Frank C. Walsh

Verified

Frank verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

Verified

Frank verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

• PhD Electrodeposition at Rotating Cylinders
• Emeritus Professor in Electrochemical Engineering at University of Southampton

The corrosion of uncoated metals in a marine environment restricts the choice of suitable engineering metals and alloys. Anodic dissolution of metal and cathodic reduction of oxygen are important processes and formation of a surface oxide film can affect both electrode reactions. Charge transfer and mass transfer data can provide information on cor...

TiO2 remains one of the most popular materials used in catalysts, photovoltaics, coatings, and electronics due to its abundance, chemical stability, and excellent catalytic properties. The tailoring of the TiO2 structure into two-dimensional nanosheets prompted the successful isolation of graphene and MXenes. In this review, facet-controlled TiO2 a...

The Department of Energy (DOE) has identified the reduction of H2 production costs as a prominent objective. Therefore, any factor that influences the system's functionality and subsequently production cost is deemed significant. The stability of the cathode is a crucial factor in ensuring high operational reliability; however, its treatment in the...

Electrocatalyst-coated metallic electrodes for electrochemical flow reactors have many applications in electrosynthesis, environmental remediation and energy conversion. This work presents novel nickel-coated titanium-alloy electrodes produced by means of direct metal laser sintering and constant current electrodeposition in an additive-free Wood's...

Issue cover for paper: https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2023.2185977 Electrocatalyst-coated metallic electrodes for electrochemical flow reactors have many applications in electrosynthesis, environmental remediation and energy conversion. This work presents novel nickelcoated titanium-alloy electrodes produced by means of direct metal laser sinteri...

An undivided unit cell based on copper and lead ions in methanesulphonic acid is considered as a hybrid‐flow battery. The flow cell used a single flow loop recirculating 250 cm 3 electrolyte containing 20 mmol dm −3 Cu 2+ + 20 mmol dm −3 Pb 2+ in 1 mol dm −3 methanesulphonic acid at 23 °C through a plane‐parallel cell containing 100 cm 2 carbon‐pol...

Versatile and effective strategies for the management of intermittent and sustainable energy supplies are critically needed for electrical grids. Despite flow batteries being major contenders as key devices in power control, many scientists and engineers remain unfamiliar with the principles behind flow batteries or their technology. A workshop is...

NiTi metallic biomaterials have a broad spectrum of clinical applications from heart stents to orthopedic implants. Recently, the use of NiTi smart biomaterials has received growing attention due to their striking features, including a low elastic modulus, shape memory behavior and acceptable biocompatibility. However, leaching of Ni ions from the...

The concept of flow batteries (FBs) is introduced and their operating principles are summarized. The importance of FBs to the storage of renewable energy is highlighted, together with a description of existing and expected applications. The advantages and limitations of FBs are contrasted with other types of battery, and environmental benefits of F...

The Zn–Ce flow battery (FB) has drawn considerable attention due to its ability to achieve open‐circuit voltages of up to 2.5 V, which surpasses any other aqueous, hybrid FB or Zn‐based FB chemistry. This Zn–Ce FB was introduced in the early 2000s, building upon the proven industrial electrolysis of cerium ions for mediated organic electrosynthesis...

Hugo Christiaan Hamaker, a physicist, was born in Broek op, Langedijk in the North Province of the Netherlands. He completed a PhD at the University of Utrecht in 1934, supervised by theoretical physicist Leonard Ornstein, with a dissertation entitled ‘Reflectivity and emissivity of tungsten; with a description of a new method to determine the tota...

Traditionally, electroplating has involved the continuous deposition of a single layer of metal at constant current. However, electrodeposition of alternate layers can offer benefits such as reduced wear, improved corrosion resistance and higher tensile strength. The alternate layers can involve different morphology or thickness of metal, different...

Background: Evans’s drop is a classic corrosion experiment that is nearly 100 years old, and it is analogous to other corrosion systems promoted by O2 gradients. The availability of more robust finite element software packages opens the possibility to reach a deeper understanding of these kind of corrosion systems. Methodology: In order to solve th...

Pandemics such as COVID-19 have highlighted the importance of point-of-care sensors for testing, tracing and treatment to minimise and manage infection. Biosensors have been widely deployed in portable devices such as glucose sensors and pregnancy tests. Their development for point-of-exposure virus detection or point-of-care devices is anticipated...

The manufacture, characterization, and application of carbon cloth (CC) are reviewed and its use as an electrode in fundamental electrochemical studies and technological applications over the last fifty-five years is considered. The most widely used precursors to produce commercial CC are polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers manufactured by heat treatmen...

