Fernando García

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at University of Valencia

A classical debate in parenting research is whether one of the two components of parental socialization (strictness and warmth) has a greater impact in psychosocial adjustment not only in early experiences such as in adolescence, but also in the long-term in further developmental stages of the lifecycle. The objective of the present research was to...

Background The prevailing belief that parental strictness is optimal for children is not uniformly supported by recent research. Contrary to the traditional notion that strictness is necessary to ensure children’s conformity to social norms, contemporary studies question its necessity. This study aims to analyze how two main parenting dimensions, w...

This study aims to empirically test whether family has a unique significance for the self that cannot be captured by the social self alone. Specifically, it examines whether family self-concept, compared to social self-concept, is more closely related to family-specific indicators (i.e., parent-child communication and family functioning) as well as...

The present study aims to examine parental socialization and adjustment in adolescents and adult children. Participants included 610 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (M = 16.56; SD = 1.69) and 608 young adults aged 19 to 35 years (M = 23.60; SD = 3.72) from Spain. Parental socialization was assessed through warmth and strictness. Child adjustment wa...

Objective: This study analyzes whether parental strictness, which is shared by authoritative parenting (strictness and warmth) and authoritarian parenting (strictness without warmth) styles, always acts as a main protective factor against drug use and psychosocial maladjustment in children. This conclusion has already been stated in numerous classi...

The aim of this paper is to establish which parenting style is associated with optimum outcomes among adolescents of Spanish families considering adolescents with low vs. high self-efficacy. Although classical studies identify the authoritative parenting style (based on warmth and strictness) as the best parental strategy, emerging research serious...

Purpose Classic studies mainly of European-American families broadly identify the benefits of parental strictness combined with parental warmth. However, current research tends to identify parental warmth as positive for adjustment, even without parental strictness. In addition, less is known about the relationship between parenting and adjustment...

Introduction Previous parenting studies with European-American families have identified optimal parenting as being based on warmth combined with strictness (i.e., authoritative parenting). The present study analyzes, in adolescents and adults, their adjustment and maladjustment related to age and their early experiences in the family. Methods The...

Introduction Recent research is fully questioning whether the combination of parenting warmth and strictness (the authoritative style) is always identified as positive parenting across the globe. This study analyzes parenting styles and the positive health of adolescents and adult children. Methods The sample was 2,090 Spanish children (59.9% wome...

Introduction Classical research mainly conducted with European-American families has identified the combination of warmth and strictness (authoritative style) as the parenting always associated with the highest scores on developmental outcomes. Additionally, despite the benefits of empathy for prosocial behaviors and protection against antisocial b...

Although parental socialization has an influence on child development, current research is questioning which combination of parental strictness and warmth acts as protective or risk factors, especially during adolescence when the child is more vulnerable. The sample was 2125 participants, 58.7% female, divided into four age groups: adolescents (28....

The present study analyzes the relationship between parental socialization practices, acceptance/involvement, and strictness/imposition, and different indicators of adolescent adjustment, taking into account the role of family self-esteem. A sample of 848 Spanish adolescents (54.70% females) ranging in age from 14 to 18 years old (M = 16.11, SD = 1...

Recent emergent research is seriously questioning whether parental strictness contributes to children's psychosocial adjustment in all cultural contexts. We examined cross-generational differences in parental practices characterized by warmth and practices characterized by strictness, as well as the relationship between parenting styles (authoritat...

Los objetivos: analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una escala breve de ansiedad ante la evaluación académica y comprobar si hay diferencias entre los alumnos que cursan una materia del área de metodología o de otras áreas. La muestra está formada por 404 alumnos de Psicología (M = 21.03 años, DT = 5.45). El 56.4% reciben formación en metodolo...

Although self-esteem has traditionally been considered as an important correlate of psychosocial adjustment, some empirical studies have found a positive relationship between some domains of self-esteem and drug use among adolescents. The present study analyzes self-esteem and other adjustment personal indicators as protective or risk factors for s...

Classical studies have found that parental warmth combined with parental strictness is the best parental strategy to promote children’s psychosocial development. Nevertheless, a growing set of emergent studies has questioned the benefits of parental strictness. The present study examined parental socialization and its short- and long-term impact on...

Current emergent studies are seriously questioning if parental strictness contributes to adolescent adjustment. This study examined whether the relationship between authoritative (warmth and strictness), authoritarian (strictness without warmth), indulgent (warmth without strictness), and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting styles...

Emergent research seriously questions the use of parental strictness as the best parenting strategy in all cultural contexts. Moreover, previous research on environmental socialization offers inconsistent findings about which specific parenting practices would be the most appropriate for environmental socialization. The present paper aims to examin...

