate impact. Therefore, the physicochemical fundamentals of the brick firing process s...

Manufacturing thick electrodes for Li-ion batteries is a challenging task to fulfill, but leads to higher energy densities inside the cell. Water-based processing even adds an extra level of complexity to the procedure. The focus of this work is to implement a multi-layered coating in an industrially relevant process, to overcome issues in electrod...

This paper presents an experimental study of various bed materials for oxy-fuel combustion of biomass in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB). A silica sand with three particle size distributions (PSDs) and a lightweight ceramic aggregate (LWA) made of thermally expanded clay with two particle size distributions were chosen as potentially suitable materi...

A series of porous clay samples prepared at different pretreatment temperatures have been tested in a diffusion chamber. Diffusivity and permeability were examined in a temperature range from ambient to 900 °C. Gaseous mixtures of O2, CO2, and N2 have been applied, as these species are the relevant gases in the context of clay brick firing and simi...

Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles exhibits great potential to minimize the generation of chemical waste through the utilization of non-toxic precursors. In this research work, we report the synthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles through a green approach using Manilkara zapota leaves extract, their surface...

A revolution of the global energy industry is without an alternative to solving the climate crisis. However, renewable energy sources typically show significant seasonal and daily fluctuations. This paper provides a system concept model of a decentralized power-to-green methanol plant consisting of a biomass heating plant with a thermal input of 20...

A way to overcome issues related to the exploitation of solar energy is to refer to concentrated solar power technology coupled with systems for thermochemical energy storage (TCES) as a means to store solar energy for theoretically unlimited periods and distances at ambient temperature and with a high energy storage density. As potential candidate...

In connection to present energy demand and waste management crisis in Pakistan, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is gaining importance as a potential co-fuel for existing coal fired power plants. This research focuses on the co-combustion of low-quality local coal with RDF as a mean to reduce environmental issues in terms of waste management strategy. The...

As a part of our research in the field of thermochemical energy storage, this study aims to investigate the potential of three fly ash samples derived from the fluidized bed reactors of three different pulp and paper plants in Austria for their use as thermochemical energy (TCES) and CO2 storage materials. The selected samples were analyzed by diff...

The present study aims at investigating key pollutants (gaseous and particulates), identified in the single particle combustion of three different types of biomass. The biomass was characterized through the following chemical analyses: proximate, ultimate and ash analyses. The higher heating values were obtained with calorimetric analyses. The exp...

In this study, a low-cost, efficient, and environmentally friendly anaerobic sludge process for the treatment of industrial beverage wastewater was investigated to analyze the effect of bacteria growth on the degradation of organic matter (chemical oxygen demand). Additionally, the mechanism, interactions between the microbe’s growth, and operating...

Ignition within gas burner ejectors can lead to off design conditions and has significant influence on the burner behavior. Thus ignition in the ejector should be prevented. In the present study the influence of combustion reactions on the performance of gas burner injectors is investigated. To investigate if ignition is possible, simulated ignitio...

The present study investigates the suitability and restrictions of the unreacted shrinking core model to describe the combustion of a fixed organic substance in a clay matrix, as found in the firing process of clay bricks. The model was applied to the experimental data of isothermal measurements and validated by the model prediction of nonisotherma...

The Special Issue of Energies "Progress and Novel Applications of Fluidized Bed Technology" is intended to serve as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches. The publication aims to invite researchers and engineers from the academia and industry to publish their latest achievements associated with fluidized bed systems and...

The present work aimed at investigating the effect of several operating parameters on the experimentally measured primary gaseous products and particulate matter (PM), as well as on the reaction rate and the total conversion, obtained during single particle combustion of biomass in fluidized bed conditions. In focus were the following operating par...

The thermal characteristics and kinetic behavior of various solid wastes, including refuse‐derived fuel (RDF) and municipal solid waste (MSW), were investigated as a potential renewable energy source, in comparison with low‐rank coal. The experimental data were obtained in nonisothermal conditions through TGA analysis at specific heating rates. In...

