Florencia Montagnini

Yale University | YU · Yale School of the Environment. The Forest School

Native timber production offers a promising pathway to make large-scale tropical forest restoration financially viable. However, there are still many gaps in knowledge on this subject. This study develops species-specific growth models for three valuable and threatened native timber species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest – Cariniana legalis , D...

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are becoming increasingly relevant worldwide as society has come to recognize their multiple roles and services: biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, adaptation and mitigation of climate change, restoration of degraded ecosystems, and tools for rural development. This book summarizes advances in agroforestry r...

Plant diversity effects on community productivity often increase over time. Whether the strengthening of diversity effects is caused by temporal shifts in species-level overyielding (i.e., higher species-level productivity in diverse communities compared with monocultures) remains unclear. Here, using data from 65 grassland and forest biodiversity...

This chapter serves to conceptualize, identify and promote implementation of the framing tool we term Biodiversity Islands: ecological refuges where plants and animals can thrive without major interference from human activity, thereby providing ecological, economic, and social benefits at the ecosystem, landscape, and global levels. Design strategi...

This concluding chapter presents the lessons learned from the chapters in the four previous parts of this book: (I) Introduction; (II) Biodiversity Islands Establishment and Management: Challenges and Alternatives; (III) Biodiversity Islands Across the Globe: Case Studies; and (IV) Safeguarding the Environmental, Social, and Economic Benefits of Bi...

The Upper Parana Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity hotspot of highly threatened biodiversity, extends to northeastern Argentina in the province of Misiones. In Argentina, national and provincial laws promote the restoration of degraded forest areas. This is a crucial process necessary to the establishment of biodiversity islands, which requires plant...

In this chapter we describe a strategy for domestication and conservation of the genetic variability of two native species of the Interior Atlantic Forest, or Selva Paranaense, Peltophorum dubium and Enterolobium contortosiliquum. Both species are leguminous trees, commonly used for forest restoration projects. In tropical and subtropical forests,...

Given their ability to harmonize productivity with environmental functions, agroforestry systems (AFS) are an important strategy for conservation within human managed landscapes. AFS are heterogeneous in their design, management, and species composition, with consequences for their restoration, conservation, and productivity functions. AFS can func...

A finales de los años 1990 el CATIE, con apoyo de varias instituciones, inició una red de ensayos de largo plazo en sistemas agroforestales con café. Los vacíos de información sobre las interacciones agroecológicas en sistemas con diferentes enfoques de producción a largo plazo, sumados a la urgente necesidad de asegurar sostenibilidad y restauraci...

1 Palabras clave: forestación, especies nativas selva paranaense, restauración. La restauración de ecosistemas forestales degradados se puede beneficiar con la implementación de estrategias diversificadas para generar ingresos. Estas estrategias disminuyen el riesgo y aumenta la factibilidad de adopción por parte de los agricultores. Las estrategia...

The recovery of tree species composition after disturbance depends on dispersal either from nearby forests or from surviving individuals within the disturbed area. Understanding the influence of proximity to mature forests on species composition of regenerating secondary forests can help in predicting the trajectory of recovery from anthropogenic d...

The Atlantic forest of Brazil is a biodiversity hotspot that retains less than 12% of its original area. In this biome, non-pioneer tree species with limited dispersal are the most impacted by recent habitat loss and fragmentation. As attempts to establish non-pioneer tree species in pastures and agricultural fields in the Atlantic forest have fail...

Biodiversity islands can contribute to protect biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes. Agroforestry systems (AFS), as they can harmonize productivity with environmental functions, can be part of biodiversity islands, especially in the buffer zones of protected areas. AFS are heterogeneous in their design and management, with consequences for th...

The role of roots and mycorrhizas in natural and plantation forests in the tropics is reviewed. To illustrate key issues that need to be considered when trying to assess the role of roots and mycorrhizas in tropical forest plantations, literature from the temperate zone is used when information is not available from the tropics. The following chara...

Seed arrival is a limiting factor for the regeneration of diverse tropical forests and may be an important mechanism that drives patterns of tree species’ distribution. Here we quantify spatial and seasonal variation in seed rain of secondary forests in southern Bahia, Brazil. We also examine whether secondary forest age enhances seed dispersal and...

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

www.sustainablegoals.org.uk/feeding-the-world/

As reforestation and restoration processes gain momentum across the world native tree species are being established for production, conservation and restoration purposes in agricultural landscapes. One such tree with promise is dinde [Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud]; a multi-purpose, Neotropical tree species that is being widely introduced...

The effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning generally increase over time, but the underlying processes remain unclear. Using 26 long-term grassland and forest experimental ecosystems, we demonstrate that biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships strengthen mainly by greater increases in functioning in high-diversity communities in g...

