Francisco Venegas-Martínez

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at National Polytechnic Institute

This paper uses a two-stage methodological approach to analyze the existence and shape of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis across 19 Latin American countries from 2000 to 2020. First, K-means clustering is used to categorize countries based on their economic development, environmental efficiency, energy sustainability and technical...

This paper analyzes market sentiment using digital news to understand the influence of cognitive biases (behavioral economics) on the investment decisions of economic agents. Web scraping techniques were employed to gather news about “América Movil” stock, the company with the highest market capitalization value. Subsequently, Natural Language Proc...

Aspirar a tener un trabajo estable y que genere ingresos suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades propias y las de la familia es un sueño compartido por muchas personas en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, alcanzar la estabilidad económica no es suficiente si no se tienen los conocimientos sobre el manejo adecuado del dinero. La salud financiera en pa...

This study analyzes the linguistic patterns and rhetorical strategies employed in the 2024 U.S. presidential debates from the exchanges between Donald Trump, Joe Biden, and Kamala Harris. This paper examines debate transcripts to find underlying themes and communication styles using Natural Language Processing (NLP) advanced techniques, including a...

Objective: this study carries out pattern identification in a sample of 16 major and emerging economies in function of their economic policy uncertainty. Methodology: this paper applies for the groping procedure K-Means, Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), and Clustering and Density-Based Spatial Clustering with Noise (DBSCAN). Data: This...

Environmental damage, to which the Asia-Pacific region contributes significantly, is a major concern for humanity. In 2019, the region emitted more than 50% of the world’s CO2. We examine the influence of human capital on carbon emissions in 14 Asia-Pacific countries between 1970 and 2019, in the categories of renewable energy, primary energy, and...

The aim of this paper is to identify the microeconomic determinants of underemployment and unemployment in Ecuador before and after COVID-19. A multinomial logit model was estimated on the accumulated data from the National Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment Survey (ENEMDU) for 2019 and 2022. The results show that the average worker has a...

This paper aims to analyze the impact of access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on the private returns to higher education (HE) focusing on gender inequality in 2020. Methodology: To evaluate the above impact a set of Mincerian equations will be estimated. The proposed approach mitigates biases associated with self-selection and...

This study develops and estimates a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model tailored to the Mexican economy using for calibration Bayesian techniques. The model highlights the interactions among the households, the firms, and the central bank, focusing on the impacts of monetary policy, inflation, and technology shocks. Im...

To transform Mexico's electric load infrastructure, accurate electric load forecasts are required that are crucial to efficiently allocate resources, maintain system stability, and manage energy. The purpose of this study is to use the Quantile Transformer Network (QTN) as a novel approach for a deep learning framework for load forecasting, emphasi...

This paper identifies patterns in total and per capita CO2 emissions among 208 countries considering different emission sources, such as cement, flaring, gas, oil, and coal. This research uses linear and non-linear dimensional reduction techniques, combining K-means clustering with principal component analysis (PCA) and t-distributed stochastic nei...

Diversos estudios han documentado la relación entre pobreza y apoyos monetarios al campo. Sin embargo, literatura que incorpore la dimensión territorial de tales variables todavía es escasa. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar la posible interacción territorial entre apoyos monetarios agrícolas del programa de Producción para el Bienestar, diri...

This research develops a new electric charge prediction method by using Convolutional Neural Networks with Quantile Regression (CNN-QR) combined with the Rainbow Technique for Categorical Features (RTCF) and using Deep Learning to create layers for the architecture of the neural network. This combination captures both local and global interdependen...

Objetivo: Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar la relación entre el crecimiento económico y la degradación ambiental en una muestra de 28 países. Metodología: Se utiliza un modelo de datos de panel dividiendo la muestra en cuatro grupos clasificados por nivel de ingreso, donde se estiman efectos individuales fijos y aleatorios -sin el compone...

This paper evaluates the relationship between investing in workforce well-being and profitability of listed companies in Mexico compared to European companies from an Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investor perspective. In this case, the Refinitiv workforce score or High-Performance Work Policies (HPWP) is used as an indicator of the q...

