Farzad Salehpour

• Master of Science
• Graduate Research Assistant at University of Texas at Austin

Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience reduced quality of life due to difficulties with impulsiveness and attention. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies show a lower hemodynamic response in the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) of ADHD participants during the execution of a go/no-go inhibitory tas...

This chapter explores the potential of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy for Parkinson's disease, providing an overview of the condition, discussing relevant animal models, and examining the therapeutic approach in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Section 10.1 introduces Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized b...

This chapter examines the potential of photobiomodulation (PBM) for enhancing brain function in healthy young and aging adults, focusing on cognitive boosting and the effects of PBM on healthy animals and human volunteers. Section 1 discusses cognitive boosting in healthy young and aged adults, highlighting the potential of PBM as a non-invasive in...

This chapter delves into the biophysical principles and safety concerns associated with the use of photobiomodulation (PBM) for brain applications. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the different components involved in designing and implementing PBM treatments. Section 2.1 discusses various light sources used in PBM, including lasers, LE...

This chapter delves into the potential of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy for stroke, providing an overview of the condition, discussing relevant animal models, and examining the therapeutic approach in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Section 1 introduces stroke, a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The chapter discuss...

This chapter explores the potential of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI), providing an overview of the condition, discussing relevant animal models, and examining the therapeutic approach in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Section 1 introduces traumatic brain injury, a significant cause of death and di...

Non-invasive delivery of photons from an external light source to the head and thence into the brain tissue is generally referred to as transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM). In this approach, light must pass through several types of tissue, such as the scalp, skull, periosteal, meningeal, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pi...

This final chapter synthesizes the key findings and insights presented throughout the book on photobiomodulation (PBM) and its potential applications for brain-related disorders and cognitive enhancement in healthy individuals. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of PBM, including its impact on cellular and molec...

This chapter delves into the application of photobiomodulation (PBM) in neuronal cell cultures, focusing on the importance of in vitro studies and the various cellular mechanisms affected by this treatment approach. Section 1 discusses the importance of in vitro studies, highlighting their value in providing controlled environments for the investig...

This chapter explores the concept of preconditioning with photobiomodulation (PBM) in the context of neuronal cells and the brain, focusing on its potential to enhance resilience against various stressors and promote neuroprotection. Section 1 introduces the idea of preconditioning, explaining its significance in the field of PBM and how it can be...

This chapter explores the potential of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy for various psychiatric disorders, providing an overview of each condition and examining the therapeutic approach in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Section 13.1 focuses on depression, discussing the problem of depression (13.1.1) and relevant animal models (13.1...

This chapter delves into the molecular, cellular, and neurobiological mechanisms underlying photobiomodulation's (PBM) effects on neuronal cells and the brain. It discusses the various pathways and processes influenced by PBM, providing a comprehensive understanding of its therapeutic potential. Section 1 covers the molecular and cellular mechanism...

This chapter investigates the potential of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy for various other brain-related disorders, providing an overview of each condition and examining the therapeutic approach in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Section 14.1 focuses on disorders of consciousness and vegetative state, introducing the topic (14.1.1...

This chapter explores the application of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy for dementia, providing an overview of various types of dementia and discussing the potential benefits and limitations of PBM in both animal models and human studies. Section 1 introduces the concept of dementia, discussing its various forms, including mild cognitive impairme...

This chapter examines the biphasic dose-response phenomenon in photobiomodulation (PBM) of neuronal cells and the brain, a critical aspect of understanding and optimizing treatment parameters. The discussion is divided into in vitro and in vivo studies, further exploring the biphasic response in terms of power or irradiance, time or fluence, and tr...

This chapter explores the critical aspect of light penetration into the brain, which is essential for understanding the therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation (PBM). It discusses the absorption features of biological tissue components, the penetration profiles of scalp, skull, and brain tissues, and concludes with remarks on penetration depth....

Inattentiveness and impulsivity in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diminish these individuals' quality of life. Cortical hypometabolism has been hypothesized to contribute to inattentiveness in ADHD. Transcranial infrared laser stimulation (TILS) is a safe and non-invasive modality for activation of the prefrontal cortex...

Background Neuroinflammation is a response that involves different cell lineages of the central nervous system, such as neurons and glial cells. Among the non-pharmacological interventions for neuroinflammation, photobiomodulation (PBM) is gaining prominence because of its beneficial effects found in experimental brain research. We systematically r...

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is frequently encountered in patients suffering from depression. There is a bidirectional relationship between various types of SD and depression, so the presence or treatment of one condition may exacerbate or improve the other condition. The most frequent sexual problem in untreated depressed patients is declining sexual d...

The glymphatic system is a glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the central nervous system, devoted to drain away waste metabolic products and soluble proteins such as amyloid-beta. An impaired brain glymphatic system can increase the incidence of neurovascular, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. Photobiomodulation (PBM) thera...

Salehpour et al. for PBM and CoQ10 Brain Ischemia During Aging and CoQ10 treatments. Collectively, the findings of this preclinical study imply that the procognitive effects of NIR PBM and CoQ10 treatments, separately or in combination, are beneficial in a model of transient global brain ischemia superimposed on a model of aging in mice.

Background Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves the use of red and/or near-infrared light from lasers or LEDs to improve a wide range of medical disorders. Transcranial PBM, sometimes accompanied by intranasal PBM, has been tested to improve many brain disorders, including dementia. Objective To conduct a systematic review according to PRISMA guideli...

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with prefrontal hypometabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a novel treatment under development for MDD. PBM uses near-infrared (NIR) or red light to modulate metabolism and functioning of different tissues and organs, including the brain. NIR and red light are nonionizing...

