Francesco Saverio Dioguardi

Verified

Francesco verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

Verified

Francesco verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

Learn more

• Associate Professor
• Professor (Associate) at University of Milan

Purpose. This paper aims to present a unique perspective that emphasizes the intricate interplay between energy, dietary proteins, and amino acid composition, underscoring their mutual dependence for health-related considerations. Energy and protein synthesis are fundamental to biological processes, crucial for the sustenance of life and the growth...

Cancer cells require substantial amounts of energy and substrates for their metabolic hyperactivity, enabling the synthesis of new cells at the expense of healthy ones. Preliminary in vitro data suggest that a mix of free essential amino acids (EAA-mix) can promote cancer cell apoptosis by enhancing autophagy. This study aimed to confirm, both in v...

Purpose. This paper aims to present a unique perspective that emphasizes the intricate interplay between energy, dietary proteins, and amino acid composition, underscoring their mutual dependence for health-related considerations. Energy and protein synthesis are fundamental to biological processes, crucial for the sustenance of life and growth of...

Cancer cells require substantial amounts of energy and substrates for their metabolic hyperactivity, enabling the synthesis of new cells at the expense of healthy ones. Preliminary in vitro data suggest that a mix of free essential amino acids (EAA-mix) can promote cancer cell apoptosis by enhancing autophagy. This study aimed to confirm, both in v...

Recent scientific research suggests that amino acids (AA) are not only the “building bricks” of protein synthesis but may also be considered “metabokines” [...]

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is one of principal health problems in industrialized countries. Despite therapeutical improvement, based on drugs and exercise training, it is still characterized by elevated mortality and morbidity. Data show that protein energy malnutrition, clinically evident primarily with sarcopenia, is present in more than 50% of...

Background: Doxorubicin (Doxo) is a widely prescribed drug against many malignant cancers. Unfortunately, its utility is limited by its toxicity, in particular a progressive induction of congestive heart failure. Doxo acts primarily as a mitochondrial toxin, with consequent increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attendant oxidat...

Malnutrition, clinically evident primarily with sarcopenia, is present in more than 50% of CHF patients and is an independent factor of morbidity and mortality. Several pathophysiological mechanisms, such as reduced appetite, metabolic imbalance and altered protein synthesis/degradation rate, due to the blood increase of hypercatabolic molecules, h...

Cancer cells are originated by normal cells and with those share the need to be fed. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells is not yet fully understood although there is a vast literature suggesting that huge amounts of both energy and substrates are require for synthesis of components of new neoplastic cells so that any macronutrient may be effic...

Cancer cells are originated by normal cells and with those share the need to be fed. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells is not yet fully understood, and there is a vast literature suggesting that any macronutrient may be efficiently utilized by cancer for duplication purposes. Metabolic hyperactivity of cancer and continuous duplication requir...

Protein-based structures are indispensable to maintain life, so identification and removal of worn out structures achieved through proteostasis, the sum of micro and macro-autophagy (autophagy) plus ubiquitin-proteasome system, must balance renewal by new synthesis. Many of the elements controlling dynamically equilibria between protein synthesis a...

Background: Excess body adipose tissue accumulation is a common and growing health problem caused by an unbalanced diet and/or junk food. Although the effects of dietary fat and glucose on lipid metabolism regulation are well known, those of essential amino acids (EAAs) have been poorly investigated. Our aim was to study the influence of a special...

Protein-based structures are indispensable to maintain life, so identification and removal of worn out structures achieved through proteostasis, the sum of micro and macro-autophagy (autophagy) plus ubiquitin-proteasome system, must balance renewal by new synthesis. Many of the elements controlling dynamically equilibria between protein synthesis a...

Background: Many patients who have been suffering by C ovid -19 suffer of long-C ovid syndrome, with symptoms of fatigue and muscular weakness that characterize post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). However, there is limited knowledge about the molecular pathophysiology, and about the serum profile of these patients. Methods: We studied...

Acute load of BCAA is followed by significant BCAA plasma modifications and paralleled in plasma by FFA rise.