Esta investigación estima la Matriz de Contabilidad Social (MCS) de la economía mexicana para el año 2022, con base en la matriz de 2018, utilizando el método de entropía cruzada. Con la MCS estimada se realiza un análisis multisectorial mediante la clasificación de sectores. Los resultados empíricos obtenidos en la nueva MCS 2022 reflejan una apro...

In this research, we develop an extension of the stochastic routing model with a fixed capacity for the distribution of perishable products with a time window. We use theoretical probability distributions to model the life of transported products and travel times in the network. Our main objective is to maximize the probability of delivering produc...

The effects of various geopolitical tensions, conflicts between countries and the global post-pandemic COVID-19 have caused an acceleration in the price level in many countries around the world. This research focuses on Mexico since its monetary policy has created intricate interactions between inflation and growth in the short and long term, maint...

This paper attempts to examine the level of financial knowledge of workers in the tourism industry in Mexico through the Structural Equations Methodology (SEM). The type of sampling is non-probabilistic by self-determination. A questionnaire is applied to 500 workers, in 2023, from Mexican companies in the tourism sector considering the following 7...

This paper is aimed at assessing the relationship between the real economy and the derivatives markets in three of the largest economies in Latin America (Brazil, Mexico and Argentina) during the period 2002-2016. To do this, Granger causality test among the variables are performed and, subsequently, a panel data model is specified and estimated. T...

This paper aims to examine the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation in a sample of 28 countries. A panel data model is used dividing the sample into four groups classified by income level where fixed and random individual effects are estimated without the time component using an error-components model (ECM). Annual dat...

Estudiar la existencia de la curva medioambiental de Kuznets en relación con el crecimiento económico y la degradación ambiental.

The economic analysis of bank networks and systemic risk is an important issue for academics, policy makers and stakeholders. This paper proposes an analytical approach based on Freixas et al (2000) by using game theory and network graphs, where banks are represented by nodes and the credit lines by links. Additionally, this paper proposes a modeli...

This paper examines the impact of the consumption of non-renewable energies (gasoline and gas), as well as the consumption of renewable energies (solar and wind) and CO2 emissions (one of the main pollutants) on Economic Growth (EG) in North America. The data comes from the public sources of the World Bank and British Petroleum annually from 1966-2...

This paper aims to identify the main determinants of the countries that present contagion during the period 2000–2021, based on the determination of the behavior patterns of 18 stock market indices of 15 of the main economies. To do that, first, the B-spline method and Bezier curves are used to smooth observations by minimizing the noise. Subsequen...

Objetivo: desarrollar una propuesta de estímulo fiscal a favor de las personas físicas para deducir el total de pagos de servicios educativos realizados a escuelas particulares por concepto de colegiaturas, inscripciones y reinscripciones, lo cual representa un incentivo para la educación y el fortalecimiento del ingreso familiar en un futuro incie...

This research assesses the impact of informal employment on the wage earning rate (marginal return) of individuals who have Higher Education (HE) in Mexico in the framework of the health contingency due to COVID-19 in 2020, which forced to the closure of a significant number of formal economic activities. HE returns estimation is carried out using...

Esta investigación analiza el impacto de la inversión en Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D) y del número de investigadores en el crecimiento económico de algunas de las economías de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), para el periodo 1996-2016. Se realiza un análisis de causalidad en el sentido de Granger y se estim...

The Global Fear Index (GFI) is a measure of fear/panic based on the number of people infected and deaths due to COVID-19. This paper aims to examine the interconnection or interdependencies between the GFI and a set of global indexes related to the financial and economic activities associated with natural resources, raw materials, agribusiness, ene...

This paper aimed to develop a useful Machine Learning (ML) model for detecting companies with lasting competitive advantages (companies’ moats) according to their financial ratios in order to improve the performance of investment portfolios. First, we computed the financial ratios of companies belonging to the S&P 500. Subsequently, we assessed the...

This paper aims to simulate portfolio decisions under uncertainty when the diffusion parameters of the risky asset and short rate paid for a bond are both modulated by a time-inhomogeneous Markov chain, with transition probabilities dependent on states, time, and asset prices. To do this, we first found closed-form solutions of the corresponding ut...

