Fazle Hussain

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Professor (Full) at Texas Tech University

Coherent structures over two distinct, organized wall perturbations – a transverse sinusoidal bump with and without small-scale longitudinal grooves – are studied using direct numerical simulations. Large-scale spanwise rollers (SRs) form via shear layer rollup past the bump peak, enveloping a large separation bubble (SB) for both a smooth wall (SW...

The drag reduction efficacy of a large-scale flow control over a rough surface is studied via direct numerical simulations of turbulent channels (at friction Reynolds numbers Reτ=180) by combining together wall riblets and streamwise counter-rotating swirls. In particular, the height of triangular riblets is h+≈10 (+indicating wall units), while th...

Turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) over surface perturbations like bumps with roughness – notably altering heat and mass transfer, drag, etc. – are prevalent in nature (mountains, dunes, etc.) and technology. We study a channel flow with a transverse bump on one wall superimposed with small-scale longitudinal grooves via direct numerical simulation (...

Helicity, an invariant under ideal-fluid (Euler) evolution, has a topological interpretation in terms of writhe and twist for a closed vortex tube, but accurately quantifying twist is challenging in viscous flows. With a novel helicity decomposition, we present a framework to construct the differential twist that establishes the theoretical relatio...

Compressible turbulent plane Couette flows are studied via direct numerical simulation for wall Reynolds numbers up to $Re_w=10\ 000$ and wall Mach numbers up to $M_w=5$ . Various turbulence statistics are compared with their incompressible counterparts at comparable semilocal Reynolds numbers $Re^*_{\tau,c}$ . The skin friction coefficient $C_f$ ,...

Background/aims: Macrophages interact with tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a crucial role in tumor progression. Cancer cells also can instruct macrophages to facilitate the spread of cancer and the growth of tumors. Thus, modulating macrophages-cancer cells interaction in the TME may be therapeutically beneficial....

Well-resolved direct numerical simulations (DNS) have been performed of the flow in a smooth circular pipe of radius $R$ and axial length $10{\rm \pi} R$ at friction Reynolds numbers up to $Re_\tau =5200$ using the pseudo-spectral code OPENPIPEFLOW. Various turbulence statistics are documented and compared with other DNS and experimental data in pi...

Well-resolved direct numerical simulations of turbulent open channel flows (OCFs) are performed for friction Reynolds numbers up to $Re_\tau =2000$ . Various turbulent statistics are documented and compared with the closed channel flows (CCFs). As expected, the mean velocity profiles of the OCFs match well with the CCFs in the near-wall region but...

Motivated by several possible differences in Covid-19 virus strains, age demographics, and face mask wearing between continents and countries, we focussed on changes in Covid death rates in 2020. We have extended our Covid-19 multicompartment model (Khan et al., 2020) to fit cumulative case and death data for 49 European countries and 52 US states...

The dynamics of two slender Hopf-linked vortex rings at vortex Reynolds numbers ( $Re \equiv \varGamma /\nu, \mathrm {circulation/viscosity}$ ) $2000$ , $3000$ and $4000$ is studied using direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Under self-induction, the initially perpendicularly placed vortex rings approach each...

Topological transition and helicity conversion of vortex torus knots and links are studied using direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We find three topological transitional routes (viz. merging, reconnection and transition to turbulence) in the evolution of vortex knots and links over a range of torus aspect r...

Aims Breast cancer metastasis is the leading cause of mortality among breast cancer patients. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that plays a fundamental role in facilitating breast cancer metastasis. The present study assessed the efficacy of parthenolide (PTL Tanacetum parthenium) on EMT and its underlying mechanis...

We study the sound generation mechanism of initially subsonic viscous vortex reconnection at vortex Reynolds number Re (≡ circulation/kinematic viscosity) = 1500 through decomposition of Lighthill's acoustic source term. The Laplacian of the kinetic energy, flexion product, enstrophy and deviation from the isentropic condition provide the dominant...

