Florence Liggins

• Research Fellow at Nottingham Trent University

Historical buildings are prone to deterioration due to moisture and salt activity. Salt weathering affects the appearance of monuments, resulting in mechanical degradation. Many laboratory-based studies have been performed focusing on understanding salt formation in building materials and the resulting damage mechanisms. However, large-scale in sit...

Ancient bronze is subject to complex degradation which can lead, in cases where copper chlorides are present, to a cyclic and self-sustaining degradation process commonly referred to as “bronze disease”. If left untreated, bronze disease can eat away at a bronze object until it is entirely deteriorated. The presence of copper trihydroxychlorides is...

We report a comprehensive list of accurate Ritz wavelengths and calculated transition probabilities for parity-forbidden [Mn ii ] lines. Ritz wavelengths have been derived from experimentally established energy level values resulting from an extensive analysis of a high-resolution Fourier-transform emission spectrum of singly ionized manganese. Our...

An extensive analysis of the Mn spectrum was carried out using high-resolution Fourier transform (FT) and grating spectroscopy of Mn–Ne and Mn–Ar hollow cathode discharge sources, over the range 82–5500 nm (1820–121,728 cm ⁻¹ ). Spectral wavelengths for a total of 6019 Mn ii lines have been measured, of which 1345 are obtained through FT spectrosco...

Portable and mobile Raman spectroscopy systems are increasingly being adopted in in situ non-invasive examination of artworks given their high specificity in material identification. However, these systems typically operate within centimeter range working distances, making the examination of large architectural interiors such as wall paintings in c...

Accurate atomic data for line wavelengths, energy levels, line broadening such as hyperfine structure and isotope structure, and f-values, particularly for the line rich iron group elements, are needed for stellar astrophysics applications, and examples of recent measurements are given. These atomic data are essential for determination of elemental...

Accurate atomic parameters, such as transition probabilities, wavelengths, and energy levels, are indispensable for the analysis of stellar spectra and the obtainment of chemical abundances. However, the quantity and quality of the existing data in many cases lie far from the current needs of astronomers, creating an acute need for laboratory measu...

We summarize recent work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and Imperial College London on wavelengths, hyperfine structure, energy levels, and analysis of singly ionized iron-group elements of astrophysical interest.

Modern astronomical spectrographs require accurate high resolution atomic data for interpretation of many astrophysical spectra. The Imperial College laboratory astrophysics program using high resolution Fourier Transform spectrometry is described.

We report new measurements of atomic data for the neutral, singly and doubly ionised iron group element spectra for modern astrophysics applications.

The joint project between NIST and Imperial College London to measure spectra of singly-ionized iron-group elements using Fourier transform and high-resolution grating spectroscopy is described.

Accurate high resolution atomic and molecular data are required for interpretation of many astrophysical spectra. The Imperial College London laboratory astrophysics program using high resolution Fourier Transform spectrometry is described.

A laboratory prototype spectral-spatial interferometer has been constructed to demonstrate the feasibility of the double-Fourier technique at far infrared (FIR) wavelengths (0.15–1 THz). It is planned to use this demonstrator to investigate and validate important design features and data-processing methods for future astronomical FIR interferometer...