The principle of invariance is a mandatory methodological requirement for the psychological measures, even when items such as self-concept measures frequently present asymmetric heavy-tailed distributions. Few validated self-concept instruments can be applied in Eastern–Western cross-cultural studies. The Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire (AF5...

The present study analyzes the impact of parenting styles on adolescents' self-esteem and internalization of social values in three countries, Spain, Portugal and Brazil. The sample of the study was comprised of 2091 adolescents from Spain (n = 793), Portugal (n = 675), and Brazil (n = 623) from 12-18 years old (52.1% females). The four types of pa...

Objective: We examine parenting styles (characterized by warmth and strictness, i.e., neglectful, indulgent, authoritarian and authoritative) as either a protective or risk factor for adolescence drinking. Design: Two 4 × 2 × 3 multi-factorial MANOVAs. Sample consisted of 996 underage Spanish adolescents, 532 males (53.4%), ranging from 15 to 17 ye...

We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indulgent parenting style), which extends the traditional paradigm of only two stages (i.e., authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles). The three stages concur, at the same time, in different environments, context, and cultures. We studied the third...

Recent research that relates parenting with adolescent adjustment has shown the importance of considering the cultural context of the relationship. New results are emerging when considering the classical four-typologies model of parental socialization in some European and South-American countries. Among the instruments used in this emergent researc...

In this study, the association between parenting styles and short- and long-term socialization outcomes was analyzed using a two-dimensional model of four types of parenting styles. The socialization outcomes analyzed were self-esteem and internalization of social values. Participants were a sample of Spanish adolescents (n = 571) and older adults...

Self-concept is widely conceptualized as multidimensional (Shavelson et al., 1976). The Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire (AF5, García and Musitu, 2009) assesses five specific dimensions (i.e., academic, social, emotional, family, and physical). It is a psychometrically sound questionnaire, developed, and normed in Spain, which is widely used...

This study analyzes the parenting styles that could act as risk or protective factors for bullying and cyberbullying victimization in Spain, considering the predisposition to aggression of the adolescents. The protective or risk effect of parenting styles for adolescents’ related behavior such as antisocial behavior, school adjustment, and self-est...

The aim of this study was to analyze the protective or risk factors of parental educational styles for the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs, considering the interaction of parenting styles with the dangerousness of the neighborhood. Based on the responses of 628 adolescents, 369 females (58.8%) and 259 males (41.2%) between...

Engagement in school and self-concept are two main constructs to explain the school adjustment. To understand how engagement might change during adolescence, we analyzed early and middle adolescents’ engagement in school (cognitive, affective, behavioural, and personal agency) as a function of their level of self-concept. Participants were 685 adol...

Engagement in school and self-concept are two main constructs to explain the school adjustment. To understand how engagement might change during adolescence, we analyzed early and middle adolescents’ engagement in school (cognitive, affective, behavioural, and personal agency) as a function of their level of self-concept. Participants were 685 adol...

The values and attitudes toward education that parents transmit to their children considerably affect their school adjustment. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between academic adjustment in Spanish adolescents and parental socialization styles. Participants in the study were 487 adolescents (53.9% females) between 12 and 14 y...

https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=54336 https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=54382 Ebook - ISBN: 978-1-63482-536-8 Hardcover - ISBN: 978-1-63482-493-4 Ebook - ISBN: 978-1-63482-536-8 This book presents abundant emergent research works of American, European and Latin American countries...

This chapter analyzes current evidence between parenting styles and parenting practices for the Spanish context. As opposed to traditional results obtained in Anglo-Saxon contexts with European-American samples, evidence from emergent research from Spain (a South European country) shows that adolescents from indulgent families (characterized by war...

http://www.ehu.es/ojs/index.php/psicodidactica/article/view/10876 Contributing to the current debate in the literature about the optimal educational parenting style that benefits the best psychosocial adjustment of children, the aim of this study was to analyze which parenting style is related to the best psychological adjustment among Spanish adol...

This chapter reviews recent literature analysing relationships between parenting styles and developmental outcomes. As opposed to traditional results obtained with Euro-American samples, evidence from emergent research in South European and Latin American countries indicates that adolescents from indulgent families scored equal or even better than...

This article explores male police officers’ law enforcement preferences across different scenarios of interpersonal violence, involving intimate (partner violence against women) and non-intimate relationships (between- and within-gender). The influence of police officers’ sexist attitudes and empathy on their law enforcement preferences was also an...

Background This study examines whether authoritative parenting style (characterized by warmth and strictness) is more protective against adolescent substances use than authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), indulgent (warmth but not strictness) and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting styles. Emergent research in diverse cultura...