This study presents the further development of the TU Wien dual fuel mechanism, which was optimized for simulating ignition and combustion in a rapid compression expansion machine (RCEM) in dual fuel mode using diesel and natural gas at pressures higher than 60 bar at the start of injection. The mechanism is based on the Complete San Diego mechanis...

Due to its high potential for thermal energy storage systems (Huber, Setoodeh Jahromy, Jordan, et al, Energies. 2019;12:17) the decomposition of boric acid is of particular interest in the field of applied research. The complexity of the reaction mechanism, with its multiple partial‐overlapping reaction steps, hitherto prevented a clear identificat...

The storage of industrial waste heat through thermochemical energy storage (TCES) shows high potential to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. In this paper the capital cost investment of a TCES system utilizing fluidized bed reactors and the reaction system MgO/Mg(OH)2 is estimated and a profitability analysis is performed. The study estimate is...

In this study, a reaction mechanism is presented that is optimized for the simulation of the dual fuel combustion process using n-heptane and a mixture of methane/propane as surrogate fuels for diesel and natural gas, respectively. By comparing the measured and calculated ignition delay times (IDTs) of different homogeneous methane–propane–n-heptan...

With rapid increases in population and urbanization, uncontrolled municipal solid waste (MSW) is a threat to public health and environmental safety. In this study, we explore its generation, treatment, and characteristics of physical/chemical composition and assess the potential of MSW as a renewable energy source in Lahore, the second largest city...

This study aims to investigate the physical and chemical characterization of six fly ash samples obtained from different municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), namely grate furnaces, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed reactor, to determine their potential for CO2 and thermochemical energy storage (TCES). Representative samples were characterized v...

The book containes following chapters: Policies and Strategies, Country Reports, Waste Incineration, Pyrolysis, Gasification and Liquefaction, Mechanical-Biological Treatment and Solid Recovered Fuels, Sewage Sludge, Materials and Corrosion/Fouling, Flue Gas Treatment, Incineration Residues

Dual fuel combustion exhibits a high degree of complexity due to the presence of different fuels like diesel and natural gas in initially different physical states and a spatially strongly varying mixing ratio. Optimizing this combustion process on an engine test bench is costly and time consuming. Cost reduction can be achieved by utilizing simula...

Energy crisis and solid waste management have remained challenging issues for authorities in Pakistan. These issues tend to rise with increasing population and economic growth of the society. Therefore, environmentally sustainable waste‐to‐energy program must be part of the waste management system since they may substitute fossil fuels with renewab...

European solid waste incinerator plants still primarily use grate furnace technology, although circulating fluidized bed (CFB) technology is steadily expanding. Therefore, few investigations have reported on the environmental assessment of fly ash from fluidized incinerators. This research project aims to integrate information on fly ash derived fr...

Energy crisis and solid waste management have remained challenging issues for authorities in Pakistan. These issues tend to rise with increasing population and economic growth of the society. Therefore, environmentally sustainable waste-to-energy program must be part of the waste management system since they may substitute fossil fuels with renewab...

European solid waste incinerator plants still primarily use grate furnace technology, although circulating fluidized bed (CFB) technology is steadily expanding. Therefore, few investigations have reported on the environmental assessment of fly ash from fluidized incinerators. This research project aims to integrate information on fly ash derived fr...

Municipal solid waste incineration residues such as fly ash and air pollution control residues are classified as hazardous waste and disposed of, although they contain potential resources. The most problematic elements in municipal solid waste incineration residues are leachable heavy metals and salts. Therefore, these residues usually do not meet...

This paper aims to describe the capability of the system boric acid–boron oxide for thermochemical energy storage. As part of the systematic research and in-depth analysis of potential solid/gas reaction systems, performed during the last years, this reaction system appears to be highly promising for the future of worldwide sustainable energy suppl...

