Fernando González-Mohíno

University of Castilla-La Mancha · Faculty of Sport Sciences of Toledo

We analyzed the effects of the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly (VPF) on long-interval training performance, kinematic parameters, running power and fatigue compared to a traditional running shoe. Twelve well-trained men (mean ± SD: 32.91 ± 7.50 years; 69.29 ± 7.55 kg and 172.73 ± 5.97 cm) performed two long-interval training sessions (5 × 1000 m with 90s recov...

Unlabelled: A well-planned periodized approach endeavors to allow road cyclists to achieve peak performance when their most important competitions are held. Purpose: To identify the main characteristics of periodization models and physiological parameters of trained road cyclists as described by discernable training intensity distribution (TID),...

Background Reverse periodization is commonly touted as a salient planning strategy to improve sport performance in athletes, but benefits have not been clearly described. Objectives We sought to identify the main characteristics of reverse periodization, and the influence of training volume and periodization models on enhancing physiological measu...

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different training periods and tapering during a macrocycle on heart rate variability (HRV), overtraining states and performance in young elite swimmers. Method Fifteen swimmers (6 men, 9 women) completed an 8-week training period divided into a basic, specific, competitive and transition block...

The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of high vs low-intensity cycling efforts, combined with plyometrics, on vertical jump performance. Twenty-four physically active men (mean ± SD: 23 ± 2 years, 72.1 ± 10.1 kg, 1.73 ± 0.07 m) were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (EXP, n = 16) and control group (CON, n = 8). E...

The present study aims to determine the utility of integrating balance model (W´BAL-INT) in designing interval training programs as assessed by improvements in power output, critical power (CP), and W prime (W´) defined as the finite work capacity above CP. Fourteen male cyclists (age = 42 ± 7 yr, body mass = 69.6 ± 6.5 kg, height = 175 ± 5 cm, CP...

In Spain, students pursuing a career in athletic training, physical education, or scientific evaluation of sports enroll in a bachelor’s degree in sports sciences. This degree provides knowledge and skills in a broad array of sports settings and promotes research-based interdisciplinary knowledge. However, the student’s syllabus rarely includes spe...

Intro: In 2017, the "#Breaking2" project (an event aimed to run the first marathon under 2 h) introduced a new advanced shoe technology, the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly Elite (VPF). This type of footwear changed the footwear design conception by using a curved carbon-fibre plate inserted into a very light midsole composed of a novel compliant and resilient...

Background Trained breath-hold divers have shown physiological adaptations that might improve athletes’ aerobic and anaerobic performance. Objective This study aimed to systematically review the scientific literature and perform a meta-analysis to assess the effects of voluntary apnoea training on markers of anaerobic and aerobic performance, such...

INTRODUCTION The ability to exert muscle power is critical for successful results in sports [1]. Exercises (e.g., sprint or heavy load exercises) performed in the warm-up have shown improvements in the subsequent performance [2]. The phenomenon of acute performance enhancement is called post-activation potentiation (PAP) and it increases acutely mu...

TO THE EDITOR: We appreciate the physiologically informed discussion presented in the Viewpoint by Podlogar et al. (1). However, it is well known that the determinants of endurance performance are the maximal oxygen uptake (V_ o2max), exercise economy (RE), and lactate threshold (LT) (2). The inclusion of the critical power/speed as proposed by the...

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of recovery period during long interval training (IT) on mechanical, physiological, perceptive, and neuromuscular parameters. Six men and six women trained runners (23.82 ± 7.83years; 56.27 ± 8.95kg; 167.55 ± 9.77cm) performed three treadmill interval sessions (4x4min) at 1% incline with 1min, 2min or...

Purpose: This review aimed to determine (1) performance and training characteristics such as training intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, and methods in highly trained/elite distance runners and (2) differences in training volume and TID between event distances in highly trained/elite distance runners. Methods: A systematic revi...

BACKGROUND: The determination of critical power (CP) during training is a useful tool monitoring performance progression and to demarcate training intensity zones. The aims of this study were: 1) to compare CP with varied effort short, medium and long intervals (SML-INT) with a field CP test; 2) to assess if SML-INT is an effective way to improve C...

We have read with great interest the manuscript recently published in your journal on the technological unfairness of the use of Nike Vaporfly and Alphafly running footwear models [1]. In the section "Do the Nike Vaporfly/Alphafly Shoes Provide an Unfair Advantage?", the author claimed that the performance progression in long-distance, such as the...

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of running wide on bends regarding intermediate changes of position, dispersion of athletes, and speed relative to season best (SB) between medalists and non-medalists in men's and women's 800 m championship finals. Extra distance covered on bends was measured using official videos. The total dis...

Euswim is an academic and research network whose aim is to develop and spread knowledge about swimming science. Whether you are a student, researcher, or professor, our platform (www.euswim.eu) offers the opportunity to exchange, interact and participate with us through our First annual conference. The book provides an overview of the European Conf...

