Flávio Dutra de Resende

• Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of particle size and inoculation in millet silage compared to corn silage in diets of crossbred 3/4 Holstein × 1/4 Gir cows on diet intake and digestibility, as well as milk production and composition. Five cows were used, with 100 ± 26 d in lactation and a mean body weight (BW) of 509 ± 53 kg...

Simple Summary Many studies describe the importance of granting sufficient nutrients to pregnant cows to modulate offspring growth. However, studies evaluating the capacity of tropical forages to supply all the nutrients needed for fetal development with Nellore cows are scarce. These studies are essential to understand how different herbage condit...

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of creep-feeding on feeding behavior of beef calves, during nursing phase. The experiment lasted 170 days; from December/2021 to May/2022, the calves were born in September/2021 and creep-feeding supplementation started from approximately 70 days of life until weaning. The feeding behavior was evaluated twice...

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of creep-feeding on growth performance of beef calves and milk yield of dams, during nursing phase. The experiment lasted 170 days, from December/2021 to May/2022, the calves were born in September/2021 and creep-feeding supplementation started from approximately 70 days of life until weaning. The experimental...

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing calcium salts of soybean oil to Nellore heifers during the second and third trimesters of gestation and offspring sex on cow productivity and their male and female offspring growth. Forty-eight pregnant Nellore heifers [body weight (BW) = 387 ± 38.4 kg] were assigned to this experiment at day...

Simple Summary Brazilian feedlot operators subjectively decide how long animals must stay in the feedlot based on a visual evaluation of weight and fatness. Typically, remuneration for commodity meat producers is based on carcass weight, and the lack of a metric to define the ideal slaughter endpoint often leads to erroneous decision-making, mainly...

The objective of this study was to evaluate four different feeding strategies using an immunomodulatory feed additive for newly weaned Nellore cattle, before and after road transport, on their physiological parameters and performances during the growing phase of pastures. In total, eighty-four young Nellore bulls (initial BW = 174 ± 11 kg; 7 ± 1 mo...

Effects of a blend of live yeast and organic minerals as an alternative to monensin and inorganic trace minerals for beef cattle finished on pasture with high concentrate supplementation, on growth performance, intake, digestibility, liver trace mineral and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Forty-eight Nellore bulls were blocked by initial bo...

Simple Summary A fundamental step to meet the growing demand for animal protein and address environmental management is to identify and enhance the production of grazing cattle, that is, to improve the efficiency of use by animals. Efforts to improve nitrogen use efficiency and fiber digestion have focused on improving fiber quality, mainly in low-...

Simple Summary Protein is a crucial nutrient for improving performance and fiber utilization by grazing ruminants. The use of non-protein sources can be used to improve the intake and digestibility of poor-quality forages, since rumen microbes can use NPN to synthesize amino acids. Urea supplementation has become common for cattle. However, urea sh...

The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance, carcass traits, meat quality and the expression of myogenic and lipogenic genes in muscle of steers finished with or without rumen-protected fat and born from dams that were supplemented with protein or not during mid- to late gestation. Forty-eight Nellore steers with an initial body...

Mycotoxins are present in almost all feedstuffs used in animal nutrition but are often ignored in beef cattle systems, even though they can affect animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mycotoxins and a mycotoxin adsorbent ( ADS ) on performance of Nellore cattle finished in a feedlot. One hundred Nellore cat...

The objective of this survey was to identify what mycotoxins were present in ingredients used in diets offered to beef cattle in feedlots and their concentrations. The survey covered 30 Brazilian feedlots located in the five major beef-producing states. Samples of total mixed ration (TMR) and ingredients were collected and analyzed for mycotoxin us...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00614.].

Ninety-six Nellore bulls (430 ± 13 kg and 24 months) were assigned to a completely randomized block design (2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments) to evaluate meat quality. Dietary treatments consisted of natural or exogenous contamination with mycotoxins (Factor 1), with or without yeast cell wall adsorbent (10 g/animal/d; Factor 2). The diets...

This study investigated the long-term effects (13 months) of encapsulated nitrate supplementation (ENS) on enteric methane emissions, rumen fermentation parameters, ruminal bacteria, and diversity of archaea in grazing beef cattle. We used a total of thirty-two Nellore steers (initial BW of 197 ± 15.3 kg), 12 of which were fitted with rumen cannula...

Eighty-four Nellore bulls (269 ± 27 kg; 13 months) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate different supplementation strategies on the performance of growing Nellore cattle grazing Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania in the rainy season and rainy-to-dry season transition. In the rainy season, 42 animals received mineral salt (MS) ad libitu...