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts, which are highly efficient, low-cost, yet durable, are important for secondary Zn–air cell applications. ORR activities of single and mixed metal oxide and carbon electrocatalysts were studied using rotating disc electrode (RDE) measurements, Tafel slope and Koutecky–Levich plots. It was found that...

Typically, pure niobium oxide coatings are deposited on metallic substrates, such as commercially pure Ti, Ti6Al4 V alloys, stainless steels, niobium, TiNb alloy, and Mg alloys using techniques such as sputter deposition, sol-gel deposition, anodizing, and wet plasma electrolytic oxidation. The relative advantages and limitations of these coating t...

The selection of a highly efficient, low-cost, yet durable ORR electrocatalyst is important for secondary Zn-air cell applications. ORR activities of single and mixed metal oxide and carbon electrocatalysts were studied using rotating disc electrode (RDE) measurements, Tafel slope and Koutecky-Levich plots. It was found that MnO x combined with XC-...

Bromine based redox flow batteries (RFBs) can provide sustainable energy storage due to the abundance of bromine. Such devices pair Br2/Br⁻ at the positive electrode with complementary redox couples at the negative electrode. Due to the highly corrosive nature of bromine, electrode materials need to be corrosion resistant and durable. The positive...

The demand for robust engineering materials demonstrating good tribological performance under arduous service conditions has forged the development of novel coating materials and techniques. In the field of surface engineering, multilayer structures have attracted great interest. Electrodeposition offers a versatile and controlled route to engineer...

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to predict the electrolyte dispersion, mass transport, current-potential distributions and state of charge in a vanadium-cerium redox flow battery (RFB) containing graphite felt electrodes, the half-cell flow compartments being separated by an anion exchange membrane. A polymeric mesh was plac...

Supercapacitors, also known as electrochemical capacitors, are promising energy storage devices for applications where short term (seconds to minutes), high power energy uptake and delivery are required. Supercapacitors store electric charges either by electric double layer capacitance or fast faradic redox reactions occur at the surface or sub‐sur...

Following fundamental concepts and definitions, the characteristic benefits and limitations of electrochemical cells in energy conversion are considered. Thermodynamics, kinetics and ohmic drop are seen to be important in realising a high charge capacity and energy efficiency. Types of electrochemical device, including the battery, flow battery, fu...

Hard chromium coatings have attracted much attention due to their strong tribological and corrosion performance. There is a global need to replace such coatings in industrial applications owing to technical problems, environmental concerns and legislation. Co-P electrodeposits are a promising alternative to hard chromium in a variety of engineering...

BACKGROUND The development of new open‐cell porous electrodes for electrochemical flow cells and reactors is demonstrated through the application of 3D printing. The properties of diverse architectures were investigated, including rectangular, circular, hexagonal and triangular cells with linear porosity grades of 10, 20 and 30 pores per inch (ppi)...

Organic redox flow batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their moderately low-cost and scalability. This paper introduces a new multi-electron redox active material, tetra-aminoanthraquinone (DB-1) that is capable of forming cations with an oxidation state of 4+, yielding one of the highest electrode potentials (up to 4.4 V vs. Li)...

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

CNT (10, 0) is carbon nanotube; Graphene is a 2-dimensional carbon allotrope being light weight and Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide. In this work, detailed analysis of the above three stated compounds as anode for lithium-ion batteries is stated. The density function theory (DFT) computations were used to carry out the investigation of the abov...

Lithium ion batteries cannot satisfy increasing demand for energy storage. A range of complementary batteries are needed which are environmentally acceptable, of moderate cost and easy to manufacture/recycle. In this case, we have chosen pyrazine to be used in the sodium ion batteries to meet the energy storage requirements of tomorrow. Pyrazine is...

Zen philosophy is loosely applied to electrochemical cells used in surface finishing. The importance of considering the overall cell in a balanced, holistic fashion, rather than one reaction at a single electrode, is stressed. The electrochemical cell has six essential components, namely, a cathode, an anode, the electrolyte, the external electrica...

The concept of redox flow batteries (RFBs) is explained and their importance in grid level electrical energy storage is highlighted. The benefits of their modular configuration are linked to a flexible service operation, improved safety, recyclability, moderate costs and reduced environmental impact. Types of RFBs are classified and examples of the...

The concept of a trickle tower, using ordered bipolar electrode elements stacked in (10 to 80) similar layers of porous, 3D electrodes separated by insulating separator meshes is described and key features of electrochemical reactors based on the bipolar trickle tower reactor (BTTR) geometry are reviewed. Fluid flow, mass transfer, active area and...