Amino-acids (AAs) are the exclusive source of nitrogen for cells. AAs result from the breakdown of food proteins and are absorbed by mucosa of the small intestine that act as a barrier to harmful materials. The quality of food proteins may differ, since it reflects content in Essential-AAs (EAAs) and digestibility but, until now, attention was paid...

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a disease with important clinical and socio-economic ramifications. Malnutrition and severe alteration of the protein components of the body (protein disarrangements), common conditions in CHF patients, are independent correlates of heart dysfunction, disease progression, and mortality. Autophagy, a prominent occurren...

Chronic diseases are characterised by altered autophagy and protein metabolism disarrangement, resulting in sarcopenia, hypoalbuminemia and hypo-haemoglobinaemia. Hypo-haemoglobinaemia is linked to a worse prognosis independent of the target organ affected by the disease. Currently, the cornerstone of the therapy of anaemia is iron supplementation,...

Background. Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is a major clinical problem in many chronic illnesses, in cancer and in the elderly. Exercise and adequate nutrition, peculiarly dependents on availability of essential amino acids, considered the primary strategies for prevention and treatment of protein synthetic de...

Chronic diseases are characterised by cell’s autophagy and proteins disarrangement resulting in sarcopenia, hypoalbuminemia and hypo-haemoglobinaemia. Hypo-haemoglobinaemia couses worse prognosis independentely of the principal disease. Currently, the cornerstone of therapy of anaemia is iron supplementation, with or without erythropoietin for the...

Most patients affected by Covid 19 die because of "cytokine storm". Tocilizumab works on one component, IL-6, and is effective but expensive and of difficult availability. NFkB , the main gauge of "cytokine storm" can be addressed by an easily found old drug, Thalidomide, that has well known efficacy and relatively few and well known untoward effec...

Background: Despite therapeutic advances, chronic heart failure (CHF)-related mortality and hospitalization is still unacceptable high. Evidence shows that muscular wasting, sarcopenia, cachexia are independent predictors of mortality and morbidity in CHF and are signs of protein metabolism disarrangement (PMD), which involve all body proteins inc...

An adequate intake of essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) is crucial to preserve cell integrity and whole-body metabolism. EAA introduced with diet may be insufficient to meet the organismal needs, especially under increased physiological requirements or in pathological conditions, and may condition lifespan. We therefore examined...

An adequate intake of essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) is crucial to preserve cell integrity and whole-body metabolism. EAA introduced with diet may be insufficient to meet the organismal needs, especially under increased physiological requirements or in pathological conditions, and may condition lifespan. We therefore examined...

Background Urocortin (Ucn) is a member of the hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor family and has been shown to reduce cell death in the heart caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor known to function as a pro-survival and anti-apoptotic factor, whose...

BACKGROUND: Intestinal dysbiosis has been proposed as a possible contributor of the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Indeed, commensal fungi and opportunistic bacteria stimulate the local immune system, altering intestinal permeability with consequent leaky gut, which in turn activates systemic inflammation responsible for insulin resistance....

Background Although originally described as a survival mechanism, it is unknown whether and to what extent autophagy is implicated in the terminal stages of heart failure. Here, we studied magnitude and evolution of autophagy in patients with intractable heart failure. Material/Methods Myocardial samples were obtained from 22 patients with ischemi...

The principal therapy for cutaneous wounds is presently based on protecting the dermis from environmental assault, while simultaneously maintaining a humid environment. In order to improve wound healing, we explored the possibility of using a protective gel that also provides nutrients for wound repair cells. Providing essential amino acids from ou...

Energy production is the main task of the cancer cell metabolism because the costs of duplicating are enormous. Although energy is derived in cells by dismantling the carbon-to-carbon bonds of any macronutrient, cancer nutritional needs for energetic purposes have been studied primarily as being dependent on glycolysis. Since the end of the last ce...

Production of energy is a main task of cancer cells metabolism, since costs of duplicating are enormous. Although energy is derived in cells by dismantling carbon to carbon bonds of any macronutrient, cancer nutritional needs for energetic purposes have been studied primarily as dependent on glycolysis. Since the end of the last century, awareness...