As a fundamental topology-transforming event, reconnection plays a significant role in the dynamics of plasmas, polymers, DNA, and fluids—both (classical) viscous and quantum. Since the 1994 review by Kida & Takaoka, substantial advances have been made on this topic. We review recent studies of vortex reconnection in (classical) viscous flows, incl...

The compressibility effect on opposition drag control is studied via direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flows at a bulk Reynolds number Reb=3000 for three different bulk Mach numbers: Mb=0.3, 0.8, and 1.5. For all Mb, the drag reduction (DR) has a similar trend as that of the strictly incompressible case; namely, DR first increases an...

A slender trefoil knotted vortex is studied using direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations for vortex Reynolds numbers (Re≡Γ/ν, circulation/viscosity) up to 12 000. For initially zero twist (Tw,0=0), neither the writhe Wr nor the global helicity H is conserved. Initially Wr slowly decreases, then suddenly drops during reconnection...

Polarized vortical structures (i.e. with axial flow, thus coiled vortex lines) are generic to turbulent flows – hence the importance of their dynamics, interactions and cascade. Direct numerical simulations of two anti-parallel polarized vortex tubes are performed for vortex Reynolds numbers Re (≡Γ/ν) up to 9000 and initial polarization strength q...

Vorticity transport in turbulent channels under large-scale active drag control (i.e., spanwise opposed jet forcing) is investigated via direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equation. The skin-friction coefficient is newly expressed by the volume integration average of the mean flow dissipation expressed in terms of the spanwise vortici...

Breast cancer metastasis is the leading cause of mortality among breast cancer patients. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that plays a fundamental role in facilitating breast cancer metastasis. The present study assessed the efficacy of parthenolide (PTL, Tanacetum parthenium ) on EMT and its underlying mechanisms...

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women of Western countries and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The breast tumor microenvironment contains immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and extracellular matrix. Among these cells, macrophages or tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the majo...

A composite drag control (CDC) combining the opposition (OC) and spanwise opposed wall-jet forcing (SOJF) methods is studied in a turbulent channel flow via direct numerical simulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. A maximum drag reduction of about 33% is obtained for CDC—much higher than that produced by either individual method (...

A composite drag control (CDC) combining the opposition (OC) and spanwise opposed wall-jet forcing (SOJF) methods is studied in a turbulent channel flow via direct numerical simulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. A maximum drag reduction of about 33% is obtained for CDC -- much higher than that produced by either individual metho...

Both the evolution of particle pair separation distance l in a turbulent flow and how different length scales affect l are major unresolved challenges. The reigning theory in this topic is that of Richardson and Obukhov (R-O theory). We propose a new theory of pair diffusion in homogeneous, isotropic turbulence hypothesizing that not only structure...

A framework for analyzing energy flux in turbulent channel flows is proposed which enables quantification of the drag reduction efficacy by different control methods. In contrast to the FIK [Fukagata, Iwamoto, and Kasagi, Phys. Fluids 14, L73 (2002)] and the RD [Renard and Deck, J. Fluid Mech. 790, 339 (2016)] identities, this framework expresses t...

Separation scaling for viscous vortex reconnection - Volume 900 - Jie Yao, Fazle Hussain

A compartmental model is proposed to predict the coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) spread. It considers: detected and undetected infected populations, social sequestration, release from sequestration, plus reinfection. This model, consisting of seven coupled equations, has eight coefficients which are evaluated by fitting data for eight US states that ma...

Obesity is associated with hypercholesterolemia and is a global epidemic. Epidemiological and animal studies revealed cholesterol is an essential regulator of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer progression while inhibition of cholesterol accumulation was found to prevent breast tumor growth. Individually, vitamin D and LXR agonist T0901...

The quantification of turbulent mixing in nature is predicated by inherent randomness of causal events, and obtaining relevant turbulence statistics requires ensemble averaging of identical realizations that are unachievable in field observations or onerous in laboratory situations. Laboratory modeling is often used to study nonstationary natural p...

