Filippo Ceccolini

New data are provided on the presence of the Therididae Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) in some Greek islands. The species is reported for the first time in Corfu, Zakynthos, Leros and Lesbos. Furthermore, its presence is confirmed after about a century in Kos, Samos and Rhodes.

New records of Stephanus serrator (Fabricius, 1798) and Megischus anomalipes (Foerster, 1855) (Hymenoptera: Stephanidae) are given for the Iberian Peninsula. In particular, S. serrator is reported for the first time from Aragon, Basque Country, and Castilla y León (Spain), whilst M. anomalipes is reported for the first time from Évora and Faro (Por...

Nuevos registros de dos especies exóticas de cucarachas en España peninsular (Blattodea: Blattidae, Blaberidae) Filippo CECCOLINI

Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) is a Nearctic mud-dauber wasp, accidentally introduced in various parts of the world. The occurrence of this species was first recorded in Algeria, Turkey, Curaçao, Colombia, and Vanuatu, as well as the island of Crete and the archipelago of Tremiti Islands. Moreover, an additional 27 regions across several cou...

New occurrence records of the Mediterranean black widow Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) are quoted for Peninsular Spain. The first records for the provinces of Girona, Cáceres, Castellón, Granada, and Huelva are given.

The current faunistic knowledge on Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) and Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1806) in Italy are summerized and new records for both species are given. First occurrences of L. tredecimguttatus from Basilicata and S. paykulliana from Veneto, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise, and Basilicata are given. In addition, many re...

New records in the Iberian Peninsula of the alien mud-dauber wasp Sceliphron curvatum (Smith, 1870) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) are reported through photographic material on the websites iNaturalist and observation.org. The occurrence of this species is first recorded for the Principality of Andorra and the districts of Beja, Braga and Viana do Castel...

Riassunto Vengono presentati i risultati preliminari relativi agli atlanti degli uccelli svernanti e nidifi-canti della città di Arezzo (Toscana orientale). Nel primo caso i censimenti sono stati effettuati negli inverni del 2021-2022 e del 2022-2023, mentre gli uccelli presenti durante il periodo di nidificazione verranno complessivamente rilevati...

In order to better understand the differences at the species level in webspinners (Embioptera), the authors applied a different approach rather than the usual slide mounting, which has been traditionally used in the study of these insects. The dissection of the male terminalia, besides avoiding the limits of definitive preparations, which prevent a...

Manuale di riconoscimento di tutte le 170 specie di Anseriformi del mondo. Ciascuna specie è trattata in dettaglio dapprima attraverso una scheda di presentazione in cui sono riportati nome italiano e latino, cartina di distribuzione, annotazioni ecologiche, status di conservazione secondo la categoria IUCN, dimensioni e dati inerenti la nidificazi...

The purpose of this application, under Article 55.3.1 of the Code, is to remove the homonymy between the family-group name Stygnidae Handlirsch, 1906 (Arthropoda: Insecta: order incertae sedis) and the family-group name Stygnidae Simon, 1879 (Arthropoda: Arachnida: Opiliones). It is proposed that the stem of the generic name Stygne Handlirsch, 1906...

The first record of the alien species Hierodula tenuidentata Saussure, 1869 for Tuscany is provided through a specimen collected near Pistoia. Also another alien mantis is quoted for Tuscany: it is H. patellifera Serville, 1839. For this species the record near Pistoia is the first with precise locality for the region.

Oche e anatre sono tra gli animali addomesticati da maggior tempo e che ci hanno fornito una grande serie di benefici, dalla disponibilità di cibo a quella di mezzo per scaldarsi o per scrivere. Ma l’universo di oche, anatre e cigni è molto più ricco di quelle poche specie che sono state asservite dall’Uomo per i suoi scopi. È un universo variegato...

The occurrence of Atypus affinis Eichwald, 1830 in Tuscany is confirmed after more than 120 years through a specimen found in Florence. The history of the only record so far available in the literature is also briefly reconstructed, adding the probable year of collecting, after correction of the collector’s name.