Each year, combustion at municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants produces millions of tons of fly ash globally. This ash is characterized as a hazardous material and is mostly placed in landfills after a stabilization process or stored in hazardous waste sites. Thus, disposal of fly ash leaves a considerable social and environmental footpr...

Each year, combustion at municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants produces millions of tons of fly ash globally. This ash is characterized as a hazardous material and is mostly placed in landfills after a stabilization process or stored in hazardous waste sites. Thus, disposal of fly ash leaves a considerable social and environmental footpr...

Metal oxides are promising potential candidates for thermochemical energy storage in concentrated solar power plants. In particular, the Cu2O/CuO system is suitable because of its high energy density, applied temperature interval, and reduced cost compared to the CoO/Co3O4 system. In heterogenous gas-solid reactions, the pressure affects the kineti...

Carbon dioxide, i.e. CO2, is the most important greenhouse gas and considered to contribute significantly to climate change and global warming. Besides the reduction of CO2 emissions, there is also a high potential to integrate CO2 in terms of a carbon conversion cycle to products using it as the carbon source. This book deals with the effects of C...

A method for deriving kinetic models of gas-solid reactions for reactor and process design is presented. It is based on the nonparametric kinetics (NPK) method and resolves many of its shortcomings by applying tensor rank-1 approximation methods. With this method, it is possible to derive kinetic models based on the general kinetic equation from an...

Carbon dioxide, i.e. CO2, is the most important greenhouse gas and considered to contribute significantly to climate change and global warming. Besides the reduction of CO2 emissions, there is also a high potential to integrate CO2 in terms of a carbon conversion cycle to products using it as the carbon source. This book deals with the effects of C...

Energy crisis and solid waste management have remained challenging issues for authorities in Pakistan. These issues tend to rise with increasing population and economic growth of the society. Therefore, environmentally sustainable waste-to-energy program must be part of the waste management system since they may substitute fossil fuels with renewab...

The book containes following chapters: Policies and Strategies, Country Reports, Waste Incineration, Pyrolysis and Gasification, Mechanical-Biological Treatment and Solid Recovered Fuels, Sewage Sludge, Materials and Corrosion, Flue Gas Treatment

Over a decade biomass is considered as the largest and sustainable energy resource due to its huge availability and applicability, and low net CO2 emissions (Jones et al. 2014). According to the recent European regulation, emissions of small-scale combustion devices must comply with the admissible limits (Directive 2016/2284/EU). Despite the effort...

A novel algorithm to identify the full kinetic model of solid state reactions according to the General Kinetic Equation is presented. It is a higher-order generalization of the Non-Parametric Kinetics method (NPK-method) and allows for the simultaneous identification of the conversion, temperature and pressure dependency from any combination of mea...

The development of novel thermal energy storage concepts is of great importance to achieve the shift towards sustainable energy systems. Due to the volatile nature of renewable energy resources the interest in storage methods in order to match the intermittent output with costumer demand has increased rapidly. Thermochemical energy storage is a ver...

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems show high potential to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and to accomplish the shift towards sustainable energy systems. Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) provides significant advantages compared to other TES systems, including nearly loss-free storage at ambient pressure and temperature, high energy dens...

This paper shows that for the efficient utilization of resources like waste, biomass and coal fluidized bed technology plays a significant role and highlightens-as examples-research activities on fluidized bed technology. It is structured into gasification, chemical looping combustion, CO2 capture, synthetic biofuels, and fluid catalytic cracking (...

An novel method to identify the pressure dependency for reactions of the type A(s) ⇌ B(s) + C(g) is proposed. It is an extension of the non-parametric kinetic analysis (NPK) method as it identifies the pressure dependency in addition to the temperature and conversion dependency of the reaction. This is done by analyzing kinetic data in a three-dime...