Direct numerical simulations of compressible turbulent channel flows are performed for bulk Mach numbers 0.8 and 1.5 and bulk Reynolds numbers in the range of 3000–34000. The compressibility effects are well accounted for when using the semilocal scaling, as expected. Compared to incompressible flows at comparable semilocal Reynolds number Reτc*, t...

Turbulence consists of interacting flow structures covering a wide range of length and time scales. A long-standing question looms over pair diffusion of particles in close proximity i.e. particle pair diffusion at small separations: what range of turbulence length scales governs pair diffusion? Here, we attempt to answer this question by addressin...

A new epidemic model for Covid-19 has been constructed and simulated for eight US states. The coefficients for this model, based on seven coupled differential equations, are carefully evaluated against recorded data on cases and deaths. These projections reveal that Covid-19 will become endemic, spreading for more than two years. If stay-at-home or...

IntroductionCells in the tumor microenvironment experience mechanical stresses, such as compression generated by uncontrolled cell growth within a tissue, increased substrate stiffness due to tumor cell extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and leaky angiogenic vessels which involve low fluid shear stress. With our hypothesis that shear stress inc...

We address our long-standing claim that vortex reconnection is one of the dominant sources of aeroacoustic noise in a number of canonical turbulent flows. The reconnection of two antiparallel vortices is studied via direct numerical simulation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in order to fully resolve the acoustic noise generation and fa...

Reconnection plays a significant role in the dynamics of plasmas, polymers and macromolecules, as well as in numerous laminar and turbulent flow phenomena in both classical and quantum fluids. Extensive studies in quantum vortex reconnection show that the minimum separation distance {\delta} between interacting vortices follows a 1/2 scaling. Due t...

A compartmental epidemic model is proposed to predict the Covid-19 virus spread. It considers: both detected and undetected infected populations, medical quarantine and social sequestration, plus possible reinfection. The coefficients in the model are evaluated by fitting to empirical data for six US states: California, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Y...

Viscous anti-parallel vortex reconnection is studied by means of direct numerical simulation for vortex Reynolds numbers Re (≡ Γ/ν, circulation/viscosity) up to 40 000. To suppress the inherent symmetry breaking due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz (planar jet) instability, as prevalent in prior studies, and to better explore the progression of the mechanis...

Recognizing the fact that the finite-time singularity of the Navier-Stokes equations is widely accepted as a key issue in fundamental fluid mechanics, and motivated by recent model of Moffatt & Kimura (2019a,b) on this issue, we have performed direct numerical simulation (DNS) for two colliding slender vortex rings of radius R. The separation betwe...

Spanwise wall oscillation has been extensively studied to explore possible drag control methods, mechanisms and efficacy – particularly for incompressible flows. We performed direct numerical simulation for fully developed turbulent channel flow to establish how effective spanwise wall oscillation is when the flow is compressible and also to docume...

A three-dimensional transient round liquid jet within a low-speed coaxial outer gas flow is numerically simulated and analysed via vortex dynamics ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{2}$ analysis). Two types of surface deformations are distinguished, which are separated by a large indentation on the jet stem. First, there are those inside the recirculation...

Models that have been developed to quantify the oxygen flux at the sediment‐water interface (SWI) generally do not explicitly consider the influence of bioroughness (mounds and burrows) and bioirrigation. We performed a numerical study of the influence of overlying water velocity, bioroughness, and bioirrigation on the oxygen flux across the SWI. W...

In this paper, we report on an active flow control approach that has produced unprecedented levels of turbulent boundary layer viscous drag reduction in excess of 70%. Furthermore, by incorporating a flush mounted, pulsed-DC plasma actuator array with exceedingly low power input, the power savings due to drag reduction has exceeded the power input....

We propose a new method to separate the energetic large-scale motions (LSM) and small-scale motions (SSM) using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) in a turbulent channel flow with spanwise jets for a frictional Reynolds number, \(Re_{\tau } = 394\). The results show that the upstream perturbations enhance streamwise heat flux via energetic LSM a...