The aims of the current study were to compare the pacing patterns of all-time 800 m, 1500 m and mile running world records (WRs) and to determine whether differences exist between sexes, and if 800 m and 1500 m WRs were broken during championship or meet races. Overall and lap times for men and women's 800 m, 1500 m, and mile WRs from World Athleti...

We present a case study of the periodized training by a world-class 400-m Individual Medley (IM) swimmer (4th in 2019 World Championships) in the season leading to a bronze medal in the 2018 European Championship. The complexity of this IM preparation was based on the experiences, observations and innovations of an Olympic swimming coach. Over 52 w...

The NIKE Vaporfly shoe was introduced in May 2017 as part of the original #Breaking2 Project (an event aimed to run the first marathon under 2 h). This new advanced shoe technology (NAST) changed the footwear design conception. The aim of this study was (i) to analyse the effect of NAST in men’s marathon performance, (ii) to analyse whether the cha...

Introduction: Reverse linear periodization is characterised by high-intensity and low-volume training predominates during the preparatory period, before increasing the volume and maintaining the intensity slightly as the season progresses, as opposed to traditional periodisation which is characterised by low-intensity and high-volume training in th...

Concurrent training (CT) consists of resistance training (RT) and endurance training (ET) in a unique session. The training content done first affects performance in the second content and likely the chronic adaptation to CT could be different. The countermovement squat jump (CMJ) height loss is used for monitoring the levels of fatigue during a tr...

Background: Critical speed (CS) represents the highest exercise intensity at which the oxidative phosphorylation is sufficient to satisfy the energy demand. Since the release of the Nike Vaporfly (VPF) shoes in May 2017, every road record from the 5k event to the marathon have been broken. The question arises whether this type of footwear improves...

Swimming coaches have prescribed dry-land training programs over the years to improve the overall swimming performance (starts, clean swimming, turns and finish). The main aim of the present systematic review was to examine the effects of dry-land strength and conditioning programs on swimming turns. Four online databases were scrutinised, data wer...

This study aimed to address the effects of increased longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) on running economy (RE) and running biomechanics. A systematic search on four electronic databases (Pubmed, WOS, Medline and Scopus) was conducted on 26 May 2021. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Standardised mean difference with 95...

We appreciate the continued interest by Drs. Garcia-Tabar and Gorostiaga [1] in the distinction between Critical Power and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), in part, as they relate to the maximal metabolic steady-state (MMSS) [2, 3]. Their letter [1] reinforces many points of agreement and, for the sake of brevity, those will not be reiterated h...

The underwater phase is perhaps the most important phase of the swimming start. To improve performance during the underwater phase, it is necessary to improve our understanding of the key variables affecting this phase. The main aim of this study was to identify key kinematic variables that are associated with the performance of an underwater glide...

A well-planned periodized approach allows swimmers to achieve peak performance at the major national and international competitions. Purpose: To identify the main characteristics of endurance training for highly trained swimmers described by the training intensity distribution (TID), volume, and periodization models. Methods: The electronic databas...

BACKGROUND: The 50 m obstacle swimming event is one of the five discipline of the Military Pentathlon. No previous studies have studied the relationship between the 50 m obstacle swimming and 50 m freestyle swimming in military. To analyze the relationship between 50 m freestyle swimming and 50 m obstacle swimming performance in military and their...

A breakpoint in a portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) derived deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxy[Hb]) signal during an incremental VO2max running test has been associated with the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) in healthy participants. Thus, the aim was to examine the association between this breakpoint (NIRS) and VT2 in well-trained runner...

Abstract: The present study examines the association between the success at junior and senior level for British swimmers in World Championships (WCs). It also explores the relationships between swimming performance and the swimmers’ gender, swim stroke, distance, status (finalist, semifinalist and heats) and swimming category. Data were collected f...

Objective: To analyze the influence of different swimming intensities on the subsequent cycling and running sectors and overall sprint triathlon performance. Methods: Seven sub23 and senior triathletes (height 1.74 ± 0.04 m, weight 70.82 ± 6.76 kg, age 23.42 ± 3.25 years, VO2 max 63.54 ± 5.23 ml • kg-1 • min-1) participated in this study. They carr...

Background Critical power (CP) has been redefined as the new ‘gold standard’ that represents the boundary between the heavy- and severe-exercise intensity domains and hence the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS). However, several other “thresholds”, for instance, the maximal lactate steady state [MLSS], ventilatory thresholds [VT1, VT2] and resp...

PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of adding shoe mass on running economy (RE), gait characteristics, neuromuscular variables and performance in a group of trained runners.Methods Eleven trained runners (6 men and 5 women) completed four evaluation sessions separated by at least 7 days. The first session consisted of a maximal i...

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of body weight or lean body mass-based load on Wingate Anaerobic Test performance in male and female endurance trained individuals. Thirty-one participants (22 male cyclists and triathletes and 9 female triathletes) completed two randomized Wingate Anaerobic Test (body weight and lean body mass l...