Background: Cyberbullying refers to an indirect and covert form of aggression, carried out through the use of new technologies, exhibiting distinct features from those found present in traditional bullying, and has been acquiring its own space of analyses and research; still, it maintains an inevitable proximity with the second, namely, the negativ...

Police attitudes towards partner violence against women (PVAW) can play an important role in their evaluation and responses to this type of violence. The present study aims to examine ambivalent sexism and empathy as determinants of male police officers’ law enforcement attitudes towards PVAW. The study sample was composed by 404 male police office...

Background: The Spanish Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire (AF5) is one of the most widely used instruments assessing self-concept with Spanish-speaking samples. It is also one of the few psychometrically sound instruments assessing self-concept from a multidimensional perspective. The availability of the AF5 in both languages (Spanish and Eng...

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el estilo de socializacion familiar como un factor de prevencion o riesgo para el consumo de sustancias con una muestra de 673 adolescentes espanoles de 14-17 anos (M = 15,49; DT = 1,06) de los cuales el 51,7% eran mujeres. Todos ellos completaron la Escala de Estilos de Socializacion Parental en Adolescente...

The aim of this study was to analyze the parental socialization styles as a protective or a risk factor for substance use in a sample of 673 Spanish adolescents (51.7% were women) aged 14-17 (M = 15.49, SD = 1.06). All participants completed the Parental Socialization Scale (ESPA29) and a scale of substance use. Additionally, they also completed a...

This study analyzes the relationships between parenting styles and adolescent’s psychosocial adjustment (self-esteem) in the Portuguese culture. The sample was of 517 adolescents, 214 males (41.39%), and aged 11 to 18 years. The Parental Socialization Scale (ESPA29) was applied to measure parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent an...

En este estudio se analiza la validez del criterio del 80% de potencia estadística para que no se solapen las medias de los intervalos de confianza (IC). Varias simulaciones indican que la potencia mínima para que los límites de dos medias no se solapen, cuando el IC está en el 95%, es de 0,80; pero cuando el IC está en el 99%, es 0,86; y cuando el...

This paper analyzed perceptions of neighborhood violence of Spanish adolescents (N = 1,015) from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families, and its association with three sets of developmental outcomes (psychological, behavioral, and academic). Tests of main and interactive effects were conducted to answer research questions...

The ESPA29 parental socialization scale allows for the measuring of four parental styles (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and negligent), considering the parents’ use of different socialization practices considered in this instrument, which are grouped into two factors or two independent dimensions of paternal conduct (acceptance/involvem...

This paper analyses the five-factor structure of the AF5 Self-Concept Questionnaire in dance practitioners and non-practitioners. The responses of 1630 adults (490 dancers and 1.240 non dance practitioners) were analysed using structural equation modelling. The oblique factorial structure, proposed by the author’s scale, resulted in a better fit th...

This paper analyses the five-factor structure of the AF5 Self-Concept Questionnaire in dance practitioners and non-practitioners. The responses of 1630 adults (490 dancers and 1.240 non dance practitioners) were analysed using structural equation modelling. The oblique factorial structure, proposed by the author's scale, resulted in a better fit th...

The aim of this work is to examine the pentafactorial validity of the AF5 Self-Concept Questionnaire in Spanish and Chilean young adults. From the responses of a total of 4,383 young adults aged 17 to 22 years (1,918 Spanish, 44%, and 2,465 Chilean, 56%) it was analyzed the reliability of the instrument, the compared validity of the 5 oblique facto...

Este estudio analiza la relacion entre el autoconcepto evaluado con una medida multidimensional, el cuestionario Autoconcepto Forma 5 (AF5), y el consumo de sustancias en los adolescentes. A partir de las respuestas de 632 adolescentes (47,5% mujeres), entre 12 y 17 anos (M = 14,88 anos, DT = 1,71 anos), los resultados mostraron relaciones negativa...

Self-concept and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence. This study analyses the relationship between a multidimensional measure of self-concept, Self-concept Form-5 Questionnaire (AF5), and a broad set of adolescents' psychosocial adjustment indicators. From the responses of 1,281 participants (53.7% females) aged 12 to 17 years (M= 14.98 years, S...

This study analyses the relationship between a multidimensional measure of self-concept, Self-concept Form-5 Questionnaire (AF5), and a broad set of adolescents' psychosocial adjustment indicators. From the responses of 1,281 participants (53.7% females) aged 12 to 17 years ( M = 14.98 years, SD = 1.74 years), results indicated that higher self-con...