Worldwide there are about 1000 million hectares of agroforestry systems (AFS); the most frequent being shaded annual and perennial crops, silvopastoral systems, live fences, and windbreaks. AFS such as homegardens provide households with food and fuelwood as well as with high value products that generate cash. Many indigenous communities still prac...

Globally, and particularly in Argentina, biodiversity is declining due to the loss of species and habitats, while indigenous cultures are being eroded simultaneously. This results in a reduced capacity to transmit indigenous cultural diversity, the EIK (Ecological Indigenous Knowledge), and biological and cultural resources for future generations....

This concluding chapter presents the lessons learned from the chapters in the three parts of the book: I – Agroforestry challenges and alternatives, II – From subsistence to market oriented systems, and III – Environmental services in multifunctional landscapes. The main findings and recommendations from each part are presented, followed by suggest...

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are becoming increasingly relevant due to their multiple roles and services: biodiversity conservation, adaptation and mitigation of climate change, restoration of degraded ecosystems, and tools for rural development. This chapter summarizes advances in agroforestry research and practice and raises questions as to the eff...

Ilex paraguariensis A. St.Hil., Aquifoliaceae (“yerba mate”) is a native plant from South America whose leaves are used to prepare an infusion or tea of popular consumption. Its market has been expanding internationally, because yerba mate is nutritious, energizing, and it contains antioxidants. Yerba mate trees are usually grown in monocultures (k...

This book gathers fresh and novel contributions from a set of Yale University researchers and associates from the academic, practitioner and development arenas, who intend to provide alternative and sometimes departing insights into some of the pressing environmental and development issues the world is facing today. The book focuses on the function...

RESUMEN La yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., es un árbol nativo del Bosque Atlántico Interior en Ar-gentina, Paraguay y Brasil, cuya hoja tiene un mercado de consumo en expansión por sus propieda-des nutritivas y energizantes. En la Provincia de Misiones, en la zona Noreste de la Argentina, existen unos 17 mil productores de yerba, de lo...

La conversión de los hábitats naturales en sistemas agrícolas resulta en la inevitable degradación del medio ambiente. Las iniciativas para la creación de áreas protegidas no son suficientes para la conservación de la biodiversidad cuando éstas se encuentran aisladas y fragmentadas a causa de las actividades humanas. Debido a la interdependencia de...

Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, EE.UU. resumen La región centroamericana está densamente poblada y sufre de pobreza y malnutrición en áreas rurales y urbanas. Los huertos familiares o caseros, que suplen a la familia con alimentos, además de productos para generar dinero en efectivo, son muy importantes tanto en América Central como en muchas ot...

RESUMEN El presente trabajo evalúa el papel de los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) sobre la adaptación y mitigación (AyM) del cambio climático (CC). Los SAF promueven resistencia para la adaptación a la variabilidad climática con la diversificación propia de estos sistemas, disminuyendo los riesgos y dando flexibilidad para cambiar hacia especies o v...

Los países de América Latina y el Caribe participan activamente de los esfuerzos globales para reducir pobreza e inequidades execrables, conservar la biodiversidad, enfrentar las causas y consecuencias del cambio climático, así como para luchar contra el aumento de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), la degradación de las tierras y el avance de...

intRoducción Cuando se publicaron las dos ediciones del libro sobre sistemas agroforestales producido por la OTS y el CATIE (Montagnini et al. 1986 y 1992) el énfasis era mostrar cómo los sistemas agrofo-restales podían ser alternativas viables de producción, aumentando la sostenibilidad, mejorando los suelos y favoreciendo a los pequeños agriculto...

Les fragments résiduels de forêt sèche sur la péninsule d’Azuero au Panama sont repré- sentatifs d’un des types forestiers les plus menacés à l’échelle de la planète, et qui a quasiment disparu au Panama. Dans de telles zones de production agricole et d’éle- vage, les arbres hors forêt sont indispensa- bles à la connectivité du paysage, à la survie...

Enrichment planting is a technique that is gaining recognition for its potential to restore native forests. Due to the steep economic trade-offs involved and dearth of silvicultural and ecological knowledge about native flora, however, it remains unclear whether it has promise for widespread application. Focusing on growth performance, this study e...

A variety of practices can greatly diminish the impacts of forest management on biodiversity. A case study from a subtropical humid forest reserve in Misiones, Argentina is presented to illustrate a “uniform spacing” method of forest harvest. In this method, trees are selected for extraction or marked for retention according to their scarcity, thei...

In order to indicate who is involved and their contribution to ecotourism in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, this study examines tourism polices and social partners as factors that impel the development of ecotourism in the Mayan area. To that end, interviews were held with representatives from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, co...

