Frank S. Barnes

• University of Colorado Boulder

This study explores the complex relationship between radio frequency (RF) exposure and cancer cells, focusing on the HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line. We investigated the modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase, and glutathione (GSH), as well as mitochondrial supe...

There are substantial concerns that extended exposures to weak radiofrequency (RF) fields can lead to adverse health effects. In this study, HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells were simultaneously exposed to a static magnetic flux density between 10 μT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{a...

In the last few decades, evidence has surfaced that weak radiofrequency (RF) fields can influence biological systems. This work aims to improve our understanding of how externally applied weak RF fields alter concentrations of chemical parameters that characterize oxidative stress. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate the effects of...

In this study, we investigated the effects of weak static magnetic fields (SMFs) on HT‐1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. Exposures to SMFs for four consecutive days were varied from 0.5 to 600 µT for treated units, while exposures to control units were held at 45 µT. Growth rates were measured by comparing cell counts, whereas membrane potentials, mit...

We propose that biological systems may detect static and slowly varying magnetic fields by the modification of the timing of firing of adjacent nerve cells through the local influence of the magnetic field generated by current from one cell's firing on its nearest neighbors. The time delay of an adjacent nerve cell pulse with respect to the initial...

Biological systems are constantly exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in the form of natural geomagnetic fields and EMFs emitted from technology. While strong magnetic fields are known to change chemical reaction rates and free radical concentrations, the debate remains about whether static weak magnetic fields (WMFs; <1 mT) also produce biolo...

High efficiency combined with transformative roll-to-roll (R2R) printability makes metal halide perovskite-based solar cells the most promising solar technology to address the terawatt challenge of the future energy demand. However, translation from lab-scale deposition solution processing techniques to large-scale R2R methods has typically led to...

Fibrosarcoma cells are exposed to weak static magnetic fields between 0.5 microT and 600 microT. Changes in cell growth, hydrogen peroxide, , membrane potential and mitochondrial calcium are observed

The links between Reactive oxygen species, Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Implications are explored. Experimental data is used as background to show the changes that are observed due to static magnetic fields on fibrosarcoma cells.

We present an original and simple system to aseptically incubate multiple adherent cell cultures simultaneously in a static and/or rapid oscillating temperature environment while monitoring the cell culture surface temperature in real-time. Additionally, in a pilot study, we show how exposure with this system to small (Tempvarying \(\le 2.5 ^{\circ...

Whereas the promise of metal halide perovskite (MHP) photovoltaics (PV) is that they can combine high efficiency with solution-processability, the chemistry occurring in precursor inks is largely unexplored. Herein, we investigate the degradation of MHP solutions based on the most widely used solvents, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide...

This research work is aimed at improving health care, reducing cost, and the occurrence of emergency hospitalization in patients with Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) by analyzing heart and lung sounds to distinguish between the compensated and decompensated states. Compensated state defines stable state of the patient but with lack of retention of f...

Many studies show that the imbalance between the production of ROS and the antioxidant defense mechanisms in the tissues can be linked to exposure to ELF-MFs. For many years attention has focused on the role of Ca2+ as an initiator of the biological effect induced by MFs and now we know that enhanced Ca2+ transport through Ca2+ channels occurs in p...

Lead halide perovskites have emerged as successful optoelectronic materials with high photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies and low material cost. However, substantial challenges remain in the scalability, stability and fundamental understanding of the materials. Here we present the application of radiative thermal annealing, an easily scalabl...

Supplementary Figures

Energy storage is becoming increasingly important as renewable generation sources such as Wind Turbine and Photo Voltaic Solar are added to the mix in electrical power generation and distribution systems. The paper discusses the basic drivers for energy storage and provides brief descriptions of the various energy storage technologies available. Th...

Concerns have been raised about the possible biological effects of nonionizing radiation since at least the late 1950s with respect to radar, other radio, and microwave sources. More recent concerns have arisen about the potential effects of low-intensity fields, including lowfrequency fields from the electric power generating, transmission, and di...

