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Publications (196)
• The woolly poplar aphid Phloeomyzus passerinii Signoret (Aphididae: Phloeomyzinae) is a major pest of poplar plantations. We hypothesized that recent temperature increases may have contributed to the emergence and subsequent northward expansion of outbreaks in France.
• We reared P. passerinii at four temperatures to estimate its thermal requirem...
Aphids can affect the growth or architecture of their host-trees, but rarely challenge their survival. Nonetheless, the woolly poplar aphid, Phloeomyzus passerinii, can kill healthy, mature poplars during outbreaks. Trees fail to open their buds and flush their leaves in the spring following a severe infestation. This insect develops on poplar trun...
Context: Phloeomyzus passerinii is a major pest of poplar plantations in Europe, and the plantation of resistant poplar genotypes is regarded as the best long-term management strategy for this pest. This requires a sound knowledge of the interactions among the pest, its host and their environment.
Aims: Here we review the recent advances aiming at...
Most bark beetles living on standing trees must overcome the natural resistance of their host to succeed in colonization. For this they perform mass attacks to reach a critical threshold of attack density (CTAD) above which host defences are exhausted. However, this strategy can result in an intense intraspecific competition during larval developme...
Research on tree response to pest attacks under drought and heat stress is crucial for predicting the effect of climate change on forest pests and tree health. In this work, we studied the influence of severe water stress on the resistance of Pinus yunnanensis to inoculations of Grosmannia yunnanensis, a pathogenic fungus associated with the aggres...
Phytophagous insects have developed mechanisms of various complexity levels to utilize plants in spite of the barriers that plants have built to resist aggressions. Plant exploitation, the simplest level, is the use of plant defence chemicals for the benefit of insects. It is illustrated by the use of plant toxins for defence against predators. The...
Phytophagous insects have developed mechanisms of various complexity levels to utilize plants in spite of the barriers that plants have built to resist aggressions. Plant exploitation, the simplest level, is the use of plant defence chemicals for the benefit of insects. It is illustrated by the use of plant toxins for defence against predators. The...
The two eucalyptus borers Phoracantha semipunctata and P. recurva were accidently introduced in Tunisia in
1962 and 1999, respectively. Their relative distribution is still unknown and very little is known about their preferences and performances in various host species under different Tunisian climates. We combined field data and laboratory follow...
1. Global warming is predicted to enhance the development rate and increase the number of generations in multivoltine insects. For secondary forest pests, such as the pine bark beetle Ips sexdentatus, the resulting increase in population level could trigger more frequent outbreaks. However, this positive effect could be outweighed by a temperature-...
The suitable climate and the high diversity of woody plants and ecological conditions characterizing the Mediterranean regions have favored the establishment of several alien species in the Mediterranean Basin during the last decades. Among them, the vast majority is represented by wood-boring beetles, which can be easily transported between contin...
Knowledge and problems presented in chapters of the present volume clearly show that many similarities exist among the different Mediterranean forest systems regarding forest insect pests and diseases, and even ecosystem functioning. These similarities, however, correspond to two different situations. In some cases, the same species are present in...
The present characteristics of the Mediterranean forest ecosystems are the results of millennia of human action under a particular climate. As in all forested ecosystems, insects play an essential role in their functioning. Consequently in these regions, tree insect relationships are extremely dependent on both social and climatic factors. Because...
Bark beetles of conifer trees in the Mediterranean basin play a relevant
ecological and economic role in forest ecosystem functioning. Their activity often
refl ects the health conditions of the stands, while some species may become tree
killers causing large outbreaks. Making the fi rst impact toward wood decomposition,
they are crucial components...
Mediterranean climates are characterized by mild wet winters and warm dry summer conditions. They can be found around the Mediterranean Sea and on portions of the southwest coasts of North America, South America, Australia, and Africa. All of the Mediterranean climate zones have been recognized as centers of endemism and members of the specialized...
Introduction: Phloeomyzus passerinii is a tree-dwelling aphid colonizing the trunks of poplars (Populus sp.). This species has several peculiarities. It occupies a basal position in the phylogeny of Aphididae, and it is responsible for spectacular diebacks of poplar plantations in Europe. Nonetheless, as an emerging pest, little is known about the...