The global energy transition process has generated a set of modifications in the generation and consumption of energy. Environmental objectives have gained great relevance for regions, countries and companies. The fishing sector has been identified as having a broad environmental impact, which is why the transition to cleaner energy sources in this...

This paper develops a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model to assess the impact of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) in the growth rate of the real estate sector through direct investment in infrastructure. Based on the theoretical relationships that the model provides we show empirical evidence, through a quantile econometric analysis of...

Purpose This paper aims to develop a money laundering risk management model for multiple-purpose financial institutions (SOFOMES, Spanish acronym for “Sociedades Financieras de Objeto Múltiple”) based on the best international practices. Design/methodology/approach A study of a sample of several SOFOMES is carried out through representative survey...

This paper analyzes the flow of the contents of interleaved buffers with continuously operating machines in a mass production line. Under this framework, the products to be manufactured advance from station to station to receive a physical–chemical transformation that adds value as they progress in the process. The existence of decoupling buffers b...

This research developed a heat map of the Mexican financial system to identify its vulnerabilities. The proposed methodology extends that used by Bank of Mexico (Banxico), and its advantages are: 1) the number of variables is reduced to those originally used by Banxico (from 58 to 23) discarding redundant variables; 2) 22 of the 23 variables are av...

US Economic Policy Uncertainty (USEPU) represents a risk in which government policies and regulatory frameworks are not clearly defined for the near future. This phenomenon can generate negative effects around the world by delaying the investments of corporations and investors in stock markets, which in turn affects economic activity. This article...

Este artículo estudia la relación entre la estructura financiera y el crecimiento económico de México durante el periodo 1980-2014. La literatura identifica dos tipos de estructura financiera: bank-based y stock-market-based. En la primera, la banca comercial impacta positivamente la actividad económica y, en la segunda, el mercado bursátil influye...

The objective of this paper is to assess empirically the effects of inflation rates on bank credit using panel data of the 32 Mexican states during 2003-2015. Our research method utilizes static models (pooled OLS, fixed effects, and random effects) and dynamic models (mean group, pooled mean group, and dynamic fixed effects) to analyze the relatio...

Objective: this paper develops a time-continuous deterministic model of a rational consumer that maximizes his utility of the instantaneous rate of growth of consumption in excess of habit and real money balances. Methodology: we introduce the concept of utility of the instantaneous rate of growth of consumption in excess of habit. The necessary co...

Today, there are a wide variety of ways to produce goods in a manufacturing company. Among the most common are mass or line production and process production, both of which are antagonists. In an online production system, materials move from station to station, receiving added value on a well-defined layout. In a production line by process, the mat...

Objetivo: se desarrolla un modelo determinista en tiempo continuo de un consumidor racional que maximiza utilidad por la tasa de crecimiento instantáneo del consumo en exceso del hábito y los saldos monetarios reales. Metodología: se introduce el concepto de utilidad de la tasa de crecimiento instantáneo del consumo en exceso del hábito. Las condic...

This paper is aimed at examining the short- and long-run relationships among consumption of renewable and non-renewable energies, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in Mexico during the period 1973–2018. Data were obtained from the World Bank and the British Oil Company BP. A cointegration model together with a fully modified ordinary least squares...

This article proposes climate derivative strategies as an alternative to set up guaranteed prices for agricultural producers with the idea that this market mechanism replaces direct government intervention and traditional insurance. To do that, we apply a bivariate time-varying copula to model temperature behaviour as a shadow price of each degree...

El libro tiene el objetivo de evaluar el impacto del consumo y generación de energía, con las consecuentes emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, en la actividad económica de México. El libro se compone de dos partes, la primera aborda el tema de energía y crecimiento económico, y la segunda se enfoca en la política energética. El lector encontr...

El dilema actual de las autoridades de muchos países es cómo lograr un crecimiento económico acelerado, con un uso eficiente de los recursos energéticos y bajos niveles de contaminación ambiental provocada por las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. No obstante, en el mundo, las necesidades energéticas y las emisiones contaminantes se dispara...