Possible explanations for observed changes in growth rates of cancer cells and radical concentration upon exposures to magnetic fields below the ICES or ICNIRP reference levels are presented.

This study presents experimental data for the effects of weak radio frequency (RF) magnetic fields on hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) production and cellular growth rates of fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells in vitro. Cells were exposed either to 45 mT static magnetic fields (SMFs)-oriented vertical to the plane of growth or to SMFs combined with weak 5 and 10...

A corrected expression in the above named paper (ibid, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 2622-2627, Aug. 2005) is presented here.

This study presents experimental data for the effects of weak radio frequency (RF) magnetic fields on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and cellular growth rates of fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells in vitro. Cells were exposed either to 45 uT static magnetic fields (SMFs) oriented vertical to the plane of growth or to SMFs combined with weak 5 and 10 MH...

This paper is a continuation of the work conducted in Chhabra, M., Barnes, F., 'Robust Current Controller Design using Mu-Synthesis for Grid-Connected Three Phase Inverter' [1]. High penetration of distributed photovoltaic generation on a distribution system can present several challenges and opportunities for utilities. Voltage sags and swells can...

This report shows that the background magnetic field in biological incubators can vary by orders of magnitude within and between incubators. These variations can be observed within the same incubator in locations that are centimeters apart from each other as well as between incubators that are identical and located in the same laboratory. Additiona...

An inverted-F antenna with meandered line is characterized in this paper in terms of its proximity to the human body. Radiation characteristics are simulated and analyzed in the context of proximity of the antenna to human body tissue. The dependence of radiation characteristics like radiation pattern, resonant frequency, radiation efficiency, gain...

The effects of exposure to an environment where the background magnetic field (BMF) has been reduced were studied on wild-type Drosophila melanogaster by measuring its ability to survive a single exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) during its larval stage. The experimental design presented shows a timeframe, IR dose, and BMF parameters that will ca...

In an effort to improve the reliability of the detection of congestive heart failure, a method utilizing phase shifts of cardiac and thoracic acoustics coupled with ECG signals is described. The system consists of bipolar ECG electrodes placed on the pectoral muscles and acoustic transducers that monitor four locations across the chest and back. Th...

The concern to human health due to excessive exposure to continuous low RF frequency range of 900 MHz arising out of increased usage of mobile phones is of great importance. This paper compares the various exposure systems and parameters involved to study the effect of 900 MHz frequency on human body. INTRODUCTION In recent years the use of mobile...

Roughly it is focused on using wavelets and signal processing for new classification of heart signals. No one in the U.S. we believe is doing this and applying DSP correctly. Wearable stuff is in the future but expensive and FDA regulation is time consuming.

Congestive heart failure is one of the leading causes of death with nearly 250,000 deaths every year worldwide [1]. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart pumps insufficient oxygen rich blood to the body and is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. [1]. Due to this inefficiency in the heart the excess fluid gets accu...

Differential effects of RF magnetic fields in vitro and in vivo Background The present study investigates effects of radio frequency (RF) magnetic fields in the range 1–15 MHz on growth of cancer cells in vitro and in mice models. Most biomolecules have hyperfine splitting constants ranging from 0.1–10 MHz, which gives the basis for the chosen fre...

Increasing solar power penetration onto the electrical grid can lead to excessive power and frequency variations. This paper demonstrates the use of energy storage as a solution to reduce these variations by using certain operational modes.These modes will lead to reducing the cycling of conventional power plants thus, leading to a more stable grid...

Increasing penetration of renewable energy sources on the electrical grid, with intermittent and fluctuating supply, leads to frequency variations that are excessive in nature. This paper demonstrates the use of energy storage devices as a solution to reduce these variations. In addition to grid stability, renewable operators are also interested in...