This study investigates the removal of Pb(II) using polymer matrix membranes, cellulose acetate/vinyl triethoxysilane modified graphene oxide and gum Arabic (GuA) membranes. These complexation-NF membranes were successfully synthesized via dissolution casting method for better transport phenomenon. The varied concentrations of GuA were induced in t...

Hydroxyapatite has become an important coating material for bioimplants, following the introduction of synthetic HAp in the 1950s. The HAp coatings require controlled surface roughness/porosity, adequate corrosion resistance and need to show favorable tribological behavior. The deposition rate must be sufficiently fast and the coating technique nee...

This chapter considers the synthesis, properties, and applications of polymer composites having a high filler content (≥30 wt%) of cellulose nanoparticles, i.e. cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and nanocrystals (CNC). Approaches to the synthesis of high content filler polymer nanocomposites are suggested to facilitate the maximum reinforcement of cellulo...

The present study reports the characterization of reverse osmosis (RO) technology at water treatment plant Cogen-2 in paper and Board mills, Pakistan. RO is a commonly used process to obtain de-mineralized water for high-pressure boiler operation in thermal power plants. Scaling and fouling in three-stage RO plants is a major challenge in chemical...

The cover image created by Christian Harito and colleagues shows an array of TiO2 nanotubes with characteristic diameter ≈140 nm and the length of ≈1.5 microns. The image was created by anodic oxidation of a titanium substrate and used as a template for soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) moulding. And the optimal moulding process was developed by a c...

Computational fluid dynamics simulations were carried out to describe the hydrodynamic characteristics of a two-phase bubbly flow in a filter-press flow reactor stack of three cells, which is typically used in electrocoagulation (EC). The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) took place at the cathode; dissolution of aluminium occurred at the anode. Th...

Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are replacing fossil fuels for electricity generation. However, intermittency of wind and solar limits their wide-spread adoptions. The energy fed into the power grid must be matched with the consumer energy demand to prevent blackouts and destabilization of the grid [1, 2]. Recently, redox flow batte...

Sol-gel derived HAp powders calcined at 600 • C were highly crystalline. • A dense HAp coating was formed over the surface of heat-treated NiTi. • Ni ion leaching was decreased by 75% using pre-heat treatment followed by sol-gel HAp coating. • A considerable improvement in the corrosion resistance of NiTi was achieved. A R T I C L E I N F O Keyword...

A critical review of classical and improved electrodes, electrocatalysts and reactors is provided. The principles governing the selection of electrochemical flow reactor or progression of a particular design for laboratory or pilot scale are reviewed integrating the principles of electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering with practical aspec...

A critical review of classical and improved electrodes, electrocatalysts and reactors is provided. The principles governing the selection of electrochemical flow reactor or progression of a particular design for laboratory or pilot scale are reviewed integrating the principles of electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering with practical aspec...

The electrodeposition of composite coatings containing included particles in a metal matrix dates back, at least, to the 1920s. The process involves both electroplating of metal and electrophoretic coating of particles but can often be carried out in modified electroplating tanks. It is not always appreciated that a stable suspension of particles o...

Auxetic foams continue to interest researchers owing to their unique and enhanced properties. Existing studies attest to the importance of fabrication mechanisms and parameters. However, disparity in thermo-mechanical parameters has left much debate as to which factors dominate fabrication output quality. This paper provides experimental, computati...

Auxetic foams continue to interest researchers owing to their unique and enhanced properties. Existing studies attest to the importance of fabrication mechanisms and parameters. However, disparity in thermo-mechanical parameters has left much debate as to which factors dominate fabrication output quality. This paper provides experimental, computati...

Abstract This paper reports the oxidation of Remazol black B dye by employing iron ions catalyst based gas diffusion cathodes, (GDCs). A GDC was synthesized by using a layer of carbon black and iron ions catalyst for oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide. The results demonstrated around 97% decolorization of Remazol black-B dye for 50 min by iron i...

The polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM 1 is employed to disperse and deposit a Pt at titanate nanosheet photocatalyst film. The resulting microporous films allow electrolyte and oxygen permeation to give conventional oxygen reduction voltammetric responses on glassy carbon or on platinum disk electrodes in the dark. Preliminary data are present...

Hierarchical PbO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were grown by hydrothermal method on TiO 2 nanotubes (NTs) at 3D titanium felt, which is simple and scalable method. TiO 2 NTs were formed on titanium felt by anodising at 25°C in environmentally friendly methanesulphonic acid solution. The growth of PbO 2 on the TiO 2 NTs depended on immersion time during hyd...