Competition in the credit market among dominant banks in Mexico Objective: This research measures the degree of competition of the banks that dominate the credit market in Mexico in 2004-2016. To do that, the non-structural approach of competition measures based on the theory of the New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) is used. Methodolog...

Objective: this paper assesses the impact of exchange rate volatility on the trade of corn and wheat between the U.S. and Mexico during the 1990-2017 period, which encompasses both the 1994 and 2008 Mexican exchange rate crises. Methodology: the exports function is first modeled through an Error Correction Model (ECM), with a Factor-Augmented Vecto...

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19, medida a través del índice de fatalidad, en los precios de la gasolina y el gas natural en las principales economías en Latinoamérica: Brasil, México, Colombia, Perú, Chile y Uruguay. Estas economías no sólo son las más grandes de la región, sino también las más afectadas po...

Introduction: This paper examines the relationship between energy use (ENU) and gross capital formation (GCF) with the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in 73 countries. Countries are grouped according to the World Bank classification on income: high (30 countries), medium high (21 countries) and medium low (22 countries). Countries with a l...

p>This paper calibrates through loss functions the parameters of Heston’s stochastic volatility model by using two different methods: minimizing a nonlinear objective function (a loss function) with constraints on the values of the parameter and using a differential evolution algorithm. Both methods are applied to implied volatilities on the Mexica...

This paper is aimed at analyzing the interrelation between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Energy Consumption (EC) in Mexico during the period 1970-2014. To do that, we carry out a cointegration test and a Granger causality analysis. The empirical results from the cointegration test show a stable link between the growth rates of FDI and EC in t...

Objetivo: Este trabajo examina el impacto de la pandemia Covid-19, medida a través del índice de leta-lidad (razón entre fallecimientos e infectados confirmados), sobre los índices bursátiles, tipos de cambio y tasas de interés de las principales economías en Latinoamérica: México, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ar-gentina y Perú. Estas economías no sólo...

This paper is aimed at developing a stochastic volatility model that is useful to explain the dynamics of the returns of gold, silver, and platinum during the period 1994–2019. To this end, it is assumed that the precious metal returns are driven by fractional Brownian motions, combined with Poisson processes and modulated by continuous-time homoge...

In the present paper, we test the use of Markov-Switching (MS) models with time-fixed or Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) variances. This, to enhance the performance of a U.S. dollar-based portfolio that invest in the S&P 500 (SP500) stock index, the 3-month U.S. Treasury-bill (T-BILL) or the 1-month volatility inde...

Por qué México tiene que orientar su crecimiento económico hacia a las Exportaciones en el T-MEC? 139 ¿Por qué México tiene que orientar su crecimiento económico hacia a las exportaciones en el T-MEC? evidencia empírica Resumen Esta investigación examina la existencia de un vínculo causal entre el Pro-ducto Interno Bruto y Exportaciones para los pa...

Desde 2019 ya se vislumbraba un panorama económico y financiero incierto, y se proyectaban diversos escenarios que abarcaban desde una desaceleración de la economía mundial para 2020, hasta una fuerte recesión debido a factores como: incremento en los déficit fiscales, tanto en naciones desarrolladas como emergentes; inestabilidad cambiaria, incert...

El trabajo proporciona una descripción general de los modelos de estructuras de plazos de las tasas de interés. Se trata de un planteamiento técnico de la teoría del comportamiento libre de arbitraje de tasas de interés de distintos vencimientos. Los modelos de tasa corta están ganando relevancia en la actualidad por su capacidad para describir y e...

Las contribuciones de Robert C. Merton cobran vigencia actual. Con respecto del diseño de los planes para el retiro, en un marco de sistemas deficientes de pensiones, las investigaciones de Merton (1969) y (1971) sobre reglas óptimas de consumo y portafolio durante y después de la vida laboral cobran vigencia contemporánea. Asimismo, Bodie y Merton...

Esta investigación examina la existencia de un vínculo causal entre el Producto Interno Bruto y Exportaciones para los países que integran el T-MEC con base en técnicas de cointegración y causalidad de Granger. El análisis se extiende al agregar el método de estimación de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios totalmente modificados (FMOLS). La evidencia emp...

