Frank Hoy

• PhD
• Professor at Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Colleges and universities increasingly employ temporary instructors. Researchers in higher education have voiced strong concerns about this trend because of its impact on educational outcomes, operations of academic institutions, and the composition of academic workforce. To enhance our understanding of this employment practice, this article makes...

Research at the interface of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) and family firms’ domains has grown steadily based on the premise that family firms’ specific elements uniquely affect CE antecedents, strategies, and outcomes. However, much remains to be uncovered. In this article, we offer a theoretical advancement of a corporate entrepreneurship proce...

As a result of U.S. AIDS policies and unmet community needs, many not-for-profit organizations were created to provide services, education, and support for people with HIV/AIDS, their families and friends, and various community entities. The purpose of this study was to examine these emerging organizations and determine similarities between for-pro...

Grassroots innovation projects have the potential to generate novel, bottom-up solutions that respond to local situations, interests and values – solving the social, economic and environmental problems of marginalized communities; however, these projects can raise important challenges during their design, testing, development and implementation. Al...

This chapter contributes to understanding higher education as a service by applying the service science framework to an undergraduate business program in northern Europe. We utilize the Service Science Canvas, which is a new tool for service science analysis. This innovative academic program relies exclusively on visiting faculty from around the wo...

This article applies the service science framework to higher education. To understand the reasons behind the success and failure of academic programs, we build on the previous literature that suggests that education is a service delivered by universities, which are viewed as complex systems. We contribute to the service science theory by introducin...

This chapter addresses the extension of entrepreneurship education across disciplines and divisions on a university campus. We draw on service science theory to examine how such academic programs may be designed, implemented and assessed. The experience at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in the United States serves as a case study, which we review...

To understand the reasons behind the success and failure of academic programs, we build on the previous literature that suggests that education is a service delivered by universities, which are viewed as complex economic systems. Our theoretical contribution is a methodological tool called the Service Science Canvas, which incorporates elements and...

This chapter seeks to identify contributions that led to major research themes that are fundamental in the family business body of knowledge. We found significant influences not only from academic scholars but also practitioners, especially in the early stages of the development of the field. This chapter documents the origins of research streams t...

In Memoriam by Patrick KaufmannForeward by Francine Lafontaine

This article applies the service science framework to education delivery at the university level. Educational programs are viewed as complex educational service systems that co-produce value for a variety of stakeholders. We introduce the Service Science Canvas, which is later adapted for the education industry and a specific case of an entrepreneu...

Internationalisation of family firms

Entrepreneurship and small business education programs have gained popularity globally. Nevertheless, many face difficulty in gaining campus-wide acceptance and sustainability. This paper applies a service science framework, presenting such programs as complex educational service systems that co-produce value for a variety of stakeholders. Access t...

Scholarly interest in family business is relatively recent, some targeting the introduction of Family Business Review in 1988 as a seminal event by offering a focused outlet for research studies on the subject. In subsequent years, indications of the growth of the field include the formation of family business programs at universities, the initiati...

Family businesses represent the majority of companies and are an important source for the generation of jobs in most countries. Longevity is very important for the family businesses and for economies as a whole. Succession is one of the most difficult decisions for the family business, and one of the most important. When business leadership transit...

The study of family business involves the interrelationships of owners, managers and employees, and family members, all functioning within broader cultural, legal, competitive, and other environments. Foundational disciplines for investigating family business management practices include anthropology, economics, family studies, history, psychology,...

Entrepreneurship Education has seen rapid growth in the 21st century. As an academic discipline, entrepreneurship has spread its wings, escaped business schools and nested within non-business disciplines in academia. The focus of this Entrepreneurship Research Journal Special Issue, “Cross Campus Entrepreneurship Education” is to trace the developm...

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

Traditional engineering programs provide an excellent foundation in technical knowledge and skills. However, to be effective problem solvers, today’s engineering students need to develop an innovation mindset. With this goal in mind, a group of faculty from WPI Engineering Departments and from the Business School formed WPI iCREATE: iCREATE: Innova...

The presence of family influence and family social capital may factor into a family firm's relatively slow process in formalizing human resource practices when compared to a non-family firm. Family social capital and family influence also play a strong role in the development of the ethnic entrepreneur and the growing ethnic family firm. This conce...