This work shows that metallic zinc can be used as a low-cost substrate or electrode for photocatalyst and electrocatalyst use by anodising in mild bicarbonate solution. Electrochemical anodising was used to produce ZnO nanowires by controlling operational conditions and dip-coating the anodised surface with TiO 2 to produce a core-shell coating wit...

The polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM‐1 is employed to disperse and deposit a Pt@titanate nanosheet photocatalyst film. The resulting microporous films allow electrolyte and oxygen permeation to give conventional oxygen reduction voltammetric responses on glassy carbon or on platinum disk electrodes in the dark. With pulsed light from a blue L...

Patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an important structure for soft lithography. Various materials have been deployed as mold for patterning PDMS. Anodized nanotubular array has been sought after as cost‐effective alternative for textured silicon. An array of TiO2 nanotubes with characteristic diameter ≈140 nm and the length of ≈1.5 microns, c...

The traditional importance of hard chromium electroplating in surface engineering is recognised and the key features of this well-established technology are summarised. Despite the high hardness, corrosion protection and wear resistance of chromium electrodeposits, a number of alternative coating compositions and application techniques have been de...

Titanate nanotubes (TiNT) were deposited over the surface of 100 pores per inch (ppi) reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) by anodic electrophoresis at a cell voltage of 15 V, in an undivided cell, from an ethanol/water suspension containing TiNT coated with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) surfactant. Scanning electron microscopy showed the open...

A laboratory filter-press flow cell with parallel plate electrodes is designed for nickel electrodeposition on mild steel from a diluted solution. Design features, such as electrolyte manifolds and turbulence promoters, produced by 3D printing, following computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, are used to minimize jet flow and edge effects...

Pyromeliticdianhydride (PMDA) and 4’,4’-oxydianiline (ODA) were used asmonomers of polyimide. To synthesise a water soluble polyimide precursor (polyamic acidsalt), triethylamine (TEA) was added to polyamic acid with a TEA/COOH mole ratio of 1:1.Titanate nanosheets were synthesised by solid-state reaction, ion-exchanged with acid, andexfoliated by...

The effect of UV light exposure on the properties of hexafluoroisopropylidene-diphthalic anhydride–oxydianiline (6FDA–ODA) polyimide (PI) and polyimide–titanate nanotube (TiNT/PI) composites has been studied using Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, nanoidentation and TEM. The degree of polymer photodegradation was estimated by measuring the ch...

Films of titanate nanosheets (approx. 1.8-nm layer thickness and 200-nm size) having a lamellar structure can form electrolytefilled semi-permeable channels containing tetrabutylammonium cations. By evaporation of a colloidal solution, persistent deposits are readily formed with approx. 10 micrometer thickness on a 6-micrometer-thick poly(ethylene-...

The lamellar titanate, with embedded tetrabutyl ammonium cations, behaves like a hydrophobic host for hydrophobic redox systems similar to hydrophobic organic microphase systems. Potential for analytical applications is discussed.

The effect of UV light exposure on the properties of 6FDA-ODA polyimide and PI-TiNT composites has been studied using Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, nanoidentation and TEM.

The reaction environment in a C-Flow® Lab 5 × 5 laboratory-scale electrochemical flow cell was characterised in terms of fluid flow, hydraulic pressure drop and space averaged mass transport coefficient. The cell was studied in flow-by configuration with smooth, planar electrodes in a rectangular flow channel. The effect of a polymer mesh turbulenc...

Electrochemical cells continue to be important in the synthesis and processing of commodity and speciality chemicals, environmental remediation, energy conversion and electrodeposition. A current challenge is an increasing need to achieve a high performance from cells which can be easily designed, manufactured or modified. Conventional manufacturin...

The development of smart polymer materials is reviewed and illustrated. Important examples of these polymers include conducting polymers, ionic gels, stimulus-response be used polymers, liquid crystalline polymers and piezoelectric materials, which have desirable properties for use in wearable sensors. This review outlines the mode of action in the...

The development of smart polymer materials is reviewed and illustrated. Important examples of these polymers include conducting polymers, ionic gels, stimulus-response be used polymers, liquid crystalline polymers and piezoelectric materials, which have desirable properties for use in wearable sensors. This review outlines the mode of action in the...

The development of smart polymer materials is reviewed and illustrated. Important examples of these polymers include conducting polymers, ionic gels, stimulus-response be used polymers, liquid crystalline polymers and piezoelectric materials, which have desirable properties for use in wearable sensors. This review outlines the mode of action in the...

A wide range of coatings can be produced by incorporating particles into an electrodeposit. The matrix may be a metal, conductive polymer or conductive ceramic while the particle can be metallic, polymeric, ceramic or combinations of spheroidal, irregular or layered inclusions. Nanostructured, gradient, multilayer and sandwich layer deposit further...