Cancer cells overexpress several transcription factors and motor proteins, such as NFkB and kinesin, to accommodate their high energy demand as well as migratory needs via enhanced glycolysis. We hypothesize that high glucose drives cancer progression and cell aggressiveness by decreasing actin expression, increasing NFkB, and kinesin expressions,...

The effect of Reynolds number (Reτ) on drag reduction using spanwise wall oscillation is studied through direct numerical simulation of incompressible turbulent channel flows with Reτ ranging from 200 to 2000. For the nondimensional oscillation period T⁺ = 100 with maximum velocity amplitude A⁺ = 12, the drag reduction (DR) decreases from 35.3% ± 0...

As a counterpart of energy cascade, turbulent momentum cascade (TMC) in the wall-normal direction is important for understanding wall turbulence. Here, we report an analytic prediction of non-universal Reynolds number ( $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ ) scaling transition of the maximum TMC located at $y_{p}$ . We show that in viscous units, $y_{p}^{...

We explore the noise generation mechanisms in the compressible vortex reconnection of two anti-parallel vor-tices of equal strength via a high-order DNS of the fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Over a range of vortex Reynolds number (1500-12,000, where Re = circu-lation/viscosity), we show that noise generation occurs in the reconnection...

Highly metastatic prostate cancer cells flowing through a microfluidic channel form plasma membrane blebs: they form 27% more than normal cells and have a lower stiffness (about 50%). Hypo-osmotic stress assays (with ∼ 50 % osmolarity) show 22% more blebbing of highly metastatic than moderately metastatic and 30% more than normal cells. Plasma mem...

Low Vitamin D levels increase the risk of developing several cancer types including breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most incident cancer among women worldwide and in the US. Our previous study showed that Vitamin D (VD3) decreases breast cancer aggressiveness by inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, the full mechanism underl...

The primary breakup of a planar liquid jet is explored via direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation with level-set and volume-of-fluid interface capturing methods. PDFs of the local radius of curvature and the local cross-flow displacement of the liquid-gas interface are evaluated over wide ranges of the Reynol...

Analytical solutions and a vast majority of numerical ones for fracture propagation in saturated porous media yield smooth behavior while experiments, field observations and a few numerical solutions reveal stepwise crack advancement and pressure oscillations. To explain this fact, we invoke self-organization of rupture observed in fracturing solid...

Analytical solutions and a vast majority of numerical ones for fracture propagation in saturated porous media yield smooth behavior while experiments, field observations and a few numerical solutions reveal stepwise crack advancement and pressure oscillations. To explain this fact, we invoke self-organization of rupture observed in fracturing solid...

A recently developed symmetry-based theory is extended to derive an algebraic model for compressible turbulent boundary layers (CTBL) – predicting mean profiles of velocity, temperature and density – valid from incompressible to hypersonic flow regimes, thus achieving a Mach number ( $Ma$ ) invariant description. The theory leads to a multi-layer a...

Vortex reconnection is a fundamental topology transforming event. Such a topological transformation is considered to play a significant role in flow turbulence such as energy transfer, fine-scale mixing, and noise generation. Vortex reconnection was also found to play an essential role in the transition and friction drag production in the wall-boun...

Drag control using a newly developed spanwise opposed wall-jet forcing (SOJF) method is studied via direct numerical simulation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in a turbulent channel flow (at the friction Reynolds numbers $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$ and 550). SOJF is characterized by three control parameters: the forcing amplitu...

We propose a dynamical vortex definition (the ‘ $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}$ definition’) for flows dominated by density variation, such as compressible and multi-phase flows. Based on the search of the pressure minimum in a plane, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}$ defines a vortex to be a connected region with...

We present new scaling expressions, including high-Reynolds-number ( $Re$ ) predictions, for all Reynolds stress components in the entire flow domain of turbulent channel and pipe flows. In Part 1 (She, Chen & Hussain, J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 827, 2017, pp. 322–356), based on the dilation symmetry of the mean Navier–Stokes equation a four-layer formu...