The genus Tomicus includes eight species distributed in Europe and/or Asia, with one of them (T. piniperda) having been introduced to North America. Tomicus are monogamous and univoltine species that develop on pines, except for one species that feeds on Picea. Their life cycle alternates between reproductive attacks on stem and sexual maturation i...
1. Phytophagous insects frequently manipulate their host-plant to improve their immediate environment. This generally implies substantial modifications of host metabolism, and sometimes an alteration of nitrogen allocation within the host-plant. However, the outcome of plant manipulation on amino acid or protein content can be modulated by environm...
Successful plant manipulation by herbivores requires a reconfiguration of the primary and secondary metabolisms of the host-plant. Water deficit is generally predicted to negatively affect the development of gall-inducing insects, by impairing their ability to remodel the primary metabolism of their host. We assessed whether host genotype could mod...
1. Phytophagous insects frequently manipulate their host-plant to improve their immediate environment. This generally implies substantial modifications of host metabolism, and sometimes an alteration of nitrogen allocation within the host-plant. However, the outcome of plant manipulation on amino acid or protein content can be modulated by environm...
Oak declines are multifactorial processes in which bark and wood boring (BWB) beetles can act as major inciting factors, killing the weakened trees. Nonetheless, the current knowledge on the biology, ecology of these species is scattered and no efficient management strategies are currently available. Based on the existing literature and field obser...
Phloeomyzus passerinii is a major pest of poplar stands in Europe, North Africa and the Near East. This aphid feeds in the cortical parenchyma of different poplar species and hybrids, and can affect their growth and survival through unknown mechanisms. In some genotypes however, resistance prevents either the settlement or the development of aphid...
Plant-manipulating herbivores can modify their host nutrients and defensive compounds to their own advantage. This generally results in enhanced performance of herbivores on modified tissues, but the anatomical and biochemical modifications undergone by host tissues could also modify the herbivores' behaviour. Phloeomyzus passerinii induces a react...
Since 1995, wooly poplar aphids have been responsible for considerable damage to French poplar groves. The damage has spread from the southwest towards the north and the east and has now reached Burgundy and Picardy. The forest entomology team at the University of Orleans has been conducting research since 2008 to elucidate the life history of the...
Climate change in recent decades has been directly or indirectly involved in changing the life-history and population levels of many endemic forest insect species, leading to unexpected and unprecedented outbreaks. In spite of diffi culties in assessing the complex impact of climate on insect communities, evaluating the effect of climate warming on...
Ophiostoma ips is a common fungal associate of various conifer-infesting bark beetles in their native ranges and has been introduced into non-native pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we used 10 microsatellite markers to investigate the population biology of O. ips in native (Cuba, France, Morocco and USA) and non-native (A...
The woolly poplar aphid, Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major pest of poplar plantations in the Mediterranean basin and the Near East. Aphids colonize poplar trunks and feed upon the cortical parenchyma. Despite the economic importance of poplar, little is known about the mechanisms involved in poplar resistance to t...
In French oak high forests, current silvicultural trends include two seemingly opposed practices: shortening the forestry cycle, which contributes to forestry intensification, and lengthening rotations in temporary set-aside stands, called ‘ageing islands’, to favour biodiversity and high-quality large-diameter tree production.
To derive the potent...
This Chapter reports the bio/ecology of several invasive pests in Agriculture.
It is dedicated to Claire Vidal who disapeared during the book editing process.
Le puceron lanigère du peuplier. Phloeomyzus passerinii est un ravageur important des peupleraies du sud de l'Europe, du Proche-Orient et d'Afrique du Nord. Après une insertion de ses stylets, à la fois intercellulaire et intracellulaire, il se nourrit exclusivement dans le parenchyme cortical du tronc des peupliers. Durant les pullulations, ce puc...
Cet ouvrage présente les grandes fonctions des insectes, leur fonctionnement individuel et collectif, leurs interactions plus ou moins intimes avec les composantes de l’écosystème, en particulier les plantes, en s’appuyant sur l’histoire évolutive à l’origine de ces interactions. Il décrit les multiples applications des recherches sur les insectes...