The features of the plane parallel geometry are reviewed since this cell geometry occupies a prominent position, both in the laboratory and in industry. The simple parallel plate can be enhanced by inclusion of porous, 3D electrodes, structured surfaces and bipolar electrical connections, with adequate attention to the reaction environment. Unit ce...

Issue cover for paper: https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2020.1698158 The versatility and convenience of 3D printing can be used to produce tailored metal mesh electrodes, which offer a high volumetric area and good gas release properties for applications in electrochemical technology. In this work, a titanium mesh with 20 ppi triangular pores was d...

The versatility and convenience of 3D printing can be used to produce tailored metal mesh electrodes, which offer a high volumetric area and good gas release properties for applications in electrochemical technology. In this work, a titanium mesh with 20 ppi triangular pores was designed and then manufactured by 3D printing. A thin coating of plati...

Lithium-ion capacitors, which possess excellent power and energy densities, can combine both those advantages from supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, leading to the novel generation hybrid devices for storing energy. This study synthesized one three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical structure self-assembled from CoS nanosheets, according to a s...

Electrodeposited composite and nanocomposite layers have attracted considerable attention as engineering coatings, due to their favourable tribological properties and corrosion resistance. Ni-Co alloy matrix composite coatings are particularly significant due to their extensive and developing industrial applications. Ceramic nanoparticles are commo...

3D Porous electrodes show excellent performance in industrial electrochemical engineering. Such electrodes perform better than planar electrodes in terms of their greater surface area, higher volumetric porosity, turbulence promotion of electrolyte and reasonable mass transfer rates. This paper considers the mass transfer studies of the oxygen redu...

The effect of UV light exposure on the properties of hexafluoroisopropylidene-diphthalic anhydride–oxydianiline (6FDA–ODA) polyimide (PI) and polyimide–titanate nanotube (TiNT/PI) composites has been studied using Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, nanoidentation and TEM. The degree of polymer photodegradation was estimated by measuring the ch...

Ni-P coatings produced by electrodeposition have important mechanical, tribological and electrochemical properties. They can also exhibit catalytic activity and beneficial magnetic behaviour. With subsequent thermal treatment, the hardness of such Ni-P coatings can approach or exceed that of hard Cr coatings. Electrochemical codeposition of homogen...

H₂O₂ is important in large-scale industrial processes and smaller on-site activities. The present industrial route to H₂O₂ involves hydrogenation of an anthraquinone and O₂ oxidation of the resulting dihydroanthraquinone — a costly method and one that is impractical for routine on-site use. Electrosynthesis of H₂O₂ is cost-effective and applicable...

In the original publication, the ‘OH’ radical was incorrectly typeset. It should be in superscript throughout the article. The original article has been corrected.

The performance of five synthesised phosphonium salts, 4-tolyltriphenyl-phosphonium chloride (TTPPC), 4-phenoltriphenylphosphonium chloride (PTPPC), 4-anilinetriphenylphosphonium bromide (ATPPB), 4-benzyl alcoholtriphenylphosphonium chloride (BATPPC), 4-hlorophenyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (CPTPPB) and two commercially available phosphonium salt...

Diferrocenylborinic acid (Fc2BOH, 1) has been synthesized in good yield via an improved synthetic path. Characterisation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (HRMS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray crystallography, and by electrochemical methods reveal two one-electron oxidation processes for the two electronically coupled fer...

The recent development of nanoscale fillers, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanocellulose, allows the functionality of polymer nanocomposites to be controlled and enhanced. However, conventional synthesis methods of polymer nanocomposites cannot maximise the reinforcement of these nanofillers at high filler content. Approaches for the synt...

The recent development of nanoscale fillers, such as carbon nanotube, graphene, and nanocellulose, allows the functionality of polymer nanocomposites to be controlled and enhanced. However, conventional synthesis methods of polymer nanocomposites cannot maximise the reinforcement of these nanofillers at high filler content. Approaches to the synthe...

The recent development of nanoscale fillers, such as carbon nanotube, graphene, and nanocellulose, allows the functionality of polymer nanocomposites to be controlled and enhanced. However, conventional synthesis methods of polymer nanocomposites cannot maximise the reinforcement of these nanofillers at high filler content. Approaches to the synthe...

The recent development of nanoscale fillers, such as carbon nanotube, graphene, and nanocellulose, allows the functionality of polymer nanocomposites to be controlled and enhanced. However, conventional synthesis methods of polymer nanocomposites cannot maximise the reinforcement of these nanofillers at high filler content. Approaches to the synthe...