François Blateyron

The new ISO 16610 standard series has introduced a lot of new filters for profile and areal surface texture analysis. Designers and metrologists may face difficulties in trying to determine which one is to be used and with what settings. They may end up staying with the well-known Gaussian filter, despite its drawbacks in some applications. This pa...

Unlike field parameters, where every point on the surface is taken into account in the calculation, the category of feature parameters takes into account only identified features on the surface. Features are considered because they play a significant role in a particular function (for example, large peaks and hills play a functional role as contact...

This paper discusses several issues found in ISO 25178 part 2 and part 3 since their publication and proposes corrections for the future revision, expected in 2017. More importantly, it provides users with advices and guidance for interpreting the ISO 25178 standard correctly and avoiding traps and pitfalls.

The vast majority of surface texture parameters are the field parameters. The term field refers to the use of every data point measured in the evaluation area, as opposed to feature parameters that only take into account specific points, lines or areas. Field parameters allow the characterisation of surface heights, slopes, complexity, wavelength c...

Watershed segmentation and Wolf pruning, as defined in ISO 25178-2, allow the detection of significant features on surfaces and their characterization in terms of dimension, area, volume, curvature, shape or morphology. These new tools provide a robust way to specify functional surfaces.

With a view to improve measurements, this paper presents a statistical approach for characterizing the behaviour of roughness parameters based on measurements performed on ground surface topographies (grit #080/#120). A S neoxTM (Sensofar®, Terrassa, Spain), equipped with three optical instrument modes (Focus Variation (FV), Coherence Scanning Inte...

To address the essential problem in surface metrology of establishing functional correlations spatial, frequencies in topographic measurements are progressively decomposed into a large number of narrow bands. Bandpass filters and commercially available software are used. These bands can be analyzed with conventional surface texture parameters, like...

Editors of surface texture analysis software need to validate their parameter calculations, ideally in an implementation-independent way. Today, there is no universal reference method for validating parameter compliance and more specifically with regard to material ratio parameters, Rk parameters, and volume parameters that are based on the Abbott...

Unlike field parameters, where every point on the surface is considered in the calculation, the category of feature parameters only uses identified features on the surface. Features are considered because they play a significant role in a particular function, for example, large peaks and hills play a functional role as contact zones in mechanical e...

The vast majority of surface texture parameters are field parameters. The term “field” refers to the use of every data point measured in the evaluation area, as opposed to feature parameters (see Chap. 3) that only take into account specific points, lines or areas. Field parameters allow the characterisation of surface heights, slopes, complexity,...

A new method is proposed to investigate the measurement variation of instruments and their ability to discriminate two TA6V surfaces obtained by grinding with SiC grit papers (80 and 120). Three optical measurement technologies included into a single apparatus, namely Confocal Microscopy (CM), Focus Variation (FV) and Coherence Scanning Interferome...

Stitching methods allow one to measure a wider surface without the loss of resolution. The observation of small details with a better topographical representation is thus possible. However, it is not excluded that stitching methods generate some errors or aberrations on topography reconstruction. A device including confocal microscopy (CM), focus v...

Topographic maps are composed of pixels associated with coordinates (x, y, z) on a surface. Each pixel location (x, y) is linked with fluctuations in a measured height sample (z). Fluctuations here are uncertainties in heights estimated from multiple topographic measurements at the same position. Height samples (z) are measured at individual locati...

The ISO 21920 standard was published in December 2021. It replaces and modernizes many previous profile standards (ISO 4287, ISO 4288, ISO 13565, ISO 1302) that were in place for 25 years. In particular, it introduces several important changes in the definition of well-known parameters and modifies the way they are calculated. The standard also int...

A top-down method is presented and studied for quantifying topographic map height (z) fluctuations directly from measurements on surfaces of interest. Contrary to bottom-up methods used in dimensional metrology, this method does not require knowledge of transfer functions and fluctuations of an instrument. Fluctuations are considered here to be ind...

The scale-sensitive fractal analysis (SSFA) of dental microwear textures is traditionally performed using the software Toothfrax. SSFA has been recently integrated to the software MountainsMap® as an optional module. Meanwhile, Toothfrax support has ended. Before switching to the new module, the outputs between the two software packages must be com...

Surface texture is measured for several decades as heights evaluated normal from the reference surface, using tactile or optical profilers. It is admitted that the simplified model of the surface obtained by these techniques is sufficient to characterize the surface function. But modern manufacturing techniques make it possible to generate complex...