Family networks have increased at an accelerated pace through social networking through social networking services, online platforms, and social media clubs. This paper develops a model of an economy populated by networks of families with similar preferences (the same functional form of the felicity or utility function) but family members differ in...

Objetivo: configurar un estímulo fiscal para que las personas físicas contribuyentes que presentan declaración anual puedan deducir el pago de alimentos con miras a garantizar su derecho al mínimo vital, principalmente en época de incertidumbre debido al impacto económico negativo generado por la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: en razón del en...

Objetivo: configurar un estímulo fiscal para que las personas físicas contribuyentes que presentan declaración anual puedan deducir el pago de alimentos con miras a garantizar su derecho al mínimo vital, principalmente en ´época de incertidumbre debido al impacto económico negativo generado por la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: en razón del e...

This paper is aimed at assessing the spillover effects of the US Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) in macroeconomic variables of major Latin American Countries (LAC): Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, and Chile. To do that, we estimate a set of two-country Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) models for 1997-2019; each model includes the US and one of t...

This paper is aimed at examining the relations among CO2 emissions, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, energy consumption, electricity use, urbanization, and income inequality for a sample of 134 countries by using principal components analysis, Granger causality, vector error correction (VEC) models, and panel vector autoregression (PVAR) models...

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar las interacciones dinámicas de largo plazo entre los cambios en las emisiones de CO2, el crecimiento económico, los cambios en el uso de energía y electricidad, y los cambios de la población rural a la urbana en América Latina (AL) durante el período 1990-2014. Un enfoque de datos panel VEC (VAR) con...

This work developed a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model about the consumption and investment decisions of a representative risk averse agent, for a small and closed economy, constrained to the market risk of the assets in the portfolio with a finite time horizon of stochastic length. It is assumed that the agent has access to three asset...

p>Este trabajo examina los efectos de corto y mediano plazo de las fluctuaciones de los precios internacionales de varios productos minerales (oro, plata, cobre, zinc) y metalúrgicos (aluminio, acero) sobre la estructura de capital de las empresas de la industria minera y metalúrgica listadas en los mercados bursátiles de Argentina, Brasil, México...

La eficiencia de Las coberturas petroLeras contratadas con opciones de venta: modeLo garch 7 Resumen. Esta investigación proporciona una explicación congruente y con-sistente de por qué Petróleos Mexicanos (pemex) ha incrementado el uso de las coberturas financieras en los últimos años, tanto en el precio del petróleo crudo como en el tipo de cambi...

This paper investigates the effect of derivatives on the relationship between the foreign exchange rate and the stock market. A theoretical model is used to extend the understanding of that relationship. Also, the model is tested with an empirical analysis using the GMM strategy for the Mexican and Brazilian stock markets for the period 2007 to 201...

Antecedentes y objetivo: La industria automotriz mexicana se ha convertido en una de las más fuertes a nivel mundial; genera notables aportaciones al producto interno bruto (PIB) y crea empleos directos e indirectos, al promover la entrada de inversión extranjera directa (IED). El presente trabajo valora el impacto de la industria automotriz sobre...

Purpose This paper is aimed at developing a regression tree model useful to quantify the Money Laundering (ML) risk associated to a customer profile and his contracted products (customer’s inherent risk). ML is a risk to which different entities are exposed, but mainly the financial ones because of the nature of their activity, so that they are leg...

Se ofrece un panorama general del funcionamiento del sistema de pensiones en México, tomando como elemento central los fondos de pensión administrados por el sector privado, en el contexto del esquema de contribuciones definidas que se introdujo en el país desde julio de 1997. Dentro de este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el comp...

This is a literature review on the paradigm shift of asset pricing of the mainstream and other trends, from the beginning of the xx century to date, by considering two periods: before and after the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. The first period shows inconsistencies between agent’s behaviors in the asset pricing mainstream modeling. The sec...

This is a literature review on the paradigm shift of asset pricing of the mainstream and other trends, from the beginning of the XX century to date, by considering two periods: before and after the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. The first period shows inconsistencies between agent's behaviors in the asset pricing mainstream modeling. The sec...