There are no studies evaluating the virginiamycin (VM) doses under tropical conditions. So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the optimal dose of VM for growing Nellore bulls on tropical pasture. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment, one hundred and two Nellore bulls (307 ± 25 kg body weight [BW]; 22 months) were used. Ani...

Cattle in a hot climate have 2 peak grazing times, early morning and late afternoon, so feeding a supplement in early morning may interfere with pasture consumption. A controlled-release urea may synchronize ruminal ammonia and energy availability compared with urea. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of grazing catt...

This study evaluated the nutritional interrelationship between the growing and finishing phases of crossbred cattle in determining their performance. One hundred and eight animals were used (8 months old, body weight [BW] 211 ± 20 kg). During the dry season, the animals received one of the following supplements: a mineral plus urea supplement (ad l...

This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels of monensin sodium (MON) in diets with virginiamycin (VM) on the finishing of feedlot cattle. Two hundred and eighty intact male Nellore cattle (348 ± 32 kg body weight, 22 months) received one of the following five diets: control diet (without additives); diet containing VM (25 mg per kg dry mat...

The majority of developmental programming studies with beef cows have been conducted with Bos taurus. Little is known about developmental programming in Bos indicus, particularly the Nellore breed, which is the predominant beef breed in Brazil. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of maternal nutrition on cow performance as well...

The present study aimed to investigate the temperature at different depths of the stack silo and strata front profile before and after the removal of silage. Also, the pH values in the upper and lower profile and the silage density of the fresh materials (FM) and dry matter (DM) in pearl millet silages with particle sizes of 5 or 20 mm, with or wit...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing the supply of protein with different degradation rates on the performance and metabolism of growing Nellore cattle reared on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during the transition period from the dry to rainy season. The experiment was installed on an area of 34 ha, divide...

Forty-four feedlot-finished Nellore cattle were used to evaluate the impacts of temperament on performance, meat and carcass traits, and serum concentrations of hormones, proteins, enzymes, and immunoglobulins. Individual temperament was assessed at feedlot entry (d 0), 67 d, and 109 d, utilizing chute score (CS; 5-point scale) and exit velocity (E...

Forty-four feedlot-finished Nellore cattle were used to evaluate the impacts of temperament on performance, meat and carcass traits, and serum concentrations of hormones, proteins, enzymes, and immunoglobulins. Individual temperament was assessed at feedlot entry (d 0), 67 d, and 109 d, utilizing chute score (CS; 5-point scale) and exit velocity (E...

Abstract Text: A study was conducted to investigate association among residual feed intake (RFI), residual body weight gain (RG), residual intake and body weight gain (RIG) and temperament of Nellore (Bos indicus) young bulls (n = 44; 387 + 22 kg initial body weight; 22 + 1 month of age). Animals were evaluated for temperament at feedlot entry (d...

Abstract Text: Fifty-six Nellore (Bos indicus) young bulls of +360 kg initial weight and +20 month of age were used to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of vegetable extract , A, D and E vitamins and their associations on the feedlot performance (finishing phase) and carcass characteristics. Animals were maintained in individual pens for 1...

Abstract Text: This trial aimed to evaluate the effect of castration methods (surgical or immunological) on percentage of main cuts from hindquarter of beef cattle raised in pasture. Thirty animals ½ Angus x ½ Nellore with 233.0 ± 38.2 kg of initial BW and 8 mo of age were fed in pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu receiving 3 g/kg BW/day...

Abstract Text: Feed additives are used as tool of nutrition management to enable the supply of high concentrate diets. The association of antibiotics may improve the response of ruminal fermentation manipulation and increase performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of the virginiamycin (VM) and mo...

Abstract Text: This study evaluated the effects of four treatments [(C) Control diet including A, D and E vitamin; (V) Control diet plus 50% A, D and E vitamin; (E) Diet including plant extracts ; (A)Diet with an association of these two additives (50% A,D and E vitamin + plant extract)] on biological efficiency, carcass length, tissue composition,...

Abstract Text: The objective of this study was to analyze the ruminal parameters of young Nellore bulls in a feedlot for 109 days. The treatments consisted of a control diet with monensin sodium (27.0 mg kg DM-1), a diet with Yea-Sacc8417 live yeast (2.0 g animal-1) and a diet with the two additives combined. Diets (10.00% sugarcane bagasse, 73.60%...

Abstract Text: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of different food additives administered solely or combined in diets for young Nellore bulls in a feedlot for 109 days. The treatments consisted of a control diet with monensin sodium (27.0 mg kg DM-1), a diet with Yea-Sacc8417 live yeast (2.0 g animal-1) and a diet with the two...