This study analyzed whether police attitudes toward policing partner violence against women corresponded with different psychosocial profiles. Two attitudes toward policing partner violence were considered—one reflecting a general preference for a conditional law enforcement (depending on the willingness of the victim to press charges against the o...

he objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the ESPA29 Parental Socialization Scale (Musitu & García, 2001). This scale allows measuring parental styles - authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and negligent - by means of two independent dimensions of parental conduct extracted from parents' u...

This study analyzes the relationship between a multidimensional measure of self-concept, the Self-concept Form-5 Questionnaire (AF5), and drug use among adolescents. From the responses of 632 participants (47.5% females) aged 12 to 17 years (M = 14.88 years, SD = 1.71 years), results showed negative relationships between family, academic and physic...

Se aplicó un programa de innovación educativa para mejorar las actitudes hacia la metodología de los estudiantes de las asignaturas de las ciencias del comportamiento. Los estudiantes utilizaron datos reales para contrastar sus propias hipótesis utilizando diferentes análisis estadísticos, aplicando dos principios metodológicos claves para el contr...

This article aims to analyze the influence of parental socialization styles (authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent and neglectful), and perceived neighborhood risk on three indicators of conduct problems in adolescence (school misconduct, delinquency, and drug use). The sample consists of 1,017 adolescents, aged between 12 and 17. Results from fo...

A programme of educational innovation was implemented to improve the attitude toward research methods for psychology students. Students used real data to test their own hypotheses using different statistical methods. Specifically, they implemented two key methodological principles in research methods: sample size and ordinal claims (Frick, 1996). S...

A programme of educational innovation was implemented to improve the attitude toward research methods for psychology students. Students used real data to test their own hypotheses using different statistical methods. Specifically, they implemented two key methodological principles in research methods: sample size and ordinal claims (Frick, 1996). S...

This article aims to analyze the influence of parental socialization styles (authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent and neglectful), and perceived neighborhood risk on three indicators of conduct problems in adolescence (school misconduct, delinquency, and drug use). The sample consists of 1,017 adolescents, aged between 12 and 17. Results from fo...

A programme of educational innovation was implemented to improve the attitude toward research methods for psychology students. Students used real data to test their own hypotheses using different statistical methods. Specifically, they implemented two key methodological principles in research methods: sample size and ordinal claims (Frick, 1996). S...

This study analyzed the influence of sexism (benevolent and hostile) and empathy on police attitudes towards intervening in partner violence against women (preferences to enforce the law depending on whether the victim is willing to press charges against the offender). The sample was 409 police officers. Results from a 2×2×2 factorial design yielde...

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la influencia del sexismo (benevolente y hostil) y la empatía en las actitudes de la policía hacia la intervención en casos de violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja (preferencia por la intervención en función de que la víctima esté dispuesta o no a denunciar). La muestra está compuesta por 409...

The aim of this research study was to analyse the optimum parental socialisation style in Spain as measured by the children's psychosocial adjustment. A sample of 948 children and teenagers from 10 to 14 years of age, of whom 52% were females, reported on their parents' child-rearing practices Families were classified into one of four classic typol...

This study analyzed whether police attitudes toward policing partner violence against women corresponded with different psychosocial profiles. Two attitudes toward policing partner violence were considered-one reflecting a general preference for a conditional law enforcement (depending on the willingness of the victim to press charges against the o...

The aim of this research study was to analyse the optimum parental socialisation style in Spain as measured by the children's psychosocial adjustment. A sample of 948 children and teenagers from 10 to 14 years of age, of whom 52% were females, reported on their parents' child-rearing practices. Families were classified into one of four classic typo...

This paper explored public willingness to act when exposed to cases of intimate partner violence against women, by analyzing the influence of perceived severity and personal responsibility on two types of responses: mediating and reporting to the police. Results (N = 419) yielded main effects of personal responsibility for both types of responses....

This investigation includes a differential study (Study 1) and a quasi-experimental research (Study 2). In Study 1, the objective was to establish to what extent students’ rights existed and analyse the differentiation between students’ rights with Portuguese and immigrant mothers, throughout school years. The sample consisted of 537 students with...

The aim of this paper is to establish which parenting style is associated with optimum youth outcomes among adolescents of Spanish families. A sample of 1,416 teenagers from 12 to 17 years of age, of whom 57.2% were females, reported on their parents' child-rearing practices. The teenagers' parents were classified into one of four groups (authorita...

Resumen Para las mujeres víctimas de violencia en las relaciones de pareja, en muchas ocasiones, es la Policía la principal forma de acceso al sistema legal. Para que esto suceda, la actitud de la policía ante la intervención en los casos de violencia contra la mujer pueden jugar un papel determinante, por lo que es importante conocer qué variables...