Increasing penetration of renewable energy sources into the electrical grid, with intermittent and fluctuating supply, leads to frequency variations that are excessive in nature. This paper demonstrates the use of energy storage devices as a solution to reduce these variations. A hybrid network of conventional and renewable power sources consisting...

The electric grid in the US is aging and needs to be upgraded. Solutions involve the use of equipment with wireless communication capability for monitoring of generation, transmission and distribution. These systems introduce vulnerabilities to attack that can lead to blackouts and damage to equipment. In order to increase the reliability of the po...

Design improvements to a remotely controlled system for patients with limited mobility are described. This system provides communication and control of the room environment with mouse control that can be adapted to the functional need of the user. Analysis is provided on the selection and integration of components within the system as well as an ov...

Energy storage currently plays an important role in the electric utility industry. On the current electricity grid, storage capacity has been developed to accumulate energy produced by large, less responsive thermal generation plants and then redispatch it based on peak demand. Storage facilities were largely financed by arbitrage (buying energy at...

In the current push to convert to renewable sources of energy, many issues raised years ago on the economics and the difficulties of siting energy storage are once again being raised today. When large amounts of wind, solar, and other renewable energy sources are added to existing electrical grids, efficient and manageable energy storage becomes a.

Small alterations in static magnetic fields have been shown to affect certain chemical reaction rates ex vivo. In this manuscript, we present data demonstrating that similar small changes in static magnetic fields between individual cell culture incubators results in significantly altered cell cycle rates for multiple cancer-derived cell lines. Thi...

The forces exerted by electric fields on particles suspended in biological fluids are examined. Both charged particles and polarlzable bodies are treated and expressions for the current flow under the influence of an electric field are obtained.

The effects of radio frequency (RF) fields on the ability of human neutrophils to follow concentration gradients of Cyclic Adenosine 3', 5'-Monophosphate (C-AMP) are reported. Blood from healthy adult donors was exposed in vitro to different temperatures and 900-MHz RF field at approximately 0.4 V/m. It was observed that the neutrophils' speed incr...

Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, National Research Council of the USA

In this paper we review some of the theory and experiments associated with the effects of electric and magnetic fields at extremely low frequencies, ELF, on chemical reaction rates. The paper proposes a simple model for chemical reactions and shows that the effects of weak electric fields can change the probability that molecules of the reacting ma...

Although ultrasonic irradiation has been proven to increase membrane permeability and enhance chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity in a number of cell lines, this effect has never been demonstrated in bladder cancer cells. Bladder cancer may offer a unique setting for ultrasound enhancement of chemotherapy, since intravesicular rather than intravenous adm...

The setting of standards for potential hazards as result of the application of a new technology depends on both the philosophy with respect to risk and the state of knowledge about the circumstances under which the technology can cause damage. Typically, biological damage is first observed for high levels of exposure and short times. As our underst...

A new type of Rotman lens is presented for micro/millimetre-wave applications, such as collision avoidance radar. A dielectric slab Rotman lens is proposed to reduce the conductor loss in addition to the mutual coupling in a form which can be implemented easily at millimetre-wave frequencies. The proposed lens consists of a dielectric slab and slot...

Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields examines potential health hazards, exposure standards, and medical applications of electromagnetic (EM) fields. The second volume in the bestselling and newly revisedHandbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, Third Edition, this book draws from the latest studies on the effects...

The Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program at the University of Colorado has developed an Internet based remote laboratory environment for master's level graduate students; our suite of telecommunications experiments substantially extends prior work focused on networking equipment, by (1) providing a systems focus, (2) enabling multiple reinf...

A new form of a Rotman lens is proposed for microwave/millimeter-wave applications such as a collision-avoidance radar. The proposed lens can be described as a dielectric slab fed by slot lines. The new form is expected to show lower loss and lower mutual coupling than the conventional Rotman lenses fabricated with conducting plates at millimeter-w...