Three junior homonyms are found within the genera of fossil Cephalopoda and the following replacement names are proposed: Nautilaphractus Ceccolini and Cianferoni nom. nov. = Aphractus Shimansky, 1967 nec Redtenbacher in Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895; Uralharuspex Ceccolini and Cianferoni nom. nov. = Haruspex Shimansky, 1968 nec Thomson, 1864. Accord...

Within the genera of fossil Echinodermata three junior homonyms are found and the following replacement names are proposed: Edrioblastocystis nom. nov. pro Blastocystis Jaekel, 1918 nec Aléxéieff, 1911 and consequently Edrioblastocystidae nom. nov. to replace Blastocystidae Jaekel, 1918; Euzonohymenosoma nom. nov. = Hymenosoma Lehmann, 1957 nec Des...

New records of the mud-dauber wasp Sceliphron fistularium (Dahlbom, 1843) for South America are reported. First record for Upper Demerara-Berbice (Guyana), Miranda (Venezuela), Vaupés (Colombia), Azuay, Orellana, Manabí, and Napo (Ecuador), Ayacucho and Cusco (Peru), Alagoas and Distrito Federal (Brazil), Amambay and Central (Paraguay), Canelones a...

Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) is a Nearctic mud-dauber wasp, accidentally introduced in various parts of the world. All literature records of its distribution outside its native range are summarized and many new records are provided, showing the quick spreading of this species. The countries and the islands in which Sceliphron caementarium...

A massive web aggregation of Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826) is reported from the lagoon of Orbetello. This gregarious behaviour is likely associated with a large swarming of chironomids, which are usual prey of this species. The record of T. nitens herein reported is the first one for continental Tuscany. Key words: Chironomidae, gregarious b...

Within the genera of fossil Brachiopoda eight junior homonyms are found and the following replacement names are proposed: 1) Brachiotesuquea Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Tesuquea Sutherland and Harlow, 1973 nec Klots, 1936 (Insecta, Lepidoptera); 2) Brachiosvalbardia Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Svalbardia Barkhatova, 1970 nec Thor, 193...

Nonostante la popolarità e il seguito che caratterizza il calcio odierno, spesso la maggior parte delle persone che se ne interessano si accontenta di una visione piuttosto parziale, non prendendo in considerazione (o magari non conoscendone) la storia. Una consapevolezza più approfondita degli avvenimenti passati può però permettere un’analisi più...

New European records of the mud-dauber wasp Sceliphron destillatorium (Illiger, 1807) are reported through photographed material on the biodiversity web platform "iNaturalist". The first record for Lithuania is provided and the first occurrences of the species in the regions of Vitebsk, Minsk, Brest, and Vitsyebsk (Belarus), Kuyavian-Pomeranian (Po...

The following replacement names in fossil Demospongiae are proposed: Trinacriarbuscula Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Arbuscula Parona, 1933 nec Bolívar, 1905; Iberogilletia Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Gilletia Lagneau-Herenger, 1962 nec Benderitter, 1923; Teutomastophorus Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Mastophorus Schrammen, 1924 ne...

The recently proposed name Sigthoria Ceccolini and Cianferoni, 2021 (replacement for the rhagidiid genus name Thoria Zacharda, 1980 nec Stål, 1864) turned out to be preoccupied (junior homonym of Sigthoria Koenike, 1907) and it needs to be changed. The substitute name Thorrhagidia Cianferoni and Ceccolini nom.n. is proposed here, together with two...

Records of Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 for 28 islands of Greece are given: in 18 islands (Agistri, Euboea, Folegandros, Kalamos, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kos, Leros, Lefkada, Naxos, Nisyros, Paros, Patmos, Pserimos, Telendos, Tilos, Tinos, Sifnos), these occurrences are the first record of the species for them. The total number of Greek islands in...

The polyvalent figure of Alberto Mario Simonetta (Pisa, 1930 - Florence, 2021), one of the most important exponents of Italian Zoology of the last century, is here presented with a brief biographical note, a list of the taxa he described and of those dedicated to him, and a complete list of his publications.