Abstract This document presents an economic optimization model which identifies the location, the nominal plant capacity and the operation scheduling for set of biorefineries of second-generation ethanol using the biomass obtained as waste in the sugarcane industry. The model also determines the gasoline volumes that will be mixed with ethanol in o...

This paper investigates the existence of causal relationships among primary energy consumption per capita (PEC), carbon dioxide per capita (Co2) and gross domestic product per capita (GDP) in 79 countries grouped by income level for the 1980-2014 period. The countries are classified into high (HIC), upper-middle (UMIC), lower-middle (LMIC), and low...

Abstract: Motivation: This paper is aimed at analyzing the impact of foreign investment (FI) on economic growth (EG) in Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, and USA. Novelty: The research is: 1) concentrated in countries belonging to th...

This paper examines, through the concept of mutual information based on Shannon’s entropy, the impact of monetary policy on the loss of efficiency in the financial markets due to speculative bubbles. The proposed information measure is useful to quantify the efficiency with which stock markets respond to the implementation of monetary policy. The f...

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar los determinantes de la profundad financiera (PF) en México. La PF se mide como el crédito total asignado al sector privado como proporción del PBI. Las variables explicativas incluyen: cumplimiento de contratos (estado de derecho) e instituciones; regulación bancaria; competencia bancaria; trabajo formal;...

This research analyzes the stability of the patenting dynamics in Mexico during the periods of industrialization by import substitution (ISI), (1940-1970), and the liberalized exchange (IL) (1995-current) through the records of available patents. For this study, the patent register is compared in both periods, in addition an econometric analysis of...

This paper is aimed at examining the association between energy prices and financial variables, but, in contrast to previous works, it explores the possibility of a reverse causality from financial variables towards energy prices from a global perspective considering the world’s four largest world economic poles (the United States, China, the Europ...

Resumen Esta investigación, con base en el Evangelio de Mateo, pretende resaltar algunos indicios de que Jesús poseía conocimientos científicos en varias disciplinas. El resultado más sorprendente es que Jesús podría haber conocido teorías modernas que surgieron hasta los siglos XIX y XX en varias áreas del conocimiento. 1. Introducción Mateo (Levi...

Esta investigación evalúa el impacto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) sobre el crecimiento económico para el caso mexicano por tipo de inversión (nuevas inversiones, reinversión de utilidades y cuentas entre compañías) y por sector económico (manufactura, comercio, servicios, etc.). Esto con la finalidad de identificar cuáles son los sector...

Objetivo: Este artículo desarrolla un modelo microeconómico estocástico útil para explicar el comportamiento de una madre cuando es el único participante en el ingreso familiar. Metodología: Se propone un modelo en el que la jefa de familia tiene un consumo de subsistencia sujeto a dos restricciones, la primera considera un ingreso incierto junto...

The intensity and speed with which the effects of monetary and fiscal policies are transmitted from one financial market to another is of paramount importance to calibrate with precision the decisions of the corresponding authorities. Similarly, the transmission of the effects caused by unexpected shocks in one market and their impact on the behavi...

El presente trabajo compara la capacidad de varios modelos de volatilidad dependiente del tiempo para explicar la dinámica estocástica del Índice de Precios y Cotizaciones (IPC) de la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV). En particular se analizan los procesos ARCH, M-GARCH, EGARCH y difusiones con saltos estocásticos y con cambio de régimen para la vol...

This paper presents two network banks where systemic risk does not exist and the other when systemic risk is made by itself present. An analytical approach is made by means of matrix algebra and bank network graphs. Here, the banks are the nodes and the links are the credit lines. A credit chain is explored to demonstrate how a bank system that cou...

Los métodos más utilizados para evaluar el impacto del tipo de cambio sobre el déficit fiscal son deterministas y se basan en las elasticidades de cada una de las variables que inciden en el déficit. Esto permite tener una idea muy limitada de la magnitud y dirección de futuros choques. Esta investigación desarrolla un modelo estocástico para evalu...

Objective: This paper examines several peculiarities of Input-Output Tables (IOTs) of trade of raw material goods when treated as networks. Methodology: two IOTs of trade of raw material goods (World and Mexico) are compared with a network with a scale free distribution and hierarchical organization (an email database) by using distinct centralitie...