Phylogenetic relationships within the European Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) remain understudied
despite their increasing importance in the Pine Wood Nematode spread in Europe. To clarify the delimitation
and the evolutionary history of the two main European Monochamus species, Monochamus galloprovincialis and Monochamus sutor, as well as t...
Various factors such as climate and resource availability influence the geographical distributions of organisms. Species sensitive to small temperature variations are known to experience rapid distribution shifts as a result of current global warming, sometimes leading to new threats to agriculture and forests. Tomicus piniperda and Tomicus destrue...
The effect of water and nutrient availability on the performance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) against Ophiostoma ips (Rumb.), a bark beetle-associated phytopathogenic blue-stain fungus, was investigated. Field-grown trees were subjected for 18 months to water-stress and/or fertilization, and the effects of such treatments on the needle nutri...
This article documents the addition of 139 microsatellite marker loci and 90 pairs of single-nucleotide polymorphism sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Aglaoctenus lagotis, Costus pulverulentus, Costus scaber, Culex pipiens, Dascyllus marginatus, Lupinus nanus Benth, Phloeo...
This article documents the addition of 139 microsatellite marker loci and 90 pairs of single-nucleotide polymorphism sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Aglaoctenus lagotis, Costus pulverulentus, Costus scaber, Culex pipiens, Dascyllus marginatus, Lupinus nanus Benth, Phloeo...
Converting fossil-based energy systems into carbon–neutral systems is an essential strategy to the reach targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. For nations with an active logging industry, salvaging logging residues or slash to produce bioenergy has a huge potential for development. However, removing forest woodfuel may have ecological consequences, no...
Until its replacement by high forest systems in the 19th centuries, coppicing had been practiced in the deciduous broad-leaved forests of Central Europe for many centuries, serving as a source of fuel wood, charcoal and tan-bark for the local populations. Nowadays, some coppice-with-standards (CWS) stands have been converted to high forest by singl...
Horn A., Kerdelhué C., Lieutier F., Rossi J.-P.
Article publié suite à l'événement : MEDINSECT 3 ; Hammamet-Tunis (Tunisie) - (2012-05-08 - 2012-05-11).
The woolly poplar aphid, Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae), causes the most damage to poplars in southern Europe and the Near East as outbreaks can lead to massive mortality in mature stands. Previous studies, conducted on poplar cuttings or young trees, showed that resistance varied depending on the poplar genotype. How...
In natural spruce stands, a change of generation is usually initiated by wind or bark beetle disturbances. We combined semi-temporary monitoring plots, remote sensing, and GIS in order to understand and model these processes. Sub plots, called “active”, were located in areas with a high probability of bark beetle or wind disturbances. The optimal l...
Context
The bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus, is one of the main pests in Picea abies stands, and it has also been found on other European Pinaceae species. With massive introductions of North American conifer species into European forests, this insect has extended its host range to exotic Pinaceae species.
Aim
This study assessed whether a wi...
The histology of defense reactions in individual pine trees belonging to three species, Pinusponderosa, P. contorta, and P. monticola, to inoculation with Ceratocystisclavigera and injection with chitosan and a proteinase inhibitor inducing factor was investigated after resin fixation with cupric acetate. The synthesis of secondary resins was direc...
Changes in phloem phenolic content of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) clones were followed during the first 12 days of the reaction induced by phloem artificial inoculation with Ceratocystis polonica Siem., a bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) associated fungus. The aim was to confirm our previous results concerning the mechanisms of this rea...
The objective of this study was to test the effect of water stress and pruning on the resistance of young Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) to a bark beetle associated fungus. Six-year-old potted trees were either pruned (70% of needles removed) or subjected to several successive episodes of severe water stress, prior to inoculation of inner bark w...
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 506–515
Abstract
The translocation of species beyond their native range is a major threat to biodiversity. Invasions by tree‐feeding insects attacking native trees and the colonization of introduced trees by native insects result in new insect–tree relationships. To date there is uncertainty about the key factors that in...
