Fons Van de Vijver

Tilburg University | UVT · Department of Culture Studies

In order to provide detailed background information about Turkish immigrants abroad, a detailed socio-historical profile of the group is presented in this Chapter. In order to make sense of the experiences of Turkish immigrants, this chapter is important. The aim is contextualizing the topic for a better understanding of the issues facing Turkish i...

This book presents a synthesis of findings from a number of different research projects on language maintenance and shift, acculturation orientations, family language policy, school achievement and bilingualism in Turkish speaking communities in different immigration contexts. By using empirical evidence in five immigration countries, the impact of...

Turkish immigrant community is the largest group in Western Europe. Researchers from various disciplines conducted research on acculturation orientations, bilingual skills, language maintenance/shift, and school achievement of Turkish immigrant groups in various countries.

From a multi-disciplinary perspective, we presented our research findings based on multiple research projects in this Volume. Turkish immigrants constitute the largest non-European ethnic group in major European countries as Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, and France. There are conflicting demographic figures on the population of Turkis...

Researchers investigating acculturation orientations and school achievement use the commonly known survey instruments to document language use, choice, attitudes and ethnic identification and so forth. Based on the correlations between individual acculturation orientations and school success factors, researchers suggest widening gap between mainstr...

This book presents a synthesis of findings from a number of different research projects on language maintenance and shift, acculturation orientations, family language policy, school achievement and bilingualism in Turkish speaking communities in different immigration contexts.

One of the most significant contributions of this book to the field is bringing together various interdisciplinary perspectives on the same topic to gain a deeper insight into the role of families in the acculturation process, language maintenance and shift. Using evidence from sociology, sociolinguistics, educational linguistics and cross-cultural...

In order to provide detailed background information about Turkish immigrants abroad, a detailed socio-historical profile of the group is presented in this Chapter. In order to make sense of the experiences of Turkish immigrants, this chapter is important. The aim is contextualizing the topic for a better understanding of the issues facing Turkish i...

In general terms, cultural and linguistic outcomes of intergroup contact is the subject matter of acculturation studies.

This chapter deals with assessment of stress in different groups, across or within societies, and the comparison of scores. It is argued that scores on scales can be subject to various kinds of cultural bias. Three sources are distinguished: construct bias, method bias, and item bias. Bias can be avoided, in part, through careful development and tr...

One of the persisting challenges facing societies and organizations is to socially integrate sojourners, expatriates, including migrants into the host culture whilst leveraging reciprocal cross-cultural learning experiences. In a quasi-experimental field study, using an embedded unequal design, incoming international students’ (i-Students’) adjustm...

Aim(s): To better understand the functionality of job crafting and its relationship with personality and job autonomy in the context of non-Western healthcare as an adaptive problem-solving work behavior that is related to creativity. Background: Job Crafting could be a strategy nurses use to solve problems as healthcare organizations become mor...

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Perceived discrimination, intergroup contact and acceptance are often encountered during acculturation processes. Based on large-scale survey data collected in the Netherlands among Antillean-Dutch, Moroccan-Dutch, Surinamese-Dutch, and Turkish-Dutch immigrant groups, relations were tested between acculturation antecedents (perceived discrimination...

This article investigates the perceptions of mainstream Turks in Turkey towards Turkish (re)migrants from West European countries. It seeks to gain insight into themes and issues emerging in the cultural contact of (re)migrants with Turks back in Turkey and to elucidate the dimensions of the perceived stigmatization of Turkish (re)migrants. By usin...

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Indigenous personality research often remains limited to its cultural context of origin. Previous cross-cultural examinations of indigenous models have typically focused on East–West comparisons and have paid scant attention to the predictive validity of indigenous models in new contexts. The present study addresses the replicability of the South A...

The present study aimed to investigate the cultural dimensions of anxiety and depression in Azeri, Kurdish, and Farsi (Persian) ethnic groups in Iran. In a cross sectional qualitative design, 44 individuals with emotional problems participated in an in-depth interview including perceptions of emotional disorders, their causal factors, and help seek...

We studied the acculturation processes of Syrian refugees in the Netherlands, based on semi-structured in-depth interviews. The study aims to investigate how Syrian refugees perceive the cultural distance caused by the differences and boundaries between Syrian and Dutch culture; how they cope with the boundaries and prejudice that they perceive; an...

This paper explores the impact of acculturation conditions, orientations and outcomes on international students in Australia’s tertiary education sector. Specifically, we investigate the factors that facilitate or hinder acculturation of international students within a multidimensional acculturation context (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2006). We u...