Se ha detectado un homónimo más moderno entre los Acoela (Xenacoelomorpha, Acoelomorpha) y se propone el siguiente nombre sustitutivo: Acoelopelophila Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. pro Pelophila Dörjes, 1968 nec Dejean, 1821. Se da también la siguiente nueva combinación: Acoelopelophila lutheri (Westblad, 1946) comb. nov.

One junior homonym was detected in the order Araneae where no junior synonym could be used and the following replacement name is therefore proposed: Pholcitrichocyclus Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. pro Trichocyclus Simon, 1908 nec Eschscholtz, 1825 nec Gnther, 1870. The genus Leucognatha Wunderlich, 1992 is revalidated to resolve the homonym San...

A genus name of Trombidiformes Prostigmata turned out to be a junior homonym (preoccupied by an insect name) and a replacement name is proposed: Sigthoria nom. n. pro Thoria Zacharda, 1980 nec Stål, 1864. Two new combinations (comb. n.) are provided.

Nous registres de vespes de corona a Europa (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae) Nous registres de presència de dues espècies d’Hymenoptera Stephanidae en diversos estats d’Europa. Stephanus serrator (Fabricius, 1798) es registra per primera vegada a Portugal i amb localització precisa a Suïssa; d’altra banda, es registra per primera vegada a les regions se...

New records of the mud-dauber wasp Sceliphron caementarium for Peru are reported through photographed material on the biodiversity web platform iNaturalist. The first records for the departments of La Libertad and Arequipa and the province of Talara are given. Moreover, the first precise localities for Lima province and department are quoted.

The Blackspot Barb, Dawkinsia filamentosa (Valenciennes, 1844), is a shoaling fish of India. As in many ostariophysians, alarm cues released after skin injuring elicit striking anti-predator behaviour in conspecifics. The alarm substance necessary for tests was obtained from a single donor specimen (female). Each fish was tested individually (in vi...

Four junior homonyms were detected amongst the genera of Platyhelminthes and the following replacement names are proposed: Emprostiotrema Cianferoni et Ceccolini nom.n. pro Atractotrema Goto et Ozaki, 1929 nec Cossmann, 1888 and consequently the new family name Emprostiotrematidae Cianferoni et Ceccolini nom.n. pro Atractotrematidae Yamaguti, 1939;...

A first checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of the Ionian islands of Cephalonia and Ithaka (Greece) is provided. Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772), Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763), Frontinellina frutetorum (C.L. Koch, 1835), Leptorchestes berolinensis (C.L. Koch, 1846), and Menemerus semilimbatus (Hahn, 1827) are recorded for the first time for...

The invasive Australian pest Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 is recorded for the first time in Molise, Liguria and Abruzzo, respectively, based on sampling by the authors in 2014 and observations (photographs) retrieved from the internet which were taken in 2018 and 2021. The records from Molise and Abruzzo are the first ones on the Adriatic si...

New occurrence records in the Iberian Peninsula of Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae) are given based on photographed material posted on the iNaturalist website. The first record from Gibraltar is reported, whilst the occurrence of an established population in Cádiz and Málaga provinces is confirmed.

New occurrence records of the Asian mud-dauber wasp Sceliphron curvatum (Smith, 1870) for Portugal are reported based on photographed material from the iNaturalist website. The first records for the districts of Porto, Aveiro, and Lisbon and the municipality of Santiago do Cacém, Grândola (Setúbal), Armamar, Vouzela (Viseu), and Olhão (Faro) are gi...

A junior homonym was detected in the genera of fossil Araneae and the following replacement name is proposed within the family Trochanteriidae: Neoveterator Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. pro Veterator Petrunkevitch

Provespa barthelemyi (du Buysson, 1905) is recorded for the first time in several provinces of Vietnam. An overview of the distribution of this species in this country is given.

