Fiona Carmichael

University of Birmingham · Birmingham Business School

Fear of the threat of job loss is likely to elicit negative thoughts that have adverse consequences for not only job satisfaction, but also all-around happiness and satisfaction with life. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data, this study provides evidence of the negative effect of perceived job insecurity on life satisfaction in pos...

This study was conducted with students and alumni from an Albanian public university who entered a local labour market. This is a post-communist context where political clientelism is often stronger due to strong network (connections) ties. The researchers were concerned with the assessment of the effects of political clientelism on university-to-w...

Across many countries, girls perform more unpaid work than boys. This article shows how the time young women and girls spend in unpaid household work contributes to the gender pay gap that is already evident by age 22. The study analyzes employment participation, type of employment, and wages using five waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey...

Prezantim i mbajtur në konferencën rajonale "Universiteti - studentët - sfidat e tregut të punës në rajonin e Shkodrës" të organizuar nga Universiteti i Shkodrës "Luigj Gurakuqi".

School closures impact children's attainment adversely, but understanding the effects of closures on children's attainment in lower‐income countries is still limited. Addressing this deficit, this study examines how past school closures have impacted children's educational attainment in Ethiopia. The study uses individual student‐level data from th...

This chapter provides a cross-national comparison of the labour markets regimes of the West- and East-EU member countries with the West-Balkan country of Albania. The aim is to establish whether or not cross-national variations in propensities of being hired in a non-standard job are the result of differences in national institutional regimes and l...

Fear of the threat of job loss is likely to elicit negative thoughts that have adverse consequences for not only job satisfaction, but also, all-round happiness and satisfaction with life. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data, this study provides evidence of the negative effect of perceived job insecurity on life satisfaction in pos...

This chapter provides a cross-national comparison of the labour markets regimes of the West- and East-EU member countries with the West-Balkan country of Albania. The aim is to establish whether or not cross-national variations in propensities of being hired in a non-standard job are the result of differences in national institutional regimes and l...

This study asks whether lower quality forms of employment lead to career transitions into higher quality forms of employment acting as steppingstones, or bridges or, whether instead they lead to dead-ends, or traps, in which workers move between unstable jobs with low prospects for upward mobility and unemployment. This study uses a unique longitu...

The negotiated allocation of teaching and institutional service workload in universities is a key determinant of the quantity and quality of all work for academic staff. There is abundant quantitative evidence that women and men experience differential outcomes from faculty, school or departmental workload allocation processes, and convincing theor...

Motivation Investing in youth employment is central to development agendas. However, policy directed towards increasing employment rates among young people needs to consider the well-being implications of the different kinds of jobs they are able to access. This would help countries to meet the Sustainable Development Goal of decent work for all, i...

Education is key to development strategies in Africa. We use overeducation and undereducation to analyse the effectiveness of education in preparing individuals for employment in Kenya and Ghana, using the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity Survey. Systematic differences in wages between matched, overeducated and undereducated workers hold...

This article contributes to the growing body of knowledge about gendered ageing at work through an examination of the embodied experiences of women undergoing menopause transition in the UK police service. Drawing on 1197 survey responses, providing both quantitative and qualitative data gathered across three police forces in 2017–18, the findings...

This article seeks to examine the ways in which ‘work’ is a crucial domain within a holistic approach to understanding disability and family life. The research is based on the experiences of 49 people who either self-identified as disabled or were family members of a person with an impairment. The analysis focuses on the meaningfulness of work and...

This study investigates how household structure and relationship with head of household impact on the education of children in Ghana. We estimate educational participation and selectivity‐corrected educational progress conditional on participation and find that fostered children are less likely to participate in education. Fostered children in dual...

We estimate the intergenerational elasticity (IGE) of income for the Netherlands using complete population data for around 177,000 28-year olds. We find that IGEs are much lower when actual individual income data are used rather than proxies or aggregates for income. Though low, daughters’ IGEs are higher than sons’ indicating lower income mobility...

In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis many countries embarked on a prolonged period of public sector ‘austerity’ which for some included seeking dramatic reductions in social security spending. It is in this context that the research investigates the negative impacts of interactions with the UK disability benefits system on the lives of dis...

Using data from four waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey, we follow the lives of 3,064 eight-year-old children over 12 years in four developing countries (Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam) to explore the links between children’s lives and their health and wellbeing in early adulthood. We apply a novel combination of sequence analysis with...