We examined how perceived acculturation expectations from parents and school, and ethnic discrimination predicted early adolescents' heritage and mainstream acculturation orientations at home (private domain) and in school (public domain) one year later. We surveyed 263 early adolescents of immigrant background in Germany (M age = 10.44 years, 60%...

The few studies on the achievement differences of mainstream and immigrant primary school students in large-scale assessments point to an achievement gap in many subject-areas, with immigrant students trailing mainstream students. A recurrent methodological problem of these studies is that the two student groups do not come from comparable backgrou...

Few short Big Five instruments have been tested for invariance across samples from a large number of countries. To fill this gap, we measured the Big Five personality traits in probability samples (n > 1000 in each country) from Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Russia, Tha...

Objective: In sub Saharan Africa one of the key challenges in assessment using neuropsychological tools has been the lack of adequately validated and easily implementable measures. This study will translate into English, adapt and standardize the Computerized Battery for Neuropsychological Evaluation of Children (BENCI). The BENCI battery will be...

We aimed at disentangling the role of ethnicity and of acculturation in relation to destructive conflict resolutionand relationship satisfaction among 600 individuals of different ethnicity living in the Netherlands. Ethnicgroup differences were obtained for destructive conflict resolution and similarities appeared for relationshipsatisfaction afte...

How people deal with adversity, in terms of threats to their social or ethnic identity has been extensively investigated. However, most studies have focused on samples (e.g. minority groups) from prototypical Western contexts. It is unclear how individuals perceive and deal with identity threats within non-Western plural contexts characterized by i...

Surveys that use self-reports are susceptible to response styles. The assessment and validation of response styles would benefit from a brief measure that captures the general tendency of responding. Going beyond the traditional view that response styles amount to deliberate impression management or lying, we propose to assess and conducted a valid...

Rates of international migration and intercultural marriage are rising. Migrants and intercultural partners may experience challenges in defining their ethnic identity relative to their own heritage culture, their partner’s heritage culture, and the majority culture of their country of residence. The current study examined Chinese and Western ethni...

Adolescents growing up in culturally diverse societies need to develop intercultural competence. To better understand how to develop intercultural competence we need measures specifically relating to the everyday intercultural experiences of adolescents. However, few measures of in-tercultural competence are available for this target group. Based o...

Culturally diverse schools may constitute natural arenas for training crucial intercultural skills. We hypothesized that a classroom cultural diversity climate fostering contact and cooperation and multiculturalism, but not a climate fostering color‐evasion, would be positively related to adolescents' intercultural competence. Adolescents in North...

We investigated how the knowledge and usage of two languages relate to sociocultural adjustment in bilingual adolescent samples from three ethnic groups in Indonesia (214 Javanese, 108 Toraja, and 195 Chinese adolescents; 272 females; Mage = 14.33 years). We tested a model specifying that the vocabulary knowledge of each language mediates the relat...

The aim of the study is to illustrate a comprehensive approach to item bias in cross-cultural research by integrating quantitative and qualitative data in a mixed methods design. We studied responses and response processes of Dutch and Spanish participants to quality of life items from five international studies. Item bias was evaluated by analyzin...

This study investigated how bilingual and bicultural adolescents use their languages and how this relates to affective well-being in Indonesia, a non-Western, multicultural context. The samples consisted of 132 Javanese, 109 Toraja, and 100 Chinese (Mage = 14.02 years). We tested a mediation model in which language usage is linked to affective well...

Autobiographical memories are relevant to many areas of psychological functioning. So far, however, there is no evidence whether personal memories can also be instrumental for self-affirmation. We conducted two experiments, varying national identity threat among U.S. Americans recruited through MTurk. In Study 1, participants spontaneously recalled...

Large-scale surveys such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competences (PIAAC) use advanced statistical models to estimate scores of latent traits from multiple observed responses. The comparison of such es...

We investigated the acculturation process of international students (N = 319, 162 female) from 62 countries who were residing in the Netherlands, using the acculturation framework by Arends-Tóth and Van de Vijver (2007). We applied SEM to test the model that acculturation conditions (per-ceived cultural distance [PCD], personal growth initiative [P...

We integrated models of discrimination of immigrants by combining established approaches to prejudice and discrimination towards immigrants (proximate explanations) using assumptions of Evolutionary-Coalitional Theory (ultimate explanations). Based on this perspective, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and multi...