Roewer (1957: 92) described the new neotropical harvestmen genus Gnidiella to accommodate the new species Gnidiella picta, now a member of the subfamily Cosmetinae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Gonyleptoidea, Cosmetidae).

Historia naturalis bulgarica 42: 87-88 ISSN 2603-3186 (online) | ISSN 0205-3640 (print) · nmnhs.com/historia-naturalis-bulgarica https://doi. Abstract: The genus name Euafricana Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. is proposed to replace the name of the coral Africana Ocaña & Brito, preoccupied by the nematode genus Africana Travossos, 1920. Euafricana...

Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 is a globally widespread pest species of Eucalyptus. Its distribution in Greece is summarized and some other records for the area of southern Balkans and western Anatolia are given, including the first records for the islands of Cephalonia, Lefkada, Lesbos, and Rhodes and the first country record for Albania.

A new replacement name Brachyhorstia nom. nov. for the genus Horstia Deland, Cameron, Rao, Ritter et Bullock, 2010 (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta: Harrimaniidae) Новое замещающее название Brachyhorstia nom. nov. для рода Horstia Deland, Cameron, Rao, Ritter et Bullock, 2010 Abstract. The genus name Brachyhorstia Ceccolini et Cianferoni, nom. nov., is...

A new species of the genus Petalon Schönherr, 1833, P. vietnamensis sp. nov., is described from central Vietnam. An update of the identification key of the genus Petalon and a distribution map of the new species are provided. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:041392FC-27B1-4C1A-B8B2-50A786CFA484

The fauna of Iranian Dascillidae and Rhipiceridae (Coleoptera: Dascilloidea) is summarized in this paper. In total, 6 species of Dascillidae from 2 genera, Dascillus Latreille, 1797 (1 species) and Karumia Escalera, 1913 (5 species), and 2 species of Rhipiceridae from the genus Arrhaphipterus Schaum, 1862 are listed. The lectotype of K. estaphilino...

New heronry of Grey heron (Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758) in Tuscany (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Ardeidae)] A new heronry of Grey Heron in Tuscany is recorded, placed in Casentino, in province of Arezzo. It is the only heronry currently used in the valley, where the single colony known was over ten years ago.

Attenboroughctena Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. is established as the new name for the genus Ceroctena Carré & Carré, 1991 (Ctenophora: Cydippida: Pleurobrachiidae), preoccupied by Ceroctena Guenée, 1852 (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Some new country records of dung beetles belonging to the genus Heliocopris Hope, 1837 are given: H. marshalli Péringuey, 1901 is recorded for the first time for Zambia; H. hamadryas (Fabricius, 1775) is recorded for the first time for the Lubombo region (Swaziland); the first exact locality for Gabon is reported for H. haroldi Kolbe, 1893; finally...

Individual diet specialization occurs when individuals consume only a subset of prey composing the whole population trophic niche. In our study, we assessed tro-phic specialization in five species of European cave salamanders (genus Hydroman-tes) from Sardinia (Italy), hypothesizing two potential (but not exclusive) causes. Our results showed that...

New records for some species of Coleoptera from Molise region (Southern Italy) are given. Palaeostigus heydeni (Rottenberg, 1870), Georissus (Georissus) crenulatus (Rossi, 1794), Acmaeoderella flavofasciata flavofasciata (Piller, 1783), Accanthopus velikensis (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783), Helops rossii (Germar, 1824), and Platyrhinus resinosus (Sc...

Individual diet specialization (IS) has important community‐ and population‐level implications and its ecological drivers are actively investigated. Here, to test the hypothesis that local environmental conditions may influence IS in wild populations, we analyzed the stomach contents of 395 individuals from eight populations of five allopatric spec...

New chorological data on some species of Orthoptera from the Italian region Molise are given, and 11 species are recorded as new for this area. Moreover, an updated checklist of the Orthoptera thus far recorded from Molise is provided.

No cicada records for the Greek Ionian island of Kefalonia existed so far. The fauna of singing cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Kefalonia island (Cephalonia) has been investigated on the field excursions in 2010, 2016 and 2018 with classic and bioacoustic methods, using recording equipment for sonic range and ultrasonic detectors. We discovered 5...