A new form of a Rotman lens has been proposed for applications above 10 GHz, such as a collision avoidance radar. The proposed lens can be described as a dielectric slab fed by slot lines. The new form is expected to show lower loss and lower mutual coupling than the conventional Rotman lenses at higher frequency than 10 GHz. The prototype was impl...

We solved the differential equation describing combined action of DC and AC magnetic fields on thermal motion of ions in a biological macromolecule. The solution showed the occurrence of a new set of resonant peaks for ion oscillations under the influence of magnetic fields. After establishment of steady ion oscillations in the macromolecule interi...

In this article the forces associated with the gradients of a radio frequency (RF) field at the boundary between fluids and cell membranes are calculated, and it is shown that they can be large enough to affect the particle motion by amounts that are on the same order of magnitude as the random diffusion motion when the energy imparted to the parti...

In recent years, optical CDMA systems have been proposed for multiple accesses to utilize the vast bandwidth available in optical fiber. Optical CDMA systems are believed to provide asynchronous access for each user in the system, which is especially suitable for usage in LAN. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel optical CDMA scheme in a fiber-bas...

Summary form only given. Electric, water, gas and transportation utilities face severe tasks associated with security, quality, availability, reliability and profitability issues. They must solve interrelated system problems with respect to generation of electricity, transportation of fuel, and potable/waste water. Engineers and managers of utiliti...

Apertures have been used to select the low-order transverse modes in resonators. The additional diffraction losses result in a change in the transverse-mode structure, and the presence of apertures inside a resonator generally distorts the mode shape. The optimization of a multiple-aperture resonator demands an approach that differs from the conven...

Optical CDMA technology has shown promise in optical communications, particularly in local=area optical fiber networks. We present a novel O-CDMA scheme with programmable and reconfigurable bipolar code capability using liquid crystal (LC) Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs). The key to our system performance depends on constructing a decoder that impl...

A new design of the laser resonator using dual phase conjugation mirrors is discussed. It is shown that using the modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, phase conjugation criteria at the both mirrors with finite apertures can be met for the given shape of desired mode. The flexibility of the design method allows the method can be applied to any other...

To facilitate the modeling and simulation of lunar activities and natural processes, various lunar soil simulants have been created. In particular, Johnson Space Center Number One lunar soil simulant (JSC-1) has come into wide use by a variety of investigators. In any physical experiment, the behavioral properties of this simulant will have a profo...

The effects of doping Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 with CaO3, CaCO3 and Yb2O3 on bulk dielectric constants and the loss tangent are presented as a function of voltage and temperature. The use of these materials for microwave devices has been limited by loss both in the material and in the metal used to form the capacitors and delay lines in thin-film coplanar li...

The results of 3 sets of experiments on the effects of 22 microT sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic fields (MF), applied for 1 h on 5 successive days (1 h/5 days), on the level of host defense and on spleen colony formation are reported. The first set of experiments shows the effects on the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) on the spleen and on the cell...

A coaxial cable can be used to reduce the magnetic and electric fields that extend into environments in the vicinity of transmission lines and distribution lines and in-house or building wiring for power distribution systems. The use of the coaxial geometry may prove useful in cases where there are environmental concerns with respect to health effe...

A model for the detection of weak electric and magnetic fields is developed by analogy to a phased array antenna and receiver. Pyramidal cells from the cortex of the brain are shown to have elements which can be modeled as an antenna, a mixer amplifier, and a neural network narrow band filter with summing junctions output which could, in turn, modu...

Recent experiments by the investigators have shown that practically sized helical anchors can provide significant resistance to uplift forces in the lunar simulant JSC-1. Properly scaled to account for differences in the gravity fields between the benchtop environment on Earth and the lunar surface, these experiments provide valuable insight into t...

The dielectric property comparison between laser-ablated Mn-doped and undoped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) thin films at low frequency (100 kHz) and at microwave frequencies has been demonstrated. The dielectric properties were characterized at low frequency using interdigital capacitors, and at microwave frequencies with coplanar waveguide (CPW) meander-l...