We examined the applicability of the hybrid model of creativity, which specifies distinct domains that all express an underlying general creativity factor, in data from representative samples from Central Russia and the North Caucasus (N = 2,046). Using multigroup confirmatory analysis, Study 1 supported the invariance of a model with the six unifa...

Partners in an intercultural couple can be similar because of selection effects (they were attracted to each other because of their similarity), accommodation (relationship length diminishes differences), or acculturation (the migrant partner adjusts to the dominant culture). The current study explored these sources of similarity, as well as the as...

Responses to norm violators are poorly understood. On one hand, norm violators are perceived as powerful, which may help them to get ahead. On the other hand, norm violators evoke moral outrage, which may frustrate their upward social mobility. We addressed this paradox by considering the role of culture. Collectivistic cultures value group harmony...

In this commentary on the special issue, it is argued that the studies presented illustrate three pivotal characteristics of a new, evolving paradigm to study the consequences of prolonged intercultural encounters, such as globalization. The first refers to the topics studied and involves the need to delineate more distal, universal and more proxim...

A conceptual framework of measurement bias in cross‐cultural comparisons, distinguishing between construct, method, and item bias (differential item functioning), is used to describe a methodological framework addressing assessment of noncognitive variables in international large‐scale studies. It is argued that the treatment of bias, coming from c...

Human activity in Antarctica has increased sharply in recent years. In particular during the winter months, people are exposed to long periods of isolation and confinement and an extreme physical environment that poses risks to health, well-being and performance. The present study aimed to gain a better understanding of processes contributing to ps...

Relative to Westerners, Chinese are alleged to prefer more indirect, subtle, and implicit communication, referred to as high-context communication. We examined whether the use of indirect communication is more common, and more closely related to relationship satisfaction, in Chinese compared with Western couples. Cultural differences in communicati...

As schools are becoming more culturally diverse, it is crucial to understand how they can approach this diversity in ways that allow all students to feel included and do well. We focus on the manifestation of two related but distinct approaches to cultural diversity, namely equality and inclusion (i.e., promoting positive intergroup contact) and cu...

This chapter reviews the basic concept of measurement invariance and its challenges with regard to international large‐scale assessments (ILSAs). It examines to integrate measurement invariance evaluations with substantive insights into measurement bias. The chapter argues beyond the existing measurement invariance evaluation that a generic latent...

Orientation: This article addresses the role of multiculturalism in employee attitudes. Research purpose: It proposes a model of positive features of multiculturalism in organisations and tests it in South Africa. The model postulates three levels in multiculturalism: antecedent conditions, such as multiculturalism practices and norms that define...

Aims and objectives We were interested in group differences in Indonesia in bilingualism, whether vocabulary knowledge shows a differential pattern across the languages, and whether language skill and usage differences between groups are moderated by contextual factors, such as ethnic group size. Data and analysis We examined group differences in...

We set out to quantitatively evaluate the discordance between perceived and desired acculturation attitudes by immigrants in Russia in the eyes of host group members and consider relationships between this discordance and other intergroup attitudes. We used the coefficient of intrarater agreement as a measure of discordance between acculturation at...

This study illustrates how the cognitive interviewing (CI) method can provide qualitative evidence of item, construct, and method bias in cross-cultural research. CI was conducted with participants from the Netherlands and Spain, who responded to quality-of-life (QoL) items included in international survey research projects. Qualitative findings in...

This chapter presents conceptual and methodological proposals to address challenges faced when the validity of survey estimates needs to be evaluated in comparative survey research. It provides a dialogue between survey researchers and psychometricians on validity theory and recent contributions in both fields that can improve comparability in mult...

We describe challenges in international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) in the educational domain, based on a combination of our reading of the literature and experience with such projects. We first describe the relevance and procedure to develop a theoretical framework undergirding such studies. We then describe major operational challenges of the...

Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (in press). Cross-cultural research. In J. Edlund & A. Nichols (Eds.) Advanced research methods and statistics for the behavioral and social sciences. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

This article examines relationships between social identities and acculturation strategies of Russians (the ethnic minority) in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania (RNO-A). The sample included 109 grandparent–parent–adolescent triads from ethnically Russian families (N = 327). We assessed acculturation strategies, ethnic and national identities (i...

The second edition of the International Test Commission Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests was prepared between 2005 and 2015 to improve upon the first edition, and to respond to advances in testing technology and practices. The 18 guidelines are organized into six categories to facilitate their use: pre-condition (3), test development (...