Purpose This paper aims to explore barriers to employment, problems caused by working, motivation to work and job satisfaction of women employed in hotels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Design/methodology/approach The study surveyed 385 women working in 75 hotels in KSA and UAE. The sample included citiz...

Appendix S1. Key questions from the Quality of Life survey

This paper aims to enhance understanding of how career histories affect broader retirement experiences. Drawing on life course and resource-based perspectives, the study theorizes the mechanisms underlying the relationship between career trajectories, resource accumulation and retirement experiences. We utilise retrospective life course data and a...

Background: 'Choice' is increasingly pursued as a goal of social policy. However, the degree to which choice is exercised when entering an informal caring role is open to debate. Aim: In this study, we examined the degree of choice and constraint in entering a caring role, and the relationship between choice and carers' well-being. Methods: Da...

We investigate the extent to which people's earlier circumstances and experiences shape subsequent life-courses. We do this using UK longitudinal data to provide a dynamic analysis of employment and caregiving histories for 4339 people over 15–20 years between 1991 and 2010. We analyse these histories as sequences using optimal matching and cluster...

Understanding of how women's experiences in retirement are shaped by their pre-retirement lives is limited. In this paper we utilize an innovative mix of measures to examine the link between career histories and expectations and experiences of retirement. Analysis of timeline data capturing the long working lives of a sample of older women identifi...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of the health and wellbeing issues faced within the construction and retail sectors and the difficulties faced in addressing these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This is a small, qualitative pilot study based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a purposively sampled group...

Changing demographics mean that people are living longer and there is an increase in the number of older people who are frail and living with co-morbidities. Caring for this group requires the involvement of a wide range of health and social care professions with the aim to support people approaching the end of their life to live as well as possibl...

In line with human capital theory, training rates decline with age but empirical evidence on the factors that mitigate against this is limited. This study addresses this gap by using Fairlie-Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions to disentangle the extent to which age-training gaps are due to directly age-related, coefficient effects and differences in obse...

This article describes preliminary work undertaken within phase 1 of an educational enhancement project at a large research intensive university in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop greater flexibility in the learning opportunities provided for part-time postgraduate research students studying on a research methods training programme...

To evaluate this impact on male and female English medical graduates by estimating the total time and amount repaid on loans taken out with the UK's Student Loans Company (SLC). UK. 4286 respondents with a medical degree in the Labour Force Surveys administered by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) between 1997 and 2014. Age-salary profiles w...

Accurately documenting the occupational biographies of older people can be challenging given their lengthy duration and the complexity of contemporary employment. This paper shows how a traditionally quantitative occupational history calendar (OHC) instrument can be adapted for use in a mixed methods research design, to gather in-depth information...

Carmichael, F., Thomas, D. A. (2014). Team Performance: Production and Efficiency in Football. In J. Goddard, & P. Sloane (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Professional Football. (Chapter 10 ed., pp. 143-165). (Elgar Original Reference). Edward Elgar Publishing.

This article uses data for Italian Serie A to estimate a production function for the league and the relative efficiency of the clubs playing in it. It utilizes a panel data set comprising season aggregated match statistics for 36 Serie A clubs that played over 10 seasons from 2000 to 2010. The seasons affected by the Calciopoli corruption scandal a...

This study explores the complex relationship between paid work and participation in exercise and leisure-time physical activity among older women. The role of other factors that enable, motivate and constrain physical activity is also investigated. National context is explored using British Household Panel Survey data. Interviews with key stakehold...

Purpose – Older people are often perceived to be a drain on health care resources. This ignores their caring contribution to the health care sector. The purpose of this paper is to address this imbalance and highlight the role of older people as carers. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a unique data set supplied by a charity. It covers...

This paper reports on an exploratory study examining women's views about and experiences of retirement. It has long been recognized that women's careers often follow a different path than men's due to the differential impact of family and domestic responsibilities and their relative underrepresentation at higher levels of organizations. However, ma...

This paper examines the relationship between age and training in the 15 European Union countries (EU-15) that were member states prior to the 2004 enlargement. The analysis is carried out using European Union Labour Force Survey data. We report cross-country comparisons of the training undertaken by older people (aged 50–64) and younger people (age...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide insights on the relationship between health and employment in older age. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative methods are used with some additional quantitative analysis to explore emergent themes. The qualitative analysis is based on interviews with 56 men and women between the ages of 50 and 68....