A computer-controlled "Vibratory Bulldozer and Plow" testbed was designed and built to evaluate the effectiveness of vibratory earth moving and tilling tools with emphasis on draft force reduction. The testbed consisted of a mechanical bulldozer and plow unit with vibrating blades, sensors and actuators located in a steel box containing the soil sa...

Combined parallel static and alternating magnetic fields cause a rapid change in the ionic current flowing through an aqueous glutamic acid solution when the alternating field frequency is equal to the cyclotron frequency. The current peak is 20-30% of the background direct current. The peak is observed with slow sweep in the alternating magnetic f...

This paper describes the engineering properties of JSC-1, which is a lunar regolith simulant developed by NASA, Johnson Space Center. Simulants of this type are an essential tool for modeling and anticipating the behavior of the lunar soils, and accurate prediction of the geotechnical properties of lunar soils is of particular importance to lunar h...

This article presents the final results of a series of investigations conducted on the interaction of two specific forms of mechanical stimuli with isolated neuronal and cardiac cells: short bursts of focused, high peak-power ultrasound (1 to 7 MHz, 0.5 ms, 50 to 800 W/cm spatial-peak, pulse-average intensity, 3-mm half-power spot) and 0.5-ms direc...

The group at the University of Colorado has been working on the applications of BaSrTiO3 and high temperature superconductors to microwave circuits and systems with support from Superconducting Core Technologies, NASA and ONR. This work has included the development of a voltage tunable oscillator, a phase shifter, and a voltage tunable phased array...

Tunable coplanar Ba1−xSrxTiO3 (BSTO) thin-film capacitors with superconducting TlBaCaCuO (2212) electrodes have been successfully prepared using RF sputtering onto LaAlO3 (100) substrates. The capacitors were fabricated in a five-step process consisting of: deposition of a Ba2CaCu2Ox precursor films on LaAlO3 substrates; patterning of the precu...

In this paper we report the construction of both slot capacitors on bulk substrate and thin film interdigital capacitors using YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ (YBCO) and Ba_xSr _1-xTiO₃. Slot capacitors made on bulk Ba_xSr_1-xTiO₃ (BST) yielded variations in capacitance of...

A new degree program is proposed that provides students with broad interests a flexible way to combine their studies in engineering with studies in a wide variety of other subjects. The newly designed program in Electronics and Computing at the University of Colorado has a common core with the current Electrical and Computer Engineering programs, b...

We have fabricated and characterized YBCO (YBa2Cu3O7-x) microstrip resonators on LAO (LaAlO3) substrates that include thin film STO (SrTiO3) coplanar capacitors to study the dielectric properties of thin film STO. The low frequency capacitance of the STO/LAO capacitor is measured as a function of temperature and dc bias. We use the observed resonan...

We have fabricated and characterized YBCO (YBa2Cu3O7-x) microstrip resonators on LAO (LaAlO3) substrates that include thin film STO (SrTiO3) coplanar capacitors to study the dielectric properties of thin film STO. The low frequency capacitance of the STO/LAO capacitor is measured as a function of temperature and dc bias. We use the observed resonan...

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In this paper a novel laser angioplasty probe is presented in which the emitted beam from a multi-mode fiber is both radially reflected and simultaneously focused to form a well-defined ring of high intensity light which is concentric with the fiber axis. The intensity distribution of the probe emission will thus exhibit a maximum at a given radial...

The objective of this paper is to review some of the fundamental mechanisms for the interaction of electric and magnetic fields with biological systems at variable levels of field strengths and to examine several possible ways by which weak fields may influence these systems. We begin with a review of the basic equations by which electric or magnet...

Axial penetration of the lunar surface was performed to collect soil samples with drive tubes and drill cores on the six successful Apollo missions. Although the pile-driving and drill penetration methods were used for exploration tasks to collect core samples they will also be used for lunar construction tasks. Three penetration devices that can b...