Casual observers may view family business as a sub-discipline of entrepreneurship. Although there is considerable overlap of the fields, they consist of two distinct bodies of knowledge. As entrepreneurship is maturing through research contributions, family business is in an emergent stage. We contend that current dominant theories and models that...

To resolve entry and growth problems, entrepreneurs use creative solutions or tricks, which some may find to be ethically questionable. Generating mistrust is a negative consequence when engaging in entrepreneurial tricks. In spite of that, 66% of entrepreneurs (out of 201 respondents) and 76% of business students (out of 213) consider using some t...

This paper contributes to a new area of research, namely: institutional preparedness of economic development agencies for developing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The cases presented illustrate variations in the micro-finance lender agency-enterprise development of processes for sharing vision and interdependence. In clarifying the nat...

Although the Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management includes family businesses within its domain statement, it is important to recognize that these are two distinct domains, although enjoying some overlap (cf. Stewart, 2008, for comparisons of family business with entrepreneurship and other domains). Both are comprehensive domains....

After a period of downtown retail decline, entrepreneurial activity was initiated in a small, southern, rural community. A decline in the agricultural base of the region spurred public sector decision makers to find funding to encourage enterprise creation and expansion. This paper examines the disruptive effects of a public/private effort to intro...

This futuristic commentary reviews family business research since its beginning more than 30 years ago. Prior to 2000, disciplinary roots, professional organizations, and early milestones are identified. More recent books, journals, and special issues are noted, and conceptualizations, theories, and databases are compared and contrasted. Lastly, cu...

Franchising is often considered to be a relatively recent phenomenon, but it can be traced back to preindustrial societies when, for instance, franchised rights were granted for the collection of taxes. In medieval Europe, local Catholic clergy were granted the right to collect tithes from their parishioners on condition of forwarding a portion to...

The intent of this special issue is to examine the interface of marketing and entrepreneurship. In the franchise contracts paper by Cochet and Garg and in the Chinese small firm paper by Li, Tan, Zhao and Liu, we assess whether these studies achieved that interface and, if so, what the papers respectively and mutually contribute to the body of know...

Starting from Calder's dissertation in the early fifties, key developments in family business education are presented in a 130-item chronology. The emergence of the field is tracked to the demand from practitioners rather than the pull of scholarly inquiry. Causal evolutionary drivers of variation, selective retention, and struggle for survival, pr...

Few topics in the family business literature have been studied more than management and ownership succession. In today's competitive global economy, businesses find that innovation, growth and other entrepreneurial behaviors are necessary to survive and prosper. Ernesto Poza (1988) proposed a model for developing entrepreneurial orientations and ac...

The present study takes an entrepreneurship viewpoint toward franchising. To create a theoretical framework, past franchising literature was reviewed and prior studies considering franchising as entrepreneurial activity were analysed. The literature analysis showed that prior franchising studies have rarely regarded franchising as a form of entrepr...

Greetings! I am honoured to be the guest editor for this special issue on international franchising. The issue leads off with a study by John Clarkin on overseas expansion of North American franchises and follows with a longitudinal study on the acceptance of the retail format of western convenience stores in Taiwan by Florence Chang and John Dawso...

Does family matter in corporate venturing? Converting the question, can a family firm survive without corporate venturing? Life cycle theory contends that it is normal for an organization to form, grow, mature, decline, and die. Long-term survival, especially through multiple generations, would require renewal through innovation to avoid decay and...

SME leaders with R&D alliances face significant challenges in balancing the need for resource acquisition in the innovation process and the potential for opportunistic behavior by alliance partners. This study, utilizing a sample of 456 SMEs from eight countries, examines how the resource capacity of the SME and the institutional environment are re...

The exploration of and the research regarding theinternational entrepreneurship research arena by the author, Frank Hoy, arestudied. Initially, Hoy's work focused on the entrepreneurial decision-makingstrategies of business owners in rural U.S. communities.However,becauseHoy faced criticism from foreign researchers for failing toaccount for the num...

Using the construct of job satisfaction, this study examined work attitudes of 286 females and 416 males employed in 27 female-owned and 29 male-owned small businesses in three industries: construction, manufacturing, and distribution. Job satisfaction scores (dependent variables) were analyzed with regard to the interaction of owner employee gende...

The present paper addresses the lack of institutional collaboration among urban ethnic (or migrant) firms as a reason for their low innovation profile. This lack is present in various forms of institutional business cooperation, but here we focus in particular on franchising. Such weak collaborative embeddedness is noteworthy, given the fact that f...