Abstract Text: Performance of young grazing cattle has been improved by energy supplementation. Additionally, several antibiotics (monensin, lasalocid) have resulted in a consistent grown response. On the other hand, data concerning the effect of virginiamycin in grazing cattle are scarce. Therefore, ninety six Nellore bull (480 ± 28 kg BW) were...

Abstract Text: The study analyzed the effect of forage allowance in the finishing phase of beef cattle fed high levels of supplementation and its interaction with the rate of weight gain in the post-weaning phase. Sixty four non-castrated Nellore cattle with an average body weight (BW) of 386.0 kg, were distributed into 16 paddocks (experimental un...

Abstract Text: Abstract Text: This study evaluated the impact of nutritional strategies on the performance of young Nellore bulls during the post-weaning phase. The experimental period was divided into dry (July-November 2012) and wet (November 2012 to May 2013) seasons. The design was completely randomized, using 60 young Nellore bulls which w...

This study analyzes the chemical carcass characteristics and carcass losses in 86 cattle, both castrated and non-castrated, with an average initial weight of 329 kg and an average age of approximately 20 months, including 12 Gyr, 20 Guzerat, 20 Nellore, and 20 Caracu among the herds selected for weight determination at 378 days of age, as well as 1...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the postweaning history of heifers kept on marandu grass pastures with three canopy heights, in a continuous-grazing system, during the rainy period, on feedlot- or pasture finishing. The effects of three canopy heights (15, 25 and 35 cm) associated with two supplements (mineral salt and protein-energy su...

The objective was to examine the effects of immunocastration on carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore and Nellore×Aberdeen Angus male animals finished in feedlot. Surgically castrated, immunocastrated, and intact animals were finished in feedlot for 90days. The animals were harvested, and carcass traits were evaluated. Carcasses were chilled,...

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos e orgânicos, na época das águas do ano, sobre o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 13,6 ± 2,9 meses e peso corporal inicial de 176,8 ± 10,1kg, distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, sendo considerado o módulo de pa...

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos e orgânicos, na época das águas do ano, sobre o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 13,6 ± 2,9 meses e peso corporal inicial de 176,8 ± 10,1kg, distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, sendo considerado o módulo de pa...

The objective of this study was to verify the effect of low-intake supplementation on performance of Nellore young bulls kept on Marandu grass pasture. The experiment was divided in two periods: the dry and rainy seasons. Treatments during the dry period were composed of mineral salt with urea and mineral supplement enriched with true protein and a...

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and daytime ingestive behavior of 84 Nellore young bulls in the post-weaning phase kept on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the dry season. Treatments were protein mineral supplementation (1 g/kg body weight) and protein+energy mineral supplementation (3 g/kg body weight). The...

The objective of this study was to evaluate animal performance and carcass characteristics of 64 Nellore young bulls at 22 months of age finished in a feedlot and slaughtered at five body weights (350; 455; 485; 555 and 580 kg) fed diets containing coated or uncoated urea. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, set in a 4 × 2 fa...

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânico e orgânico, na época da seca, sobre o crescimento e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 19,4 ± 1,94 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 307,75 ± 25,0 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteir...

A suplementação de vacas leiteiras em pastagens tem sido estudada com a finalidade de estabelecer a melhor relação entre a quantidade de suplemento e a produção e composição do leite. No presente estudo, foram utilizadas 24 vacas mestiças Gir x Holandês, mantidas em pastagem de Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia fertilizada, irrigada e manejada em...

Objetiva-se com essa revisão abordar os aspectos relevantes à utilização da cana-de-açúcar na alimentação de ruminantes. A cana-de-açúcar é uma forrageira que apresenta elevada produtividade de massa por área, o que representa a principal vantagem de sua utilização. Entretanto, o corte diário é um empecilho para sua adoção em muitas propriedades. O...

This study aimed to estimate the specific gravity in multiple regression model, the mineral composition of cattle feedlot. We used 7 Nellore, 8 F1 Holstein x Nellore, 8 crossbreed and 8 Buffaloes Mediterranean. The body content of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and ash were used as dependent variables, while the specific gravity, and other...

The present study aimed to evaluate the specific gravity to estimate, in a multiple regression model, body content of cattle, feedlot. We used 7 Nellore, 8 F1 Holstein x Nellore, 8 Crossbreed 8 Buffaloes Mediterranean. Body content of water, protein, lipid and energy were used as dependent variables, while the specific gravity, and other measuremen...

The present study aimed to determine the correlation between specific carcass gravity, ribs, HH section and needle tip and the corporal contents from cattle finished in feedlots. Were used 7 Nellore bulls, 8 F1 Holstein x Nellore, 8 crossbreed and 8 Mediterranean Buffaloes. Water, protein, lipids, energy, ash and minerals body content were correlat...