This article uses data from Sport England's Active People Survey (APS) to explore trends and demographic influences on participation in sporting and physical activities. On the basis of the analysis undertaken, this article considers the extent to which the APS data can be useful both to scholars of sport studies and to inform sport policymakers. M...

Elite sport currently enjoys high levels of investment in many advanced capitalist countries. The primary aim of this piece is to introduce and unpack the reasons generally given by states for prioritizing and investing in elite sport. While our core focus is the UK sport policy sector, many of the discussions will be relevant for other, advanced l...

In this paper we examine the organisation of the transfer market for association football players in the English Football League adopting a transactions cost framework. The transfer system for professional footballers is effectively the games labour market and we argue that it is characterised by small numbers bargaining and uncertainty and that th...

This paper investigates the relationship between playing success and commercial success in team sports. Utilizing a data set relating to the English Premier League that combines both financial measures and indicators of playing skills and performances, our empirical analysis is based on three behavioural equations. Our analysis indicates that on-fi...

Over the last two decades investment in information technologies (IT) has been sufficiently high to be considered economically relevant. However, it has not been easy to prove that there are positive effects of these investments on organisational performance. This study questions the validity of directly relating web 2.0 initiatives to firm perform...

This chapter explores reasons for the lower employment participation rates of older people by considering the views and perspectives of older people themselves. The chapter begins by setting out some contextual issues. In section 8.2 some recent qualitative research that provides an ‘insider perspective’ on the views of older men and women is revie...

This article contributes to the literature on older workers and employment, providing a regional perspective on the relationship between age and work. The study is based on interviews in conjunction with occupational-event calendars with 56 individuals in North West England. The primary aim was to gain in-depth understanding of perceived constraint...

This paper focuses on the implications of the projected rise in the old-age dependency ratio in Europe and summarises current debates surrounding rising dependency ratios and the responses of policy makers to demographic changes. It reports from Latvia and the United Kingdom the factors influencing the labour market participation of older people. A...

This paper investigates the impact of training and education on productivity, in particular linking to a literature that emphasizes the need to reorganise production following adoption of ICT. The paper examines training at the total economy level and variation across industries, focusing especially on manufacturing versus market service sectors. I...

DOI: 10.1080/16184740802224092 This paper compares team performances in the EURO 2004 soccer tournament using average and frontier production functions to examine each teams' relative efficiency. The evidence suggests that while the eventual tournament winners were not obviously superior in terms of a range of individual performance criteria, they...

This paper reports on interviews with 30 carers of working age in North West England. Respondents revealed a general dissatisfaction with government initiatives and policy. The findings suggest that in the main either the policy, its implementation at grassroots level, or both have had little impact.

In the United Kingdom, informal carers look after relatives or friends who need extra support because of age, physical or learning disability, or illness. The burden of informal care work falls on women, who often care for longer hours and durations than men. This paper considers the impact that caring responsibilities have on women's employment. T...

This article discusses the home-field effect in professional team sports and provides further evidence of home advantage in association football as played in the English Premier League. Utilizing play data it employs match-based production function to investigate the home-field effect on within-match performance by home and away teams.

In this paper, we investigate the costs borne by both male and female carers in terms of their forgone formal employment opportunities. Traditionally, informal care was supplied by women but nowadays women are not only more likely to work, but also likely to be significant contributors to family finances. For women, this implies that the size of an...

This article examines the impact of informal care responsibilities on female earnings and labour supply. It extends previous work on the labour market costs of informal care by examining who, among the full set of carers has access to the two most relevant existing social security benefits (Attendance Allowance and Invalid Care Allowance) and to wh...

In this paper signals are observed by two receivers who have different preferences about the sender and therefore respond to information about himin different ways. This can result in a Catch-22 for the sender; if he sends a signal to induce a positive response from one receiver, this may induce a negative response from the other. The problem is mo...

In this paper signals are observed by two receivers who have different preferences about the sender and therefore respond to information about himin different ways. This can result in a Catch-22 for the sender; if he sends a signal to induce a positive response from one receiver, this may induce a negative response from the other. The problem is mo...

This paper employs county level data to investigate the relationship between crime and male adult and youth unemployment in Britain. Our results indicate that there is a systematic positive relationship between most crime and male unemployment regardless of age.