European cave salamanders of the genus Hydromantes are a group of eight species endemic to Italy and south-eastern France. Knowledge on the trophic niche of European Hydromantes is poor, and the few available studies only partially investigate their feeding habits. We performed an in-depth study on the trophic niche of the Ambrosi’s cave salamander...

Using material from old collections of the Natural History Museum of Florence, new records for three species of Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae from some Italian regions are reported. Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, 1801 is recorded for the first time in Umbria, Anoxia villosa villosa Fabricius, 1781 in Liguria, and Amphimallon solstitiale solstitial...

Vengono riportati i reperti ornitologici del Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze provenienti da località attualmente comprese nei confini del Parco Regionale della Maremma. Tutti risalgono ai tempi in cui Enrico Hillyer Giglioli era il direttore della collezione vertebrati. Tra i reperti vi sono due capovaccai (Neophron percnopterus) presi sul nido...

Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825) and Erythromma viridulum (Charpentier, 1840) are recorded from the Greek island of Cephalonia for the first time, on the basis of photographic data. With the present note we also give an updated checklist of the odonatofauna for the island.

The distribution of the Italian species of Sapygidae is reviewed and new occurrence records for some species are given. Monosapyga clavicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) is recorded for the first time in Lazio and Abruzzo, Polochrum repandum Spinola, 1806 in Abruzzo, and Sapygina decemguttata (Jurine, 1807) in Veneto. Due to insufficient sampling efforts in...

Hierodula transcaucasica Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 is recorded from Skopelos island (Sporades), giving the first exact locality of this species for Greece. Moreover new records based on photos of Hierodula sp. for Kalmykia (Russia), Ukraine, and Greece and the first ones for Macedonia and Italy are given. The problem of the specific attribution o...

The trophic niche is a life trait that identifies the consumer’s position in a local food web. Several factors, such as ontogeny, competitive ability and resource availability contribute in shaping species trophic niches. To date, information on the diet of European Hydromantes salamanders are only available for a limited number of species, no diet...

European cave salamanders [genus Hydromantes (Speleomantes)] are a group of eight species endemic (or sub-endemic) to Italy. Information on these amphibians are far to be complete, they usually exploit environments hardly suitable for human exploration. One of the poorly known life traits is their trophic niche. Diet of European Hydromantes has bee...

The Stag Beetle Platycerus caprea (De Geer, 1774), a species included in the Red List of Italian Saproxilic Beetles, is recorded for the first time in the Province of Sondrio, Lombardy.

The regions in which Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) occurs in Italy are summarized and ordered chronologically according to the date of the first record. Details and verification about the first Italian record from Liguria (often overlooked), that dates back to 2007 the introduction of H. halys in this country, are also given. First exact localitie...

This contribution deals with the aquatic and semiaquatic beetles from Molise region. 192 taxa (spe-cies and subspecies) belonging to 17 families are listed: Gyrinidae (8), Haliplidae (8), Noteridae (1), Hygrobiidae (1), Dytiscidae (63), Helophoridae (13), Georissidae (1), Hydrochidae (2), Hydrophilidae (31), Hydraenidae (28), Scirtidae (1), Elmidae...

The availability of data on the feeding habits of species of conservation value may be of great importance to develop analyses for both scientific and management purposes. Stomach flushing is a harmless technique that allowed us to collect extensive data on the feeding habits of six Hydromantes species. Here, we present two datasets originating fro...

First occurrence records for Lygaeus creticus Lucas, 1854 in Trentino- Alto Adige, Apulia, Pantelleria Island, and Corsica are given. First records with precise locality for Tuscany are also provided.

European cave salamanders (genus Speleomantes) represent the only Plethodontid salamanders in Europe. Five of them are endemic to Sardinia. These amphibians evolved a projectable tongue which is used to prey. To date, studies on European cave salamanders diet only focused on two of mainland species, whereas the diet of Sardinian species was never a...