Design and power analysis: n and confidence intervals of means. In this study, we analyzed the validity of the conventional 80% power. The minimal sample size and power needed to guarantee nonoverlapping (1 - α)% confidence intervals for population means were calculated. Several simulations indicate that the minimal power for two means (m= 2) to ha...

In this study, we analyzed the validity of the conventional 80% power. The minimal sample size and power needed to guarantee non-overlapping (1-alpha)% confidence intervals for population means were calculated. Several simulations indicate that the minimal power for two means (m = 2) to have non-overlapping CIs is .80, for (1-alpha) set to 95%. The...

The influence of perceived severity and sense of personal responsibility of police officers on their level of involvement in cases of intimate partner violence against women is analyzed. Three levels of police involvement are considered: low, medium, and high. The sample consists of 143 Spanish police officers. A 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design is condu...

The relation between parenting styles and adolescent outcomes was analyzed in a sample of 1,198 15-18-year-old Brazilians. The adolescents were classified into 1 of 4 groups (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful) on the basis of their own ratings of their parents on two dimensions: Acceptance/ Involvement and Strictness/Impositio...

A growing body of research suggests that the authoritative style of parenting is not always necessarily associated with optimum psychological and social outcomes among adolescents. This paper analyzed the relationships between parenting styles and adolescents' psychological adjustment using a two-dimension four-typology model of parenting styles, w...

The relationship of parenting styles with adolescents' outcomes was analyzed within a sample of Spanish adolescents. A sample of 1456 teenagers from 13 to 16 years of age, of whom 54.3% were females, reported on their parents' child-rearing practices. The teenagers' parents were classified into one of four groups (authoritative, authoritarian, indu...

This study explored the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among 1,239 11- to 15-yr.-old Brazilian adolescents (54% girls; M age= 13.4 yr., SD= 1.4). Teenagers' families were classified into 1 of 4 groups (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, or Neglectful) based on adolescents' answers to the ESPA29 Parental Socialization Sc...

The relationship between perceived paternal and maternal acceptance and children's adjustment was analyzed. The sample consisted of 234 children and 234 parental figures (mother or primary female caregiver, and father or primary male caregiver) living in two-parent nuclear families in Colombia. The children's age range was 7 to 13 (M = 9.7). Childr...

The aim of this work is to confirm the penta-factorial validity of the AF5 Self-Concept Questionnaire in Spanish and Portuguese adults. From the responses of a total of 2058 adults (1508 Spanish, 73.3%, and 550 Portuguese, 26.7%) was analyzed the reliability of the instrument, was compared the validity of the 5 oblique factor model proposed by the...

Consequences of family socialization in the Spanish culture. A socialization model with two dimensions ¿ demandingness and responsiveness ¿ and four typologies ¿ authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian and neglectful ¿ has different implications for children in the Spanish culture than for those in English-speaking cultures. The aims of the present...

Consequences of the family socialization in the Spanish culture. A socialization model with two di- mensions -demandingness and responsiveness- and four typologies -authoritative, indulgent, authori- tarian and negligent- has different implications for children of the Spanish culture that in the Anglo- Saxon culture. The aims of the present researc...

Durante la década de los noventa del siglo XX se han publicado debates y opiniones (se puede consultar una revisión exhaustiva en Nickerson, 2000) que han cuestionado, en ocasiones duramente, la aplicación del procedimiento de significación de la hipótesis nula (Nuil Hypothesis Signifícance Testing, NHST) como instrumento para el progreso del conoc...

Resumen Los resultados de las investigaciones sobre intervención en problemas de depresión infantil utilizan la prueba estadística del contraste de la hipótesis nula como medio para inferir la eficacia de la terapia. Sin embargo, pocas veces se informa del tamaño del efecto obtenido o de otras estrategias más sustantivas de cambio clínico. Actualme...

Se analiza la relación entre los conceptos de significación estadística (nivel de probabilidad, p) y de replicabilidad. El nivel de significación estadística (p. e. de 0.01) indica la probabilidad de los datos bajo el supuesto de la hipótesis nula, pero eso no quiere decir que una replicación posterior tendrá la probabilidad complementaría (en este...

This paper analyses the relationship between the concepts of statistical significance (level of probability, p) and replicability. The level of statistical significance (for example, p = 0.01) indicates the probability of the data under the null hypothesis assumption, however, this does not mean that in a later replication the probability to obtain...

The aim of this research is to examine the influence of sample size on the statistical validity of experimental designs (i.e. assuming random assignment and direct manipulation) when the dependent variable is discrete and measured in an ordinal scale, which is distributed as a rectangular distribution-any point of the sample space is equally likely...