The objective of this study was to evaluate of specific gravity techinical to estimate water, protein, fat amd energy contents in the empty body of bulls finished on feedlots. Was use 31 animals, been 7 Nellore (NEL), 8 F1 Holstein x Nellore (HN), 8 Crossbreed (BM) ¼ Fleckvieh + 5/16 Angus + 7/16 Nellore e 8 Mediterraneam Buffalo (BUF), slaughtered...

The objective of this study was to evaluate of specific gravity techinical to estimate calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium and ash contents in the empty body of bulls finished on feedlots. Was used 31 animals, been 7 Nellore (NEL), 8 F1 Holstein x Nellore (HN), 8 Crossbreed (BM) ¼ Fleckvieh + 5/16 Angus + 7/16 Nellore e 8 Mediterranea...

The objective of this work was to compare losses, microbiological dynamics and nutritional and fermentative alterations in silages of fresh or burned sugar cane treated or not with Lactobacillus buchneri during storage period. Treatments were fresh sugar cane or treated with L. buchneri and sugar cane burned or treated with L. buchneri, evaluated w...

The objective of this work was to compare losses, microbiological dynamics and nutritional and fermentative alterations in silages of fresh or burned sugar cane treated or not with Lactobacillus buchneri during storage period. Treatments were fresh sugar cane or treated with L. buchneri and sugar cane burned or treated with L. buchneri, evaluated w...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of dried yeast in the diet of foals when replacing soybean meal to provide 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 of the main protein source. Two trials were performed. Trial one was done to evaluate the influence of yeast on the digestibility of the five diets. Ten foals were kept in metabolic cages and fi...

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of beef cattle in feedlots fed diets containing either whole-crop maize silage or sugarcane silage, and with different formulations. Five diets were evaluated: MSF - diet containing whole-crop maize silage, with fixed formulation during feedlot period; MSV- diet containing whole-cro...

The effects of different diets on the carcass and meat characteristics of beef steers in feedlot were evaluated using the following: diet containing corn silage, with fixed formulation during the period of feedlot (CSF); diet containing corn silage, with variable formulation according to the phase of feedlot (CSV); diet containing sugar cane silage...

The objective of this was to evaluate the effect of chemical treatments with urea (3 or 5% DM) and anhydrous ammonia (3% DM) applied to the post-harvest hay residues of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu that contained different moisture contents (15, 25 or 30%). A randomized block design was used with eight treatments and four replications (defined...

The objective of this study was to assess the bionutritional efficiency of crossbred F1 Red Angus × Nellore (1/2 RA 1/2 N) and F1 Blonde D'Aquitaine × Nellore (1/2 BA 1/2 N) young bulls finished on feedlot and slaughtered at 480, 520 and 560 kg body weight. A completely randomized experimental design in a 2 × 3 (genetic group × slaughter weight) fa...

This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of the time post-burning, and additives on fermentative characteristics, losses and chemical composition on the sugar cane silage. The sugar cane variety IAC 86-2480 was ensiled on the 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days after burning. The additives evaluated were: control (Cont.), Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Calcium o...

Studies have associated cattle temperament with the presence and loca-tion of facial hair whorls in these animals. The objective of this work was to investigate the relationship between facial hair whorl and temperament during weighing crate. Seventy-three noncastrated males were used (Bos taurus and Bos indicus – Angus and Nelore), aged between 20...

This trial was conducted aiming to evaluate the effects of Brachiaria brizantha vegetative seed harvest residues hay treated with anhydrous ammonia (NH3) or urea, and protein sources on the steers performance, and carcass quality. Twenty-four male beef cattle were (12 F1 Nellore X Aberdeen Angus and 12 F1 Nellore X Red Angus), distributed in four t...

The objective in this work was to evaluate the economicity of the finishing phase on feedlot of F1 Red Angus × Nellore (½ RA ½ N) and Blond D'Aquitaine × Nellore (½ BA ½ N) crossbred young bulls slaughtered at 480, 520 and 560 kg of body weight. Thirty-six F1 crossbred young bull with 20 months of initial average age: 18 ½RA½ N and 18 ½N½ BA were a...

Foram desenvolvidas equações para estimar a composição química corporal de bovinos de três grupos genéticos (Caracu, CaS; Nelore seleção, NeS; e Nelore controle, NeC) a partir das composições química e física do corte da 9ª-10ª-11ª costelas. Utilizaram-se 56 machos não-castrados (20 CaS, 20 NeS e 16 NeC) abatidos aos 20-24 meses de idade. A composi...