Many industrial products now contain mechanical components produced by additive manufacturing (AM), using metallic powder (SLM-Selective Laser Melting). If AM techniques offer many advantages over traditional subtractive techniques (design flexibility, weight gain, complex internal parts, etc.), several drawbacks need to be addressed. One of the ma...

Several material measure data files (softgauges) have been designed with specific structures and periodical patterns. The softgauges, available as a triangle mesh, were exported and used to manufacture physical material measured in metal using 3D printers. The whole project aims at scanning samples with an XCT scanner, then reconstructing the surfa...

AM surfaces are known for their complexity in terms of architecture and surface finish. The presence of many powder particles and porosities makes it very challenging to measure and analyze them using traditional tools. Digital Surf recently developed new tools dedicated to such complex surfaces, working on triangle meshes instead of height matrice...

This keynote paper gives an overview of emerging technologies of feature-based characterisation, for surface topographies having features. It is complementary to conventional surface characterisation using texture field parameters. An original concept, the feature spectrum is proposed to organise surfaces, in order to help select the appropriate ch...

Segmentation of profile features is mainly described in two standards: ISO 4287 for profile elements, used to calculate RSm and Rc, and ISO 12085 for profile motifs, used to calculate R&W parameters. These methods are commonly criticised for their unstability, although they provide valuable results when used in an adequate context. A new profile se...

A new approach to the validation of surface texture form removal methods is introduced. A linear algebra technique is presented that obtains total least squares (TLS) model fits for a continuous mathematical surface definition. This model is applicable to both profile and areal form removal, and can be used for a range of form removal models includ...

A novel method for the validation of surface texture filtration software is introduced. Mathematically traceable reference pairs for linear Gaussian filtration are developed, utilising Fourier series surface definitions in conjunction with the frequency dependent transmission characteristic of the linear Gaussian filter. The novel method is demonst...

We introduce a novel method for the validation of surface texture filtration. The method utilises a combination of a mathematically defined surfaces and an accurate evaluation of the linear Gaussian filter transmission characteristic function to produce a mathematically traceable reference pair suitable for the performance assessment for surface te...

A new method for performance validation of surface texture parameter calculation software is introduced, focussing on field surface texture parameters. Surface height functions are defined mathematically, either using Fourier series or polynomials, and are then input into the surface texture parameter definitions to obtain mathematical parameter va...

Intro) Surface texture parameters are widely used in the precision engineering and manufacturing industries for the characterisation of surfaces, and to enable meaningful comparison between surfaces and their functional properties [1]. Software packages used to calculate surface texture parameters require validation to ensure obtained values are in...

R&W motifs (ISO 12085) have been widely used for around 40 years, mainly in France. It is one of the rare methods that have been supported by a huge campaign of functional correlation involving more than 40,000 profile measurements. However, its relative instability and the complexity of its implementation due to numerous special cases have prevent...

Profile surface texture parameters, as defined in ISO 4287, apply to three categories of profiles, obtained with different filtration conditions: primary profile, roughness profile and waviness profile. A parameter definition, for example root mean square deviation, has three instances: Pq, Rq and Wq. Areal surface texture parameters, as defined in...

A new method for performance validation of surface texture parameter calculation software is introduced, focussing on functional surface texture parameters. Material ratio curves are defined algebraically and used to calculate functional surface texture parameters mathematically. Discrete datasets are created from the material ratio curves and inpu...

A framework for the validation of surface texture parameter calculation software is proposed. The framework utilises mathematically defined surfaces and mathematically calculated surface texture parameter values to produce a reference against which third-party software can be compared; in principle, free from the approximations that are intrinsic w...

A framework for the validation of surface texture parameter calculation software is proposed. The framework utilises mathematically defined surfaces and mathematically calculated surface texture parameter values to produce a reference against which third-party software can be compared; in principle, free from the approximations that are intrinsic w...

Definition of "stratified surface" in the CIRPedia, CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering.

This work studies multiscale analyses and characterizations of surface topographies from the engineering and scientific literature with an emphasis on production engineering research and design. It highlights methods that provide strong correlations between topographies and performance or topographies and processes, and methods that can confidently...

A flexible and programmable software framework has been developed that enables the creation of simulated, areal surface topography datasets. The framework allows the creation of surfaces through a layered approach where deterministic topographic structures can be combined with pseudo-random periodic and non-periodic components. The software can be...

New software has been developed that enables the creation of areal surface topography representations. The goal of this software package is to utilise the mathematically-defined surface representations in the development of surface texture parameter reference values. These surface texture parameter reference values will be compared against paramete...