Aging, as a physiological phenomenon, is complicated with secondary problems that cause enormous health, economic, social, and emotional costs. Neuropsychological problems are among the most important health threats in the aged population. Numerous pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches have been evaluated to boosting of brain function i...

Photobiomodulation (PBM) might be an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) in human patients. PBM of the brain uses red or near infrared light delivered from a laser or an LED at relatively low power densities, onto the head (or other body parts) to stimulate the brain and prevent degeneration of neurons. PD is a progressive neurodegener...

The effectiveness of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) and methylene Blue (MB) in treating learning and memory impairments is previously reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of tPBM and MB in combination or alone on unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS)–induced learning and memory impairments in mice. Fifty-five male BALB/c m...

Background and objective: Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a promising and non-invasive approach to stimulate neuronal function and improve brain repair. The optimization of PBM parameters is important to maximize effectiveness and tolerability. Several studies have reported on the penetration of visible-to-near-infrared (NIR) light through vari...

Background: Transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) is a noninvasive modality that may improve cognitive function in both healthy and diseased subjects. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the question of whether t-PBM improves cognitive function in healthy adults. Methods: We searched MEDLINE using PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS...

The application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for neuronal stimulation has been studied in different animal models and in humans, and has been shown to improve cerebral metabolic activity and blood flow, and provide neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. Recently, intranasal PBMT (i-PBMT) has become an attractive and...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrophysiological effects of the photobiomodulation (PBM) by the quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) as a diagnostic method. The neurotherapeutic potential of transcranial PBM has been recently investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. According to the PBM mechanisms of action on...

Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) describes the use of visible to near-infrared light for modulation or stimulation of the central nervous system in both healthy individuals and diseased conditions. Although the transcranial approach to delivering light to the head is the most common technique to stimulate the brain, delivery of light to deeper struct...

Objective: We present a case report of rapid reversal of cognitive impairment, olfactory dysfunction and quality of life measures in a patient with cognitive decline after multi-modality photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy. Background: Transcranial and intranasal PBM has been introduced as a light-based therapeutic technique in which exposure to low-...

Disturbances in mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics, combined with neuroinflammation, play cardinal roles in the cognitive impairment during aging that is further exacerbated by transient cerebral ischemia. Both near-infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM) and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), administration are known to stimulate mitochondrial electron...

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomod...

Objectives: Noise is a potential environmental stressor affecting brain function as evidenced by altered stress neurotransmitters and hormone levels and psychobehavioral changes. Here, we explored the effects of noise exposure on the social behavior of mice as well as cerebral oxidative stress and neuroendocrine markers. Materials and Methods: In t...

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of near-infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM) combined with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on depressive-like behavior, cerebral oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis markers in mice. To induce a depressive-like model, mice were subjected to sub-chronic restraint stress for 5 consecutive days. NIR PBM (8...

Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy using red to near-infrared (NIR) light is an innovative treatment for a wide range of neurological and psychological conditions. Red/NIR light is able to stimulate complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (cytochrome c oxidase) and increase ATP synthesis. Moreover, light absorption by ion channels res...

Objective(s) Chronic stress has been linked to the pathophysiology of mood disorders including anxiety and depression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of troxerutin (TRX), as a flavonol, on stress-induced anxiety and depression. Materials and Methods 56 animals were randomly divided into seven groups (n=8 per group) as follows: c...

Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) ischemia affects post-stroke cognitive outcomes. We aimed to investigate the effects of different doses and routes of cerebrolysin (CBL) on the structural synaptic plasticity and cognitive function after mPFC ischemia in mice. Thence, CBL (1, 2.5 ml/kg/i.p./daily) or (1 ml/kg/i.n./daily), were administrated in photot...

Sleep deprivation (SD) causes oxidative stress in the hippocampus and subsequent memory impairment. In this study, the effect of near-infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM) on learning and memory impairment induced by acute SD was investigated. The mice were subjected to an acute SD protocol for 72 hr. Simultaneously, NIR PBM using a laser at 810...

Mitochondrial function plays a key role in the aging-related cognitive impairment and photoneuromodulation of mitochondria by transcranial low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may contribute to its improvement. This study focused on transcranial LLLT effects on the D-galactose (DG) induced mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and cognitive impairment in...

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder that its prevalence has been reported to be 16% among adults. In recent years, transcranial near-infrared laser therapy (NILT) has gained considerable attention as a novel non-pharmaceutical method for depression. The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of two different treatment strategies...

Major depressive disorder is a common debilitating mood disorder that affects quality of life. Prefrontal cortex abnormalities, an imbalance in neurotransmitters, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are the major factors in the etiology of major depressive disorder. Despite the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depr...

The Orch OR theory suggests conscious experience is strongly connected to the fine-scale structure of space–time geometry, and that consciousness could be deeply related to the operation of the laws of the universe.

Background and objective: The application of transcranial low-level light/laser therapy (tLLLT) in the range of red to near-infrared (NIR) spectrum for psychological disorders is a new area that is attracting growing interest in recent years. The photomodulation effects of NIR and red coherent lights on the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in neur...

The photoneuromodulation with transcranial low-level light/laser therapy is the non-invasive brain stimulation which use low power light from lasers or LEDs in the red to NIR of the electromagnetic spectrum. Upregulation of neuronal function using LLLT have been shown in some in vitro studies. Furthermore, beneficial in vivo effects of photoneuromo...

Background: Depression and anxiety disorders are common major sources of mental distress and social disability. Pharmacotherapy for treating depression is effective but 30% of patients with treatment-resistant depression do not show a partial response to any treatments. Transcranial low-level light therapy (tLLLT) using non-invasive lasers, and lig...