The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the probability of achieving a top-3 finishing position during 800-m races at a global championship, based on dispersion of the runners during the first and second laps and the difference in split times between laps. Overall race times, intermediate and finishing positions and 400 m split times were obta...

Background Oxygen cost of running is largely influenced by endurance training strategies, including interval and continuous training. However, which training method better reduces the oxygen cost remains unknown. Objective This study aimed to systematically review the scientific literature and performs a meta-analysis to address the effects of dif...

PurposeThe primary aim was to create a performance progression model of elite competitors in the World Swimming Championships from 2006 to 2017 for all strokes and distances. Secondly, to identify the influence of annual ratios of progression, ages of peak performance and junior status on success in senior competitions.Methods Data regarding the pa...

Introduction: The influence of acute exercise on sensory sensitivity (SS) differs according to the type and duration of exercise performed. In the present study, we assessed changes on SS soon after a maximal dynamic apnoea. Methods: Thirty-nine experienced male breath-hold divers were recruited. Critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) threshol...

Objective: To analyze the influence of different swimming intensities on the subsequent cycling and running sectors and overall sprint triathlon performance. Methods: Seven sub23 and senior triathletes (height 1.74 ± 0.04 m, weight 70.82 ± 6.76 kg, age 23.42 ± 3.25 years, VO2 max 63.54 ± 5.23 ml • kg-1 • min-1) participated in this study. They carr...

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the performance progression model of the European countries that participated in the World Championships (WCs) from 2006 to 2017. Data from all championships were compared between the top five (1-5) and the next five (6-10) countries on the medal table. The study also identifies the ages of peak performance in s...

Objectives The primary goal was to examine the influence of early specialization on the performance of senior elite swimmers. Secondly, to provide information about the influence of swim style, distance, sex, status, country, years of high-level competition (YHLC) and age in swimmer’s performance. Design Data was obtained from International Federa...

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the performance progression model of the European countries that participated in the World Championships (WCs) from 2006 to 2017. Data from all championships were compared between the top 5 (1-5) and the next 5 (6-10) countries on the medal table. The study also identifies the ages of peak performance in senior...

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of high-intensity warm-ups (WUs) on performance, physiological, neuromuscular and biomechanical parameters. Three randomized cross-over 105%vVO2max time limit trials (TLimT) were performed by 11 well-trained runners following three different WU protocols. These included two experimental high-...

AIMS The primary goal was to provide a more fine-grained, swimming-specific approach to examining the effect of early specialization in Britain world elite swimmers. Secondary goals included analyzing the effect of gender, swim stroke, distance, status (finalist, semifinalist and heats) and category on swimmers' performances. METHODS Data were obta...

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of high-intensity warm-ups (WUs) on performance, physiological, neuromuscular and biomechanical parameters. Three randomized cross-over 105%vVO2max time limit trials (TLimT) were performed by 11 well-trained runners following three different WU protocols. These included two experimental high-...

This study used a power rack device to evaluate the effects of 2 different approaches to resisted swim training loads on swimming strength and performance. Sixteen male, youth national-level swimmers (mean age, 16.22 ± 2.63 years; body height, 169 ± 10.20 cm; body mass, 61.33 ± 9.90 kg) completed a 6-week specific strength-training program, and wer...

Interest in relation to running economy has increased such as determinant of running performance in scientific literature in trained long and middle distance runners and recreational runners. Trained runners are more efficient than untrained runners, meaning it is a “trainable” parameter. A key factor during endurance training is the intensity of c...

This study used a power rack device to evaluate the effects of 2 different approaches to resisted swim training loads on swimming strength and performance. Sixteen male, youth national-level swimmers (mean age, 16.22 ± 2.63 years; body height, 169 ± 10.20 cm; body mass, 61.33 ± 9.90 kg) completed a 6-week specific strength-training program, and wer...

Warm up is an accepted practice preceding nearly every athletic event such as running. However, there is little research about high intensity warm up effectiveness. In order to recommend a high intensity exercise during warm-up protocol, we should know its effects on the physiology of the runner. The aim of this study was to assess effects of high...

Warm up is an accepted practice preceding nearly every athletic event such as running. However, there is little research about high intensity warm up effectiveness. In order to recommend a high intensity exercise during warm-up protocol, we should know its effects on the physiology of the runner. The aim of this study was to assess effects of high...

This study compared the association between Foster’s and Banister’s TRIMP methods for quantifying internal training load and training stimuli responses. Methods: A group of twenty-two Taekwondo competitors were divided by gender and level of expertise. The athletes practiced three different types of exercises to develop the following skills: a) spe...

Taekwondo is a combat Olympic sport played between two competitors. Scientific literature in this sport has focused on describing athlete’s anthropometric and fitness characteristics. However, training load control methods such as those described in other sports like triathlon and athletics are missing for athletes and coaches involved in taekwondo...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on running economy (RE), VO2max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and gait kinematics (step length and frequency, flight and contact time) in recreational athletes, with two different training methods, Interval and Continuous. Eleven participants were randomly distributed in an interval training gro...