An analysis of the morphology of Parmena solieri Mulsant, 1839, based on specimens from Provence (including the lectotype), Liguria, Sardinia, the Tuscan Archipelago (including the type series of P. solieri lanzai Sama, 1985) and Corsica, establishes the new synonymy Parmena solieri lanzai Sama, 1985 = Parmena solieri Mulsant, 1839, syn. n.

The genus Dascillus Latreille, 1797 in the Western Palaearctic is reviewed by examination of nearly 1,000 specimens, predominantly from Italy, but also other European and Western Asian countries. The study of external morphology and male genitalia shows high variability in all previously used diagnostic characters, which does not enable unambiguous...

Five cases of teratology in Coleoptera are described, in the families Carabidae and Cerambycidae. The described tera-tologies are dystrophy and melomelia of the legs, antennal schistomelia and trematoelytria. For one case, the term "trematocheilia", or punching of the labrum, is introduced.

In this review we considered stygobitic Hydradephaga, i.e. with several typical features, such as reduced or absent eyes and wings, depigmentation, and presence of sensitive setae. A total of 130 species belonging to the families Dytiscidae (122) and Noteridae (8) are distributed worldwide. In particular, among the Dytiscidae two subfamilies are re...

The first breeding instance of Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus in Central Italy happened in Tuscany, at Pontassieve, in the province of Florence. Two adults with chicks were observed in two different years.

A summary of the faunistic knowledge of Stephanus serrator (Fabricius, 1798) in Italy is given. The species is recorded for the first time from Marche and Emilia. Moreover the first exact record for Corsica island (France) is reported.

European cave salamanders (genus Speleomantes) represent the only Plethodontid salamanders in Europe and five of them are endemic to Sardinia Island. These amphibians evolved a projectable tongue which is used to prey. To date, studies on European cave salamanders diet only focused on two of mainland species, while the diet of Sardinian species was...

Gasteruption schlettereri MAGRETTI, 1890 is recorded for the first time in Muğla Province and an overview of the distribution of this species in Turkey is reported.

New chorological records on the Italian Gasteruptiidae are provided: Gasteruption minutum (Tournier, 1877) is recorded for the first time from Veneto and G. undulatum (Abeille, 1879) from Calabria. Moreover, a teratological specimen of G. diversipes (Abeille, 1879) is described.

We report the first records for Molise, Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, and Sicily which complete the outline on the distribution of the alien species Harmonia axyridis in Italy. Riassunto. Nuove segnalazioni della specie aliena invasiva Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) in Italia Meridionale (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Si riportano le prime osserv...

Guidelines for a series of papers to summarize and update the entomological knowledge of Florence are given (borders of the study area have been chosen to match with those of the municipality). The project aims to contribute to the first checklist of this territory, and it is intended to give a basis of faunistical knowledge essential for a correct...

Gasteruption hastator (Fabricius, 1804) is recorded for the first time in Fars Province and an overview of the distribution of this species in Iran is reported.

A list of some interesting beetles in the “Lama Forest” in the Romagna slope of the Casentine Forests, Mt. Falterona and Campigna National Park is provided. Five species are recorded for the first time from the National Park; moreover six species were until now known only in the Tuscany part of the Park. The presence of the alien ladybird Harmonia...

The main kinds of antennal teratology in Cerambycoidea are briefly analysed, with an overview of the examples found in the literature. Additionally new teratological records in specimens of Vesperus luridus (Rossi, 1794), Pachytodes cerambyciformis (Schrank, 1781), and Agapanthia villosoviridescens (De Geer, 1775) are described.

Nel presente lavoro vengono riportati i risultati relativi ai monitoraggi della diversità faunistica per i seguenti standard: 4.2c, 4.3 (olivo), 4.6. I risultati ottenuti sono nel complesso interessanti sia dal punto di vista metodologico sia per quanto concerne gli aspetti conservazionistici e gestionali. Emerge l’importanza di utilizzare più indi...