We set out to validate the structure of the Dual Process Model of Workplace Diversity in a South African work setting contrasting black and white African employees. The study participants were a convenience sample of 296 public service employees (black = 73.3%, female = 59%, 90.7% between the age 18 and 40 years; white = 25.7%, female = 58%, 67.1%...

Employing a person-oriented approach to acculturation expectations held by Russian majority group members, we investigated the presence of groups of profiles and relationships between acculturation expectation profiles and intergroup attitudes. Applying latent profile analysis, we found three easy-to-interpret acculturation expectation profiles: bi...

The cross-cultural universality of behavior’s consistency and predictability from personality, assumed in trait models though challenged in cultural psychological models, has usually been operationalized in terms of beliefs and perceptions, and assessed using single-instance self-reports. In a multimethod study of actual behavior across a range of...

We examined the importance of parental culture maintenance behavior, bilingualism, ethnic identity, and national identity for well-being of adolescents in multicultural Indonesia. We tested a mediation model in which the link between (perceived) parental culture maintenance behavior and well-being is mediated through speaking Bahasa at home and nat...

Linking country-level educational achievement with other country-level indicators has the potential to drive systemic educational changes, as these correlates may reflect characteristics relevant for policy-making decisions to improve educational effectiveness. This study establishes a nomological network of educational achievement at the country l...

We set out to address the adequacy of dyslexia screening in Dutch and non-western immigrant children, using the Dutch Dyslexia Screening Test (DST-NL) and outcomes of the Dutch dyslexia protocol, both of which are susceptible to cultural bias. Using the protocol as standard, we conducted an ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) analysis in Dutch...

In two studies we investigated the views of Dutch social professionals and young Moroccan-Dutch on success and failure factors in the social participation of the latter group in the Netherlands. In the first study, professionals (N = 148) emphasized ties and life skills. In the second study, we compared perspectives on participation via interviews...

Intergroup relation perspectives stem from research in Western contexts with clear distinctions between the dominant and nondominant groups. In South Africa, with at least 13 different cultural groups and 11 official languages, no group is dominant in all life spheres. We examine the relationship between identity and in-/out-group orientation acros...

We examined Differential Item Functioning (DIF) and the size of cross-cultural performance differences in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 mathematics data before and after application of propensity score matching. The mathematics performance of Indonesian, Turkish, Australian, and Dutch students on released items was...

Schools are important for the academic and socio-emotional development, as well as acculturation of immigrant- and refugee-background youth. We highlight individual differences which shape their unique experiences, while considering three levels of the school context in terms of how they may affect adaptation outcomes: (1) interindividual interacti...

Our chapter assumes a methodological perspective on SDGs. Three methodological challenges in the measurement and monitoring SDG goals and other comparative studies on aspects related to sustainable development are illustrated with examples from large-scale international educational survey and positive youth development. These challenges are (1) to...

Three views on the relationship between culture and intelligence are discussed. The first, called the relativistic viewpoint, holds that intelligence comes into existence in a specific cultural context and that intelligence and culture are so closely linked that any attempt to compare intelligence across cultures is futile. The second, called the a...

Rates of international migration are increasing, which raises the question of how migration might influence couple relationship standards and impact on the standards of migrants forming intercultural relationships. We compared relationship standards in n = 286 Chinese living in Hong Kong, China, with standards in n = 401 Chinese migrants to a Weste...

Background: Little is known of mental health outcomes among vertically HIV-infected or HIV-affected adolescents in Africa. Objectives: The current study set out to describe depressive symptoms and their correlates among vertically HIV-infected and HIV-affected adolescents at the Kenyan Coast. Methods: 130 adolescents (vertically HIV-infected [...

An overview is given of models of ethnicity. The concept has been studied in various disciplines, such as anthropology, sociology, epidemiology, and psychology. Four types of definitions are discussed: primordialist/essentialist, epiphenomenal, situational, and experiential. In the primordialist definition, ethnicity is often used as the historical...

Objective. Despite the importance of self–other agreement for the validity of trait models, few studies have assessed cultural differences systematically. We examined self–other agreement in traits and profiles in the more collectivistic Black group and the more individualistic White group in South Africa. Method. Participants were 172 Black and 1...

This handbook collates research evidence and presents the most up-to-date findings on child development in Sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses complex risk factors and medical conditions affecting childhood outcomes, and spotlights emerging p