In order to determine the main parameters of Eucalyptus natural resistance to Phoracantha beetles, artificial introductions of Phoracantha recurva larvae were performed in a Moroccan arboretum, on various Eucalyptus species. The experiment was conducted in August 1997 on 11 species and in May-June 1998 on 14 species. Three egg masses, alternating w...
Les préférences d'hôte et les performances reproductives de Phloeosinus bicolor (Brulle) ont été étudiées expérimentalement en Tunisie, sur le terrain et au laboratoire, sur des rondins issus de diverses parties du tronc de l'espèce indigène Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae) et des espèces exotiques C. arizonica Greene et C. sempervirens var...
• Our aim is to present why the hypothesis, that Ophiostomatoid fungi play an important role in the establishment of most bark beetle species on living conifers, is valuable. • After summarizing knowledge about the relationships of bark beetles with conifers and fungi, we conclude that controversy results from misinterpretations when using fungal p...
1 Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) causes damage in European coniferous forests, primarily on Picea abies L. Karst., but is also recorded on other native and exotic Pinaceae species. Estimating the adequacy between adult preference and larval performance of this beetle among its host-range, as well as the influence of plant taxo...
Planting exotic conifers offers indigenous forest insects an opportunity to extend their host range and eventually to become significant pests. Knowing the ecological and evolutionary modalities driving the colonisation of exotic tree species by indigenous insects is thus of primary importance. We compared the bark beetle communities (Coleoptera: C...
The spatial and temporal distribution of attacks by Tomicus piniperda and Ips sexdentatus was investigated on six Scots pines felled in the Orleans forest, France. Infestations were monitored by putting colour‐headed pins near each new beetle entrance hole.
By the end of the observation period, the boles were unequally infested. A clear pattern of...
The bark beetle Ips sexdentatus carries several types of conidiospores and ascopores in the pronotal punctures located around the setae on the sides of the pronotum. For swarming beetles, some of the spores seem to be germinating.
Nine species of mites were phoretic on swarming Ips sexdentatus in France. Hypophoretic on these mites were 16 morpholo...
Changes in volume and concentration of proteins and amino acids in the haemolymph of the adults of Ips sexdentatus Boern. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)
Variations in blood volume and concentration of proteins and amino acids in the haemolymph of Ips sexdentatus are observed throughout the insect's development from the imaginal ecdysis to the first ovipo...
For the study of the effect of attack density on the fecundity of Ips sexdentatus mating pairs of bark beetles were inserted into Scots pine bolts both in a climatic room and a forest clearing. Increasing attack densities were tested for the first oviposition and the ovipositions following the successive female reemergences.
Total length of gallery...
Swarming Dendroctonus micans were artificially inserted into Norway spruce on several occasions from 1987 to 1989. Resin flow was measured 2 cm below the beetle hole, either immediately below or 10 and 20 mm away on the same side as gallery extension. Four to six weeks later, the bark was removed and the status of the beetle recorded (alive, dead,...
Tomicus piniperda is an economically important pine bark beetle infesting European Pinus spp. stands. We sequenced and analyzed 797 bp of the mitochondrial genome from individuals obtained from 34 populations sampled throughout the European range. We obtained 36 haplotypes, from which a haplotype network was constructed. In the Iberian Peninsula, h...
Considering the key role of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the dispersion of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Bührer) Nickle (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidea), in Europe, defining the host spectrum and preference of M. galloprovincialis is of primary importance for forest management. There...
A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Study, based oil 43 European populations (33 of them sampled in France) of Monochamus galloprovincialis vector of the pinewood nematode, and 14 populations Of its sister Species Monochamus sutor was realized. Sequencing of 792bp of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 521 bp of the COII genes revealed numerous ambiguities...
Succédant à la sécheresse de 1976, une nouvelle vague d'infestations de Scolytes est à l'origine des dégâts affectant plusieurs forêts de conifères du pays. Deux espèces s'attaquent à l'Epicéa, le Typographe (Ips typographus) et l'Hylésine géant (Dendroctonus micans). Le dessin typique du réseau de galeries d'Ips typographus s'explique par l'associ...