Linear regressions were developed to estimate the chemical empty body composition of cattle from three genetic groups (Caracu, CaS; Selected Nellore, NeS; and Control Nellore, NeC) using the physical and chemical compositions of the 9th-10th-11th rib section. Fifty six intact males (20 CaS, 20 NeS and 16 NeC) were slaughtered at 20-24 months of age...

A study of phosphorus (P) metabolism was carried out using 12 month old Brasileiro de Hipismo breed of horses to determine the P bioavailability available from feeds commonly fed to horses in Brazil. Five different diets were formulated to contain approximately equivalent levels of crude protein and digestible energy, as well as to supply at least...

Data from 9 studies were compiled to evaluate the effects of 20 yr of selection for postweaning weight (PWW) on carcass characteristics and meat quality in experimental herds of control Nellore (NeC) and selected Nellore (NeS), Caracu (CaS), Guzerah (GuS), and Gir (GiS) breeds. These studies were conducted with animals from a genetic selection prog...

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a viabilidade econômica do confinamento de bovinos alimentados com silagem dos capins tanzânia ou marandu, com 0 e 10% de polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP), em comparação à silagem de milho. Foram utilizados silos de superfície (12 × 5 × 1 m) como silos...

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics, and the economical viability of a steer feedlot fed Tanzania and Marandu grass silage, with 0% and 10% of pelleted citrus pulp (PCP), compared with corn silage. Experimental surface silos (12 × 5 × 1 m) were used. The data were analyzed according to a completely ra...

Eighty-six castrated and non-castrated, approximately 20-month-old bovines averaging 329kg were used. They were 12 Gyr, 20 Nellore, 20 Guzerá and 20 Caracu, which were submitted to selection to weight at 378 day-old (W378) and 14 control Nellore - chosen based on nule selection differential to W378. The diet contained 14.8% of crude protein in dry...

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica fermentativa e microbiológica de silagens de capins tropicais acrescidas de polpa cítrica. Os capins tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) e marandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rich) Stapf cv. Marandu) foram colhidos aos 64 e 49 dias de rebrota, respectivamente, e ensilados...

Foram avaliados os efeitos da seleção para peso pós-desmame sobre características de carcaça e rendimento de cortes cárneos comerciais de 44 bovinos machos não-castrados selecionados ou não para peso aos 378 dias, nascidos em 1999, Foram utilizados animais dos grupos genéticos Nelore Seleção (NeS), Nelore Controle (NeC) e Caracu Seleção (Ca). Os an...

Foi determinada a composição química corporal no peso de corpo vazio de 56 bovinos machos não-castrados selecionados ou não para peso aos 378 dias (P378), nascidos em 1999. Utilizaram-se animais dos grupos genéticos Nelore Seleção (NeS), Nelore Controle (NeC) e Caracu Seleção (Ca), distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos experimentais: AI - grup...

Eighty-six castrated and non-castrated, approximately 20-month-old bovines averaging 329kg were used. They were 12 Gyr, 20 Nellore, 20 Guzerá and 20 Caracu, which were submitted to selection to weight at 378 day-old (W378) and 14 control Nellore – chosen based on nule selection differential to W378. The diet contained 14.8% of crude protein in dry...

Data from 56 bulls of the genetic groups Selection Nellore (NeS), Control Nellore (NeC) and Caracu (Ca) herds born in 1999 were used to evaluate the effects of selection for weight at 378 days of age (P 378) on the chemical composition of empty body weight. The animals were randomly distributed to three experimental classes: initial slaughter (AI),...

Data from 44 bulls of the genetic groups Selection Nellore (NeS), Control Nellore (NeC) and Caracu (Ca) herds born in 1999 were used to evaluate the effects of selection for post weaning weight on carcass traits and meat cuts yields at 378 days of age (P 378). The animals were randomly distributed into two experimental classes: restricted feeding (...

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the fermentative and microbiological dynamics of the tropical grass silages using pelleted citrus pulp (PCP) as an additive. The Tanzania (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania) and Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. RICH) Stapf cv. Marandu) grasses were harvested at 64 and 49 days of regrowth, respectiv...

Avaliou-se a relação custo-benefício do tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por Staphylococcus aureus. Foram selecionados 270 quartos mamários com mastite subclínica e sadios, divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o estádio de lactação e o tratamento. O grupo 1 foi formado por animais entre 10 e 60 dias da lactação e tratados contra...

Economic evaluation of the treatment bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was evaluated. Two hundred and seventy udder quarters with or without subclinical mastitis were distributed into four groups, in conformity to lactational stage and treatments. Group 1 included animals treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 2 included a...