Low plasma albumin levels have been historically associated with insufficient nutritional nitrogen support. Recently, linked to the poor response of actual therapies and available supplements to manage this alteration, the role of this alteration has been attributed to the vast ensemble of modifications referred generally as consequent to inflammat...

The spleen is a lymphoid organ with multiple functions including blood filtration and immune activity. Aging changes the spleen's anatomy for both immune and stromal cells and can lead to immunesenescence, contributing to the increased rates of mortality and morbidity commonly observed in the elderly. Much evidence indicates that the combination of...

Objective: Inadequate protein intake can impair protein balance thus leading to skeletal muscle atrophy, impaired body growth, and functional decline. Foods provide both non-essential (NEAAs) and essential amino acids (EAAs) that may convey different metabolic stimuli to specific organs and tissues. In this study, we sought to evaluate the impact o...

Proteins are macro-molecules crucial for cell life, which are made up of amino acids (AAs). In healthy people, protein synthesis and degradation are well balanced. However, in the presence of hypercatabolic stimulation (i.e., inflammation), protein breakdown increases as the resulting AAs are consumed for metabolic proposes. Indeed, AAs are biochem...

Inadequate protein intake can impair protein balance and lead to skeletal muscle atrophy, impaired body growth, and functional decline. Foods provide both non-essential (NEAAs) and essential amino acids (EAAs) that may convey different metabolic stimuli to specific organs and tissues. In this study, we sought to evaluate the impact of six diets wit...

Exercise plays a significant role in the prevention of the diabetes. Recent data propose that dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota composition contributes to development of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moreover, dysbiosis alters intestinal endothelium permeability causing the “Leaky gut syndrome” (LGS). We measured in 15 selected patients with standard med...

Lead (Pb) is an environmental oncogenic metal that induces immunotoxicity and anaemia. Emerging evidence has linked Pb toxicity with endoplasmic reticulum-driven apoptosis and autophagy. Glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa (Grp78 or binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP)), a master endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, drives macrophage activation and reg...

Chronic wounds are a major, often underestimated, health problem for the elderly. Standard wound care products are not usually manufactured to meet the increased demand of nutrients by skin cells in order to regenerate new tissue and accelerate healing. This work was therefore undertaken to establish whether wound healing could be accelerated by nu...

Background: Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a new proteasome inhibitor used for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Besides heart failure, angina and myocardial ischemia occurred following administration of CFZ, which is not contraindicated in patients with recent myocardial infarction/unstable angina excluded from the safety trials. Aim of study: To test t...

Cancer cells require both energy and material to survive and duplicate in a competitive environment. Nutrients, such as amino acids (AAs), are not only a caloric source, as they can modulate cell metabolism and modify hormones homeostasis. Our hypothesis is that the environmental messages provided by AAs rule the dynamics of cancer cells life or de...

Skin is the outermost defense organ which protects us from the environment, constituting around 8 % of an adult’s body weight. Healthy skin contains one-eighth of the body’s total proteins. The balance of turnover and synthesis of skin proteins is primarily dependent on the availability of sufficient nitrogen-containing substrates, namely, amino ac...

Skin lesion therapy, peculiarly in the elderly, cannot be isolated from understanding that the skin is an important organ consisting of different tissues. Furthermore, dermis health is fundamental for epidermis integrity, and so adequate nourishment is mandatory in maintaining skin integrity. The dermis nourishes the epidermis, and a healthy epider...

Background Klotho proteins (α- and β) are membrane-based circulating proteins that regulate cell metabolism, as well as the lifespan modulating activity of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). Recent data has shown that higher plasma circulating Klotho levels reduce cardiovascular risk, suggesting Klotho has a protective role in cardiovascular disease...

Skin is the outer-most defense organ which protects us from the environment, constituting around 8% of an adult’s body weight. Healthy skin contains one eighth of the body’s total proteins. The balance of turnover and synthesis of skin proteins is primarily dependent on the availability of sufficient nitrogen containing substrates, namely amino aci...