Although many reforestation projects have attempted to mitigate deforestation in the Philippines, most have focused on planting introduced trees, often with low success rates. A smallholder-based project in the Visayas region planted native species instead. This study assessed the growth performance of forty-four native and sixteen introduced speci...

La production de bétail fait partie de la culture des peuples et est importante pour la nutrition et le bien-être humain. Cependant, le bétail d'élevage conventionnel est une source de gaz à effet de serre (Ges). La séquestration du carbone dans la végétation et les sols peut être améliorée tandis que les émissions de Ges peuvent diminuer avec le p...

En este documento se analizan las políticas turísticas y los actores sociales como factores que impulsan el ecoturismo en la zona maya de la península de Yucatán. Se entrevistaron a representantes de dependencias gubernamentales, organizaciones no gubernamentales, comunitarias y operadoras turísticas. Los resultados confirman que los programas gube...

Cattle production is part of people's cultures and is important for human nutrition and welfare. However, conventional cattle ranching is a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Carbon sequestration in vegetation and soils can be enhanced and GHG emissions reduced with controlled grazing, appropriate pasture species, and the use of silvopastora...

This study examined foliar herbivory on 1 year-old tree saplings planted in previously abandoned fields in central Panama. Plots (15 × 15 trees) of Anacardium excelsum (Anacardiaceae), Dalbergia retusa (Fabaceae), Pachira quinata (Malvaceae), Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae), and Terminalia amazonia (Combretaceae) were tested for herbivory using leaf...

Le commerce de la yerba maté, Ilex paraguariensis Saint-Hilaire, est un négoce lucratif en Argentine, au Paraguay et au Brésil. Ses feuilles sont consommées comme du thé avec un marché en croissance aux États-Unis, en Europe et en Asie, car elles contiennent des antioxydants, sont énergisantes et constituent ainsi une alternative au café. Environ 5...

Twelve native tree species grown in mixed and pure plantations on degraded pasturelands at La Selva Biological Station in the Caribbean Lowlands of Costa Rica were evaluated at 15–16 years of age. Mixed plantations performed considerably better than pure plantations. The best performing species under both conditions were Vochysia guatemalensis, Vir...

Payments for Environmental Services (PES) can encourage projects that enhance restoration, production, and rural development. When projects promote differentiated systems by paying farmers for the provision of services, the application of PES requires evaluation of the environmental services provided by each system. We present evaluations of carbon...

This paper summarizes data on nitrification at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, U.S.A., focusing on effects of watershed treatment and vegetation type. At Coweeta, as at other United States sites, oak–hickory forests gave the lowest nitrification potentials. Nitrification potentials and nit...

Tree plantations are increasingly replacing other human-modified ecosystems such as degraded pasture. Plantation forests, even those composed of native tree species, are often viewed negatively in relation to the conservation of biological diversity. Tree plantations, however, often support a great diversity of native species, particularly in under...

Agroforestry systems (AFS) have the potential to provide socioeconomic benefits and also environmental services such as biodiversity conservation. In agricultural ecosystems like AFS, plant productivity is largely dependent on the type and intensity of management. Management practices like fertilization, pruning, thinning, mulching, and certain ass...

Many forest restoration programs emphasize the use of native species. Native species provide ecological advantages, including contributions to the conservation of biodiversity and the protection and expansion of the genetic diversity of the vegetation used and of associated fauna. Technical and economic advantages include potential sources of propa...

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is an important agricultural crop in Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina. Generally grown in monoculture with consequent depletion in soil fertility in the long term, yerba mate can also be grown in agroforestry systems to remedy this problem. As part of a long-term project on restoration of degraded land in Misiones, Ar...

Studies of plant regeneration in the understory of tree plantations in tropical regions worldwide suggest that plantations can contribute to catalyzing or accelerating the processes of biodiversity recovery on degraded lands. Tree plantations can facilitate secondary forest succession by ameliorating microsite conditions, suppressing aggressive veg...

An increasing percentage of tropical forest lands in Latin America are classified as degraded while demand for forest products, including timber, continues to increase. Tree plantations can contribute to meeting this demand when species are well suited to the plantation site and proper management is implemented. In several humid tropical regions in...

Inappropriate practices of natural resource extraction have degraded forest ecosystems and contributed to the impoverishment of human communities that inhabit them throughout Latin America. The problems created by forest degradation have motivated researchers to integrate rural communities into ecosystem restoration projects. This research was cond...

As a result of the limitations of protected areas in providing habitat for many wildlife species, in the last two decades efforts have shifted to studying wildlife conservation in human-dominated landscapes. The present study was carried out in the Path of the Tapir Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. The corridor, an 82,000 ha area of fragmented fore...