Despite their proliferation, sporting production function studies remain almost entirely U.S.-based, concentrating largely (although not exclusively) on baseball. Mainly due to a dearth of match-play statistics, there have been few studies of other, more interactive sports. This study attempts to partly fill the gap by using a new data source conta...

This paper examines the link between parents' occupational attainment and that of their children. The existence of such a link implies dependence on inherited conditions and the stronger the link the less the potential for intergenerational mobility. The degree to which occupational mobility is influenced by parental achievements is investigated us...

Sporting production function studies have been almost entirely US based concentrating largely, although not exclusively, on baseball. Mainly due to a dearth of match play statistics, there have been few studies of other sports, with that of association football being a significant omission given the sport's international appeal and global coverage....

This paper investigates the relationship between unemployment and crime in England and Wales taking account of both age and gender in the unemployment measures. The study is for 1985-95 and is disaggregated to the regional level. We allow for different types of crime and the deterrence effects of detection and punishment. We also consider the relat...

In spite of progress made since the 1950s and 1960s, black, Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi workers remain disadvantaged relative to whites in terms of their labour market opportunities. In general, they experience higher rates of unemployment and tend to be under-represented in higher paid, non-manual occupations. They can therefore be said to p...

The Chinese economy has been growing rapidly since 1979. Real GDP rose by more than 10 per cent per year from 1979 to 1993 (State Statistical Bureau, 1994). Rural reforms1 and trade liberalization are two of the most important factors responsible for China’s economic ‘miracle’.2 These are reflected in rapid growth of rural industrial output and exp...

Sporting production function studies have been almost entirely US based concentrating largely, although not exclusively, on baseball. Mainly due to a dearth of match play statistics, there have been few studies of other sports, with that of association football being a significant omission given the sport's international appeal and global coverage....

This note adds to the literature on price elasticity of demand for attendance at sports league fixtures using a cross-section study of English Rugby League for 1994/95. A price elasticity of demand of -0.57 we found. Impacts on attendance of live televising of matches by BSkyB are identified and uncertainty of outcome effects is shown.

This paper employs data for the 1993-94 season to estimate a hedonic equation representing the determination of the price structure in the transfer market for professional players in the English football leagues. Player transfer proneness is modelled, and the Heckman two-step procedure is employed to take account of selection bias. The paper identi...

This paper reports an empirical investigation into the influence of informal care responsibilities on the labour supply of women. The objective is to examine the argument that the UK policy of caring for the chronic sick 'in the community' involves a nontrivial opportunity cost in the form of the forgone labour supply of the informal carers upon wh...

This paper reports an empirical investigation into the influence of informal care responsibilities on the labour supply of women. The objective is to examine the argument that the UK policy of caring for the chronic sick `in the community' involves a nontrivial opportunity cost in the form of the forgone labour supply of the informal carers upon wh...

In this paper we attempt to formulate a production function for rugby league football using 'true' input data in the form of performance influencing variables, as well as performance-related inputs. We identify those factors that contribute to team success and empirically estimate their effect using data for professional rugby league clubs competin...

This paper considers the impact of vertical integration on the bargaining power relationship between employers and workers. We argue that vertical integration may have either a positive or a negative effect on the employer's position. The relationship between vertical integration of the firm and wages remains, therefore, an empirical question which...

Evidence shows that real-effort investments can affect bilateral bargaining outcomes. This paper investigates whether similar investments can inhibit equilibrium convergence of experimental markets. In one treatment, sellers’ relative effort affects the allocation of production costs, but a random productivity shock ensures that the allocation is n...

Considers the role of multinational enterprise in the determination of relative wages. Multinationality of the firm is incorporated in a wage-bargaining model with asymmetric information. Indicates that the impact of multinational enterprise on wages depends on the profitability and structure of production of individual firms. Presents empirical ev...

This paper considers the relationship between multinational enterprise and strike behavior. Bargaining between unions and multinational firms is modeled as a repeated game with asymmetric information about the latter. The analysis leads to the testable prediction that multinational enterprises will be more strike prone than firms that are not diver...

This paper analyses the relationship between informal care provision and the characteristics and needs of the people they care for. To do this it uses a unique regional data set containing detailed information on 1,985 informal care-givers. The data were provided by charitable organization providing support for carers in the midlands region of the...