Skin lesion therapy, peculiarly in the elderly, cannot be isolated from understanding that the skin is an important organ consisting of different tissues. Furthermore, dermis health is fundamental for epidermis integrity and so adequate nourishment is mandatory in maintaining skin integrity. The dermis nourishes the epidermis and a healthy epidermi...

A 38-year-old woman, obese (219 kg), diabetic, hypertensive, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4, with low plasma albumin level (2.9 g dl(-1)) and marked proteinuria (22 g per day) was studied. Given the advanced-stage CKD with nephrotic proteinuria, we supplemented low-protein diet with high doses of a tailored essential amino acid mixture (AAs:...

Objectives: The goal of this study was to measure the presence of pathogenic gut flora and intestinal permeability (IP) and their correlations with disease severity, venous blood congestion, and inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Background: Evidence suggests that translocation of gut flora and/or their toxins from the in...

Skin is an organ, and not merely a tissue, which accounts for 8% of body total weight. Protein content, predominantly collagen, in turn accounts for 50% of skin weight. Therefore, protein contained into skin are in balance with protein metabolism of the whole body, and skin synthesizes new proteins or is dismantled for providing nitrogen containing...

Chronic heart failure is a complicated multifactorial disease with widespread social-economic consequences. In spite of the recent development of new drugs and therapeutic strategies, CHF-related mortality and morbidity remain high. Recent evidence suggests that changes in organs such as skeletal muscle and gut flora may play an important and indep...

Amino acids can modulate cell metabolism and control cell fate by regulating cell survival and cell death. The molecular mechanisms involved are mediated by the mTOR complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity. These complexes are finely regulated and the continuous advancement of the knowledge on their composition and function is revealing that their bal...

Commentary Human and experimental data show that nutritional supplementation with a specific mixture of essential amino (EAA) improves both mitochondrial function and biogenesis and reduces either ROS formation or apoptotic drive in myocytes [1-2]. Supplementation with EAA is also effective in humans when tested in patients with cardiac dysfunction...

The present invention relates to the use of a combination of glycine, proline, and optionally a natural or synthetic viscosity-controlling polymer, and/or lysine and/or leucine, to prepare a composition for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

The ability of the skin to repair wounds requires immediate changes in metabolism and expression and silencing of the genes controlling cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and dif- ferentiation.The energetic costs of wounds repair are enormous (1). Collagen represent around 50% of skin weight (about 20Kg), and synthesis costs are around 4 ATPs...

Klotho proteins (α- and β-Klotho) are transmembrane proteins whose extracellular domain is secreted into blood and urine by ectodomain shedding. As such they behave as circulating proteins that regulate cell metabolism, endothelial function and calcium homeostasis, as well as modulating the lifespan connected activity of Fibroblast Growth Factors (...

The effects of high-potency statins on renal function are controversial. To address the impact of statins on renal morpho-functional aspects, normotensive young mice were treated with rosuvastatin (Rvs). Moreover, because statins may impair mitochondrial function, mice received either dietary supplementation with an amino acid mixture enriched in e...

Compositions based on amino acids are described, for improving the myocardial ventricular function in patients suffering from diabetes, particularly but not exclusively II type diabetes. The compositions according to the invention comprise up to 75% of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine, as active ingredients. Preferably,...

Clinical studies show that malnutrition and protein metabolic impairment in industrialised countries, is present in about 45% of elderly hospitalised patients, particularly with chronic diseases. Impairment of protein metabolism causes significant loss of body proteins including muscular proteins with sarcopenia, cachexia, morbidity and increased h...

Compositions based on amino acids are described, in particular for oral or parenteral use, suitable for treating heart insufficiency. The compositions according to the invention comprise up to 75% of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine, as active ingredients. Preferably, the compositions also comprise, as further active in...

This invention relates to ophthalmic wound-healing pharmaceutical compositions based on amino acids and sodium hyaluronate.

rginine is one of the 20 amino acids (AA) found in proteins and synthesized by human cells. However, arginine is also the substrate for a series of reactions leading to the synthesis of other AA and is an obligatory substrate for two enzymes with diverging actions, arginases and nitric oxide synthases (NOS), giving origin to urea and NO, respective...