This paper reports on an in-depth analysis of ISO 5436 part 2 type F2 reference software for the calculation of profile surface texture parameters. The analysis has been performed on the input, implementation and output results of the reference software developed by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL, UK), the National Institute of Standards and...

Traditional surface texture methods use the term bandpass for describing the combination of ls and lc filters used to create the roughness profile. However, the bandwidth is usually very large with a ratio of 30:1 to 300:1. In multiscale explorations, users tend to analyze narrower bandwidths in order to identify a range of scales where parameter r...

Results of an international survey are presented, detailing the use of surface texture parameters in industry. The survey received 179 responses from a total of 34 countries, revealing the use of a variety of parameters from ISO 4287, ISO 12085, ISO 13565-2/3 and ISO 25178-2. The survey responses show an increase in the number of users of profile p...

This paper reports on an in-depth analysis of ISO 5436 part 2 type F2 reference software for the calculation of profile surface texture parameters that has been performed on the input, implementation and output results of the reference software developed by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (...

This article presents a methodology based on the use of a surface databank, which aims at assessing the discriminating power of 3D roughness parameters. The presented databank is composed of fourteen different sets of surfaces belonging to two main tribological categories: integrity and functionality. Each set of surface is composed of two classes,...

Surfaces reconstructed from SEM backscatter images were compared to surface measurements obtained using Imaging Confocal Microscopy regarding geometry (height) and roughness (Sa) and a calibtration factor was calculated. The main objective of the present study was to investigate which factors influence the calibration factor. For example: working d...

This paper explores in details the concepts of open and closed motifs that are not correctly described in the ISO 25178 standard. The paper also corrects the definitions of motif height and peak curvature, and suggests the addition of new parameters that can be useful for characterizing motif shapes. These corrections will be taken into account in...

Chromatic confocal probes are single point optical sensors built around a confocal coaxial setting that use chromatic dispersion and decoding to obtain the surface distance. Such sensors are usually installed on scanning stages of surface texture measuring instruments, roundness instruments or coordinate measuring machines. Chromatic confocal probe...

The analysis of surface geometry and surface texture is imperative to many industrial sectors, including aerospace, automotive, cosmetics, electronics, energy, metallurgy, paper, plastics and printing. From the very beginning of surface metrology some 80 years ago, 2-D (X, Z) surfaces have been characterized by measuring and analyzing profiles betw...

Today, 3-D profilometers, white light interferometers and microscopes are used to analyze all types of surfaces, characterizing local defects--such as buckles, craters and flakes--often not detected by a simple profile measurement, improving understanding of functional phenomena. Following the European Surfstand report in 2002, ISO committee TC213...

La métrologie des états de surface est à un tournant de son histoire. Dans quelques mois sera en effet publiée la norme ISO 25178 portant sur la caractérisation des états de surface en 3D. Le nouveau document permettra de décrire les surfaces à l’aide de paramètres normalisés, et de mieux comprendre les phénomènes liés à leur microgéométrie. Pour l...

The ability to manipulate materials on smaller and smaller scales has led to an increasing demand for surface metrology solutions that facilitate innovation and help to assure quality. While 2D (x, z) surface characterisation is still very common in industry today, in many cases 3D (x, y, z) characterisation is required in order to evaluate the pro...

The ability to manipulate materials on smaller and smaller scales has led to an increasing demand for surface metrology solutions that fa-cilitate innovation and help to assure quality. While 2D (x, z) surface characterisation is still very common in industry today, in many cases 3D (x, y, z) characterisation is required in order to evaluate the pr...

For a long time surface metrology has been based upon contact measurement using 2D profilometers. Over the past twenty years the appearance of 3D profilometers and non-contact gauges has created a need for the standardization and formalization of the analysis of 3D surface texture. This paper presents the current status of the standardization proce...

For a long time surface metrology has been based upon measurement using 2D profilometers. Over the past twenty years the appearance of 3D profilometers and non-contact gauges has created a need for the standardization and formalization of the analysis of 3D surface texture. This paper presents the current status of the standardization process and i...

The French automotive industry has been using for several years a special Motifs method to analyse the roughness through the evaluation of roughness motifs (ISO 12085). The main interest of this method is linked to the existence of a knowledge database, regularly updated since thirty years. This database contains values of R and W parameters for a...

Acné has an impact on both the relief and the color of the skin. Similar and complementary analysis strategies can be developed for the quantification of both.