The energetic recovery of biomass and biomass waste has a long history in Austria. The available infrastructure consists of 17 fluidized bed combustors (FBC) with a total thermal capacity of 700 MW and three fluidized bed gasifiers with a total thermal capacity of 33 MW. Eight FBC plants have circulating beds while the other three have bubbling bed...

Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) is considered a possibility to enhance the energy utilization efficiency of various processes. One promising field is the application of thermochemical redox systems in combination with concentrated solar power (CSP). There, reactions of metal oxides are in the focus of research, since they allow an increase in...

Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) is considered as an emerging green technology for increased energy utilization efficiency, thereby achieving a reduction of greenhouse gases. Various reaction systems based on different substance classes (e.g. hydrates, hydroxides, oxides) were suggested and investigated so far. Nevertheless, the number of know...

As current disposal practices for municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash are either associated with significant costs or negative environmental impacts, an alternative treatment was investigated in a field scale experiment. Thereto, two rotary kilns were fed with hazardous waste, and moistened MSWI fly ash (water content of 23%) was adde...

In Vienna approximately 1 million tons of waste is incinerated annually. Therefore 13 lines of waste incineration, including fluidized bed incinerators, rotary kilns and grate furnaces, are in operation. Beside municipal solid waste, hazardous waste as well as communal sewage sludge are utilized. All incinerator lines use a wet flue gas cleaning sy...

In Austria, besides co-incineration of waste, a total capacity of annually 2.7 million tons of pure waste incineration exists. As combustion technologies grate furnaces, rotary kilns and fluidized bed combustors are used. About thirty percent of the installed capacity uses fluidized bed combustors. The main aim of this work is to investigate the Au...

Properties of the waste treatment residual fly ash generated from municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash were investigated in this study. Six different mortar blends with the addition of the municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash were evaluated. The Portland cement replacement levels of the municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash used were...

In Austria the utilization of biomass and biomass waste has a long history. At the moment eleven fluidized bed combustors and three fluidized bed gasifiers utilizing biomass or biomass waste operate with a thermal capacity of around 640 megawatts (MW) and 33 MW, respectively. Around two third of the installed capacity, coming from eight fluidized b...

In Austria the utilization of biomass and biomass waste has a long history. At the moment eleven fluidized bed combustors and three fluidized bed gasifiers utilizing biomass or biomass waste operate with a thermal capacity of around 640 megawatts (MW) and 33 MW, respectively. Around two third of the installed capacity, coming from eight fluidized b...

In emerging markets diesel fuel may contain high sulfur contents. Thus, a parametric study is conducted to get an insight to the sulfur species distribution during engine combustion. The parametric study is embedded in an overview of the sulfur pathway in diesel engines. In general, fuel sulfur is oxidized to sulfur oxides (SO, SO 2 , SO 3 ). These...

In emerging markets diesel fuel may contain high sulfur contents. Thus, a parametric study is conducted to get an insight to the sulfur species distribution during engine combustion. The parametric study is embedded in an overview of the sulfur pathway in diesel engines. In general, fuel sulfur is oxidized to sulfur oxides (SO, SO2 , SO3 ). These s...

Coal is a very important fuel because of its high calorific value of up to about 33 MJ/kg and its worldwide distribution (refer also to Lackner et al. 2013). Coal is available on the international market and can be obtained from many mines of the world. However, coal is a fossil fuel, rich in carbon and produces CO2, a major greenhouse gas. Beside...

Solid residues generated at European Waste to Energy plants contain altogether about 69,000 t/a of Zn, of which more than 50% accumulates in air pollution control residues, mainly boiler and filter ashes. Intensive research activities aiming at Zn recovery from such residues recently resulted in a technical scale Zn recovery plant at a Swiss waste...

A method for controlling a transformation process in which the conversion of charge materials to a product takes place along a transformation interface from the crystal and/or grain and/or phase and/or pore surface into the charge material, wherein one or more chemical elements in the charge materials is released and/or incorporated and/or rearrang...