This invention relates to wound-healing pharmaceutical compositions in the form of a sterile powder based on amino acids and sodium hyaluronate.

This invention relates to wound-healing pharmaceutical or cosmetic (anti-skin aging) compositions in the form of a cream based on amino acids and sodium hyaluronate.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a set of metabolic alterations including high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which increase the risk of cardiomyopathy often leading to surgery. Despite inducing myopathy, statins are widely used to lower LDL. Cardiopulmonary bypass (Cpb) causes oxidative stress and metabolic injury, altering mitochondrial exp...

To investigate whether supplementation with oral essential amino acids (EAAs) may reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infection among patients with brain injury (BI: stroke, trauma, anoxic coma). Patients (n = 125; 77 men, 48 women; mean age 63 ± 15 years) with stroke (68.8%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (17.6%), traumatic BI (7.2%), and anoxic BI (6.4...

The liver sustains the greatest damage from ethanol (EtOH) abuse. EtOH and its metabolites impair hepatocyte metabolism, causing intracellular accumulation of proteins and lipids and increasing radical oxygen species production. These processes are toxic to the mitochondrial respiratory chain and to mitochondrial DNA. We have recently shown that su...

Nitrogen supply is pivotal for the maintenance of life. Amino acids can be utilized to synthesize both glucose and lipids. The opposite, i.e., production of amino acids from either one of them, is not possible in the absence of other amino acids as donors of nitrogen. The quality of amino acid content in protein has been re-evaluated recently, and...

This study assessed the efficacy of supplemented essential amino acids on depressive symptoms, nutrition, muscle function, daily physical activity, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of institutionalized elderly patients. Forty-one patients (58.5% women; mean age 79.8 yrs) with sequelae of coronary artery disease (73%), femoral fracture (34...

Arginine is one of the 20 amino acids (AA) found in proteins and synthesized by human cells. However, arginine is also the substrate for a series of reactions leading to the synthesis of other AA and is an obligatory substrate for two enzymes with diverging actions, arginases and nitric oxide synthases (NOS), giving origin to urea and NO, respectiv...

Protein malnutrition and lowering serum albumin is frequent in hemodialysis patients. A special amino acid formulation has recently been used with favorable effects in elderly people but no data exist in renal patients. To assess the effects of this novel amino acid formulation in stable hemodialysis patients with reduced albumin levels. Thirty sta...

BACKGROUND: Protein malnutrition and lowering serum albumin is frequent in hemodialysis patients. A special amino acid formulation has recently been used with favorable effects in elderly people but no data exist in renal patients. AIM: To assess the effects of this novel amino acid formulation in stable hemodialysis patients with reduced albumin...

The very high general infection rate (IRI) observed in our Geriatric Intensive Rehabilitation Center (GIRC) led us to investigate whether patient supplementation with essential amino acids (EAAs), modulators of immuno-competence, could reduce IRI. Eighty elderly patients admitted to our GIRC (n=40; age 79.5 ± 7.71; male/female 14/26) or placebo (n=...

Medical research and consequently therapy are undergoing dramatic transformation. New science on genomics and proteomics has given us important information on the pathophysiology of many cardiac diseases and personalized responses to specific patient-oriented therapies. The application of cellular genetic and proteome tests is a promising field of...

Chronic kidney diseases are a social and economic problem, and diet has long been recognized as a fundamental modulator of kidney health in human and experimental models. Age-dependent alterations in mitochondrial function play a crucial role in the development of diseases of aging, and mitochondrial disorders have been observed in experimental mod...

The principal goal in treating surgical and non-surgical wounds, in particular for aged skin, is the need for rapid closure of the lesion. Cutaneous wound healing processes involve four phases including an inflammatory response with the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. If inflammation develops in response to bacterial infection, it can crea...

Adequate nitrogen supply is necessary to kidneys for maintaining activities, function and structure. Low-protein diets seem to be unable to prevent or reverse kidney damage in diabetic patients, while protein malnutrition induced by lowering protein intake may be a detrimental complication. Different ratios among essential and nonessential amino ac...