This special issue focuses on franchising as important domain for cooperative entrepreneurial activity. This review introduces sir articles on franchising presented at the Georgia Tech Conference on Franchising in January 1996 and published in this issue of the Journal of Business Venturing.

This study reports the results of a survey of eighty owners of new ventures in Poland. The purpose of the survey was to assess the problems faced by small business owners and prospective small business owners in this emerging democracy. The sample was almost evenly split between family businesses and nonfamily businesses, which allowed for comparis...

This article proposes that the fields of entrepreneurship and family business consist of separate and distinct but overlapping domains. The intersection of the two domains provides a unique perspective from which to examine six strategic management issues: leadership, culture, boards of directors, life cycles, strategic management processes, and et...

FRANK HOY IS DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF Business Administration at the University of Texas at El Paso, USA. As editor of Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, he has studied the entrepreneurship/ franchise interface. The United States Congress and other legislative bodies have been enacting or considering laws regulating franchisor-franchisee relation...

This study examined selected demographics, personality traits, and job-related characteristics of females and males operating small businesses in traditionally male-dominated industries. Of the 56 participating businesses owners, all but 2 were Caucasian. Organizational characteristics were also observed. Significant gender differences were found i...

Small business incubators are spreading rapidly across the US and Western Europe. The newness of the incubator concept and the pace at which new incubators are being brought on-line suggest that incubators are presendy undergoing a critical period of evolution in function, form, and purpose. This paper provides, via a Delphi survey of US incubator...

This paper is a response to Gartner's critique of definitions posited by Carland, Hoy, Boulton and Carland (1984) for “entrepreneur” and “small business owner.” The paper concludes that both trait and behavioral approaches to research are necessary in order to understand the concept of entrepreneurship.

In recent years there has been an extraordinary level of entrepreneurial activity occurring in the United States. Venture start-ups, new incorporations even bankruptcies are reaching record numbers. Concurrent with the increase in entrepreneurial activity has been an effort within the Reagan Administration to privatize public sector programs design...

Presents a model for improving the results of on-the-job development programs. The awareness, decision, implementation, evaluation, support, and feedback stages of the model are reviewed, and a case example is presented of a trade association that applied the model in an attempt to ensure a successful outcome for an employee development program.

The Small Business Development Center (SBDC) program was begun in 1977 by the U.S. Small Business Administration. The SBDC was initiated to fill an unmet need for consulting for small businesses. The results of two empirical studies designed to test the effectiveness of the SBCD programs in Georgia and South Carolina are reported herein.. The studi...

The 1960s saw the birth of corporate social responsibility. In the 1970s, companies focused on the management of social responsiveness. In the 1980s, corporations are grappling with the issue of making social responsibility a part of overall strategic management. The authors examine some of the ramifications of the search for a new definition of so...

Several literature reviews have concluded that there is little consistency among researchers and practitioners when referring to the concept, ‘organizational effectiveness’. In this study, multiple data gathered on several organizational constituencies for three models of organizational effectiveness are studied to examine empirically the comparabi...

Much research about entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial ventures may be misleading in its conclusions because of failure to distinguish entrepreneurs from small business owners and managers (although there is some overlap between them). This analysis exxtends Schumpeter's theory of the entrepreneur and distinguishes entrepreneurs a...

Recent concern regarding the performance of the U.S. economy has generated actions on a national level to encourage increases in productivity in the private sector. The private sector is not, however, monolithic. Policies designed to increase the productivity of large corporations may have a neutral or even negative impact on small businesses. This...

In a state in which rural to urban population migration was deemed to be dysfunctional, a small business assistance program was initiated for the purpose of private sector job creation. A multidisciplinary panel directed a research investigation into the conditions and problems of small rural firms. The results of the investigation indicated that a...

The basic premise upon which the Production/Operations Management discipline is built is that organizations desire to manage a set of limited resources such that certain inputs are transformed into desired outputs in the most efficient and effective manner. This is true of any type or size organization: public or private, manufacturing or service,...

The motion picture industry provides a multi-faceted metaphor for the study of entrepreneurship. The industry itself was launched through invention and reinvented in response to changing market conditions. Each film in one way or another is an entrepreneurial venture involving idea generation, resource acquisition, risk taking and other elements of...