Collision between two identical counterflowing gravity currents was studied in the laboratory with the goal of understanding the fundamental turbulent mixing physics of flow collisions in nature, for example katabatic flows and thunderstorm outflows. The ensuing turbulent mixing is a subgrid process in mesoscale forecasting models, and needs to be...

A three-dimensional round liquid jet within a low-speed coaxial gas flow is numerically simulated and explained via vortex dynamics ($\lambda_2$ method). The instabilities on the liquid-gas interface reflect well the vortex interactions around the interface. Certain key features are identified for the first time. Two types of surface deformations a...

We present new results explaining why fracturing in saturated porous media is not smooth and continuous but is a distinct stepwise process concomitant with fluid pressure oscillations. All exact solutions and almost all numerical models yield smooth fracture advancement and fluid pressure evolution, while recent experimental results, mainly from th...

Background: Reduced levels of magnesium can cause several diseases and increase cancer risk. Motivated by magnesium chloride’s (MgCl2) non-toxicity, physiological importance, and beneficial clinical applications, we studied its action mechanism and possible mechanical, molecular, and physiological effects in prostate cancer with different metastati...

It has been hypothesized that highly metastatic cancer cells have softer nuclei and hence would travel faster through confining environments. Our goal was to prove this untested hypothesis for prostate cells. Our nuclear creep experiments using a microfluidic channel with a narrow constriction show that stiffness of aggressive immortalized prostate...

Linear and nonlinear transient growths of perturbations on a vortex ring up to Reynolds number ($\equiv$ circulation/viscosity) Re=27,000 are studied. For short time intervals, perturbations around the ring axis undergo the strongest linear transient growth and lead to secondary structures in the form of ringlets, owing to the Orr mechanism and an...

This paper is associated with a poster winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original poster is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.P0009 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American P...

The 3D, temporal instabilities on a planar liquid jet are studied using DNS with level-set and VoF interface-capturingmethods. The λ2 method has been used to relate the vortex dynamics to the surface dynamics at different stages of the jet breakup. The breakup character depends on the Ohnesorge number (Oh) and gas-to-liquid density ratio. At high R...

First-principle-based prediction of mean-flow quantities of wall-bounded turbulent flows (channel, pipe and turbulent boundary layer (TBL)) is of great importance from both physics and engineering standpoints. Here we present a symmetry-based approach which yields analytical expressions for the mean-velocity profile (MVP) from a Lie-group analysis....

In a recent paper by Zhang et al. (2012), a Mach number-invariant scaling was proposed to account for the effect of variation of free-stream Mach number in supersonic turbulent boundary layers. The present work focuses on the effect of variation of wall temperature with strong heating and cooling at the wall. Direct numerical simulation is used to...

In a recent article, Canton et al. [J. Canton et al., Phys. Rev. Fluids 1, 081501(R) (2016)] reported significant drag reduction in turbulent channel flow by using large-scale, near-wall streamwise swirls following the control strategy of Schoppa and Hussain [W. Schoppa and F. Hussain, Phys. Fluids 10, 1049 (1998)] for low Reynolds numbers only, bu...

Temporal instabilities of a planar liquid jet are studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with level-set (LS) and volume-of-fluid (VoF) surface tracking methods. $\lambda_2$ contours are used to relate the vortex dynamics to the surface dynamics at different stages of the jet breakup, namely, lo...

Temporal instabilities of a planar liquid jet are studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with level-set (LS) and volume-of-fluid (VoF) surface tracking methods. $\lambda_2$ contours are used to relate the vortex dynamics to the surface dynamics at different stages of the jet breakup, namely, lo...

The breakup region of a planar liquid jet is explored via direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation with level-set and volume-of-fluid surface tracking methods. PDFs of the local radius of curvature and the local cross-flow location of the liquid-gas interface are studied over wide ranges of Reynolds number (Re)...

The temporal evolution of three-dimensional instabilities on a planar liquid sheet segment is studied using direct numerical simulation, and the level-set and volume-of-fluid methods for the liquid-gas interface tracking. Three atomization cascades are distinguished at early breakup, which are well categorized on a gas Weber number (Weg) versus liq...