ABSTRACT: Adequate nitrogen supply is necessary to kidneys for maintaining activities, function and structure. Low-protein diets seem to be unable to prevent or reverse kidney damage in diabetic patients, while protein malnutrition induced by lowering protein intake may be a detrimental complication. Different ratios among essential and nonessentia...

The skin is an important organ, and the need for attention to its metabolic requirements is often underestimated by professionals involved with its integrity and beauty. Amino acids are the indispensable nutritional basis for the maintenance of its integrity. The skin has very peculiar amino acid needs, which should be acknowledged and supplied if...

Malnutrition in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is not always as severe as muscle wasting in the same patients. Our data showed that 24% of patients with CHF had malnutrition (serum albumin < 3.5 g/dl) while 68% had muscle atrophy. This apparent discrepancy can be explained by considering the metabolic role of the striate muscle. The stri...

Aging is associated with progressive structural disorganization of muscular and cardiac fibers, decreasing functional capacity, and increased rates of disease and death. Aging is also characterized by disturbances in protein synthesis with impaired cellular organelle functions, particularly in the mitochondria. The availability of amino acids is a...

Hypercatabolic syndrome (HS) is a biochemical state characterized by increased circulating catabolic hormones (eg, cortisol, catecholamines) and inflammatory cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factors, interleukin-1beta), and decreased anabolic insulin effects with consequent insulin resistance. The most important metabolic consequence of HS is the skel...

We investigated whether 30 days of oral supplementation with a special mixture of amino acids (AAs), together with conventional therapy, could improve exercise capacity in elderly outpatients with chronic heart failure (CHF). A group of 95 outpatients (12 women and 83 men; New York Heart Association class II-III) aged 65-74 years were studied. This...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an oral special mixture of amino acid (AA) supplements alongside angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy on left ventricular (LV) function and symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild-to-moderate LV dysfunction. It is established that the remodeling process is as...

Elderly persons have reduced muscular mass, with consequent deterioration of their daily activities and reduced quality of life. This is more pronounced in elderly patients affected by chronic diseases such as chronic heart failure (CHF). It has been demonstrated that oral amino acid (AA) supplementation improves muscle protein metabolism. A recent...

During ischemia and heart failure, myocardial cells suffer for chronic energy starvation resulting in metabolic and contractile dysfunction. In normal conditions fatty acids, glucose, and lactate are the principal oxidative fuels in myocardium, while amino acids serve a minor role as an oxidative fuel. However, in pathological conditions, myocardia...

Malnutrition in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is not always as severe as muscle wasting in the same patients. Our data showed that 24% of patients with CHF had malnutrition (serum albumin < 3.5 g/dl) while 68% had muscle atrophy. This apparent discrepancy can be explained by considering the metabolic role of the striate muscle. The stri...

Age-related changes in the dermis mainly consist of reduced thickness and flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction. In aging skin less efficient biosynthetic activities make the newly formed collagen more easily attacked by collagenases and metalloproteinases. We have evaluated the activity of a specific treatment based on an injectable aminoacid...

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of amino acid supplementation on muscular performance and resting hormone concentrations during resistance training overreaching. Seventeen resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to either an amino acid (AA) or a placebo (P) group and underwent 4 weeks of total-body resistance trai...

The aims of the present study were as follows: (1) to examine the adaptational changes to chronic endurance voluntary exercise and (2) to investigate the effects of amino acid supplementation on the adaptational changes induced by endurance training in hindlimb (gastrocnemius, tibialis, soleus) and respiratory (diaphragm) muscles of mice. Male C57B...

Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased rate of cardiac amino acid catabolism that could interfere with cardiac function. We assessed the effects of an oral amino acids mixture (AAM) on myocardial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). We studied 65 consecutive patients with DM2 who had normal resting left ventricular e...

Amino acids are the "alphabet" of protein structure, determining many of the properties of proteins. Amino acids are rapidly absorbed and readily available in the blood. In the cell, amino acids maintain protein stores and counteract hormone-mediated catabolic stimuli. Thus, amino acid supplementation may be effective in counteracting the metabolic...