Living fences are used by farmers for different purposes and provide several services to the environment. In addition to their well-known functions, living fences could also restore the connectivity of the degraded agricultural landscape by acting as linear extensions of remaining forest fragments. In order to test this assumption, an experiment wa...

An increasing percentage of tropical forest lands in Latin America are classified as degraded while demand for forest products, including timber, continues to increase. Tree plantations can contribute to meeting this demand when species are well suited to the plantation site and proper management is implemented. In several humid tropical regions in...

Studies of plant regeneration in the understory of tree plantations in tropical regions worldwide suggest that plantations can contribute to catalyzing or accelerating the processes of biodiversity recovery on degraded lands. Tree plantations can facilitate secondary forest succession by ameliorating microsite conditions, suppressing aggressive veg...

Inappropriate practices of natural resource extraction have degraded forest ecosystems and contributed to the impoverishment of human communities that inhabit them throughout Latin America. The problems created by forest degradation have motivated researchers to integrate rural communities into ecosystem restoration projects. This research was cond...

Living fences are used by farmers for different purposes and provide several services to the environment. In addition to their well-known functions, living fences could also restore the connectivity of the degraded agricultural landscape by acting as linear extensions of remaining forest fragments. In order to test this assumption, an experiment wa...

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is an important agricultural crop in Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina. Generally grown in monoculture with consequent depletion in soil fertility in the long term, yerba mate can also be grown in agroforestry systems to remedy this problem. As part of a long-term project on restoration of degraded land in Misiones, Ar...

Conversion of forests to pastures is one of the most widespread land-use changes in the Latin American tropics. Inadequate management has caused varying degrees of degradation of a large proportion of these pastures. Agrosilvopastoral systems can contribute to increased productivity and sustainability, while also helping to conserve biodiversity an...

This study assessed the use of agroforestry to improve soil nutrient properties in plantations containing Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire (yerba mate). Intercropping within tree plantation systems is widely practiced by farmers around the World, but the influence of different species combinations on system performance still requires further investi...

Abstract Reforestation of degraded land in tropical regions provides one means of restoring ecosystems and improving rural livelihoods. Most plantations in humid tropical regions are established in pure plots, including few species of high commercial value, generally exotics. The present study compares growth and economic viability of 15–16 year-ol...

Les mares, bassins ou sites sacrés de forêtsgaleries le long des cours d'eau, encore appelés Íbú ódó en langue Tchabè, sont respectés par les communautés Tchabè le long des fleuves Ouémé et Okpara au Centre-Bénin (Afrique de l'Ouest). Le caractère sacré de ces sites et points d'eau a un impact évident sur la conservation de la biodiversité, à trave...

In the last two decades, as a result of the limitations of protected areas in providing habitat for many wildlife species, efforts have shifted to studying wildlife conservation in human-dominated landscapes. The present study was carried out in the Path of the Tapir Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. The corridor encompasses 55 rural communities wit...

As a result of the limitations of protected areas in providing habitat for many wildlife species, in the last two decades efforts have shifted to studying wildlife conservation in human-dominated landscapes. The present study was carried out in the Path of the Tapir Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. The corridor, an 82,000 ha area of fragmented fore...

As a result of the limitations of protected areas in providing habitat for many wildlife species, in the last two decades efforts have shifted to studying wildlife conservation in human-dominated landscapes. The present study was carried out in the Path of the Tapir Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. The corridor, an 82,000 ha area of fragmented fore...

Ibu odo, or sacred pools or points in the river, are generally respected by Tchabe communities along the Oueme and Okpara Rivers of Central Benin (West Africa). Ibu odo are governed by rules that may influence conservation practices, including bans on fish poisoning, over-fishing and pollution and discouragement of cattle grazing and cultivation in...

THE WAYS IN WHICH FORESTS ARE PERCEIVED AND USED HAVE CHANGED DRAMATICALLY OVER RECENT YEARS. FORESTS ARE NO LONGER SEEN SIMPLY AS A SOURCE OF TIMBER, BUT AS COMPLEX ECOSYSTEMS WHICH SUSTAIN LIVELIHOODS AND PROVIDE A RANGE OF PRODUCTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES. IT IS NOW WIDELY RECOGNISED THAT FORESTS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERT...

Tree species composition and structure of a 40-year chronosequence of secondary forests was compared with old-growth forests in southern Bahia, Brazil. Twelve stands were randomly selected that represented three age classes: 10, 25, and 40year old with four replications in each class. All stands selected had been established after abandonment from...

L¿élevage classique est une des utilisations des sols les plus répandues en Amérique latine, et se solde souvent par leur dégradation rapide. L¿adoption de systèmes sylvopastoraux (SSP), associant des arbres à usages multiples à des pâturages améliorés, est susceptible de rendre d¿importants services environnementaux tout en réduisant les pressions...