We present a similarity transformation for the mean velocity profiles in sink flow turbulent boundary layers, including effects of blowing and suction. It is based on symmetry analysis which transforms the governing partial differential equations (for mean mass and momentum) into an ordinary differential equation and yields a new result including a...

Effects of adding 1 mol% of gramicidin-A on the biochemical properties of coexisting liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered (Lo+Ld) membrane domains were investigated. Quaternary giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) of di18:1PC(DOPC)/di18:0PC(DSPC)/cholesterol/gramicidin-A were prepared using our recently developed damp-film method. The phase boundary of...

We address stepwise crack tip advancement and pressure fluctuations, which have been observed in the field and experimentally in fracturing saturated porous media. Both fracturing due to mechanical loading and pressure driven fracture are considered. After presenting the experimental evidence and the different explanations for the phenomena put for...

Accurate seismic modeling in realistic media serves as the basis of seismic full-waveform inversion and imaging. Recently, viscoacoustic seismic modeling incorporating attenuation effects has been performed by solving a fractional Laplacian viscoacoustic wave equation. In this equation, attenuation, being spatially heterogeneous, is represented par...

The confined flow of cancer cells, viscous droplets, and elastic particles in microchannels at millisecond deformation timescales show that the passage time and friction force depend on cell, droplet, and particle size and viscosity of the emulsion droplets, but not on the elastic modulus of particles. Force balance reveals a viscosity-dependent lu...

Direct numerical simulation of spatially evolving thermal turbulent boundary layers with strong favorable pressure gradient (FPG) shows that the thermal fluctuation intensity, θ′+ and the Reynolds shear stress, u′v′¯+ exhibit a logarithmic behavior spanning the meso-layer (e.g., 50≤y+≤170). However, the mean thermal profile is not logarithmic even...

The solution of a nonlinear diffusion equation is numerically investigated using the generalized Fourier transform method. This equation includes fractal dimensions and power-law dependence on the radial variable and on the diffusion function. The generalized Fourier transform approach is the extension of the Fourier transform method used for norma...

The solution of a nonlinear diffusion equation is numerically investigated using the generalized Fourier transform method. This equation includes fractal dimensions and power-law dependence on the radial variable and on the diffusion function. The generalized Fourier transform approach is the extension of the Fourier transform method used for norma...

An invariant mean velocity profile is derived and validated by direct numerical simulations of compressible turbulent boundary layers (CTBL) for a range of Reynolds number, Mach number and wall temperature. Near the wall, we reveal an invariance of the mean momentum equation, which derives and clarifies the semi-local scaling of the wall-normal coo...

A wind tunnel based “Hyper Accelerated Wind Farm Kinematic-Control Simulator” (HAWKS) is being built at Texas Tech University to emulate controlled wind turbine flow physics. The HAWKS model turbine has pitch, yaw and speed control which is operated in real model time, similar to that of an equivalent full scale turbine. Also, similar to that of a...

Submitted for the DFD16 Meeting of The American Physical Society Mechanisms, role of vorticity, and time scales for planar liquid sheet breakup ARASH ZANDIAN, WILLIAM SIRIGNANO, University of Cal-ifornia, Irvine, FAZLE HUSSAIN, Texas Tech University — The 3D, temporal instabilities on a planar liquid sheet are studied using DNS with level-set and V...

Submitted for the DFD16 Meeting of The American Physical Society Temporal length-scale cascade and expansion rate on planar liquid jet instability WILLIAM SIRIGNANO, ARASH ZANDIAN, University of California, Irvine, FAZLE HUSSAIN, Texas Tech University — Using the local radius of curvature of the surface and the local transverse dimension of the two...

A wind tunnel based "Hyper Accelerated Wind Farm Kinematic-Control Simulator" (HAWKS) is being built at Texas Tech University (TTU) to emulate controlled wind turbine flow physics. The HAWKS model turbine has pitch, yaw and speed controls that could be operated in real time with different power coefficient (Cp) conditions. The purpose of HAWKS is t...