Farouq S. Mjalli

Sultan Qaboos University | SQU ·  Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering

A novel encapsulated deep eutectic solvent (DES) was introduced for biodiesel production via a two-step process. The DES was encapsulated in medical capsules and were used to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) content of acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) to the minimum acceptable level (< 1%). The DES was synthesized from methyltriphenylphosphonium bromid...

Novel solvents and their applications are experiencing an increasing interest by the scientific community. Imidazole has been utilized as a major component in many successful ionic liquids. However, very limited studies were reported for using it as a hydrogen bond acceptor in the synthesis of eutectic solvents. In this work, a novel eutectic solve...

Antibiotics are a common medical waste that can cause antibiotic resistance in humans and harm aquatic life. One of the most effective approaches for treating medical wastewater is the aqueous two-phase extraction process (ATPS). ATPS is considered an ecologically benign technology. Nine ATPS chemical systems were developed to extract Amoxicillin f...

In this study, the interaction of four deep eutectic solvents (DESs): [Choline chloride][Urea] ([ChCl][U]), [Choline chloride][Ethylene glycol] ([ChCl][EG]), [Choline chloride][Glycerol] ([ChCl][Gly]) and [Choline chloride][Benzoic acid] ([ChCl][BA]), with pristine carbon nanotube (CNT) and its defects: double-vacancy and Stone–Wales structures (CN...

Citation: Al-Rahawi, A.M.I.; Noori, W.A.; Abdulrahman, A.A.; Majdi, H.S.; Salih, I.K.; Alsalhy, Q.F.; Mjalli, F.S. A Newly Developed Empirical Predictive Model for the Dispersed Phase (DP) Holdup in Rotating Disc Contactors. Abstract: Newly novel developed correlations were derived to predict the dispersed phase (DP) holdup in a rotating disc conta...

In this work, powder activated carbon (PAC) treated with KOH was used to synthesize multiwall carbon nanotubes using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) where a mixture of CO2 and acetylene gas was used to conduct the reaction. Different mass ratios of PAC: KOH in the range of 1:0.25–1:3 were studied. The synthesized CNT were characterized using scanni...

Since their first introduction in the literature about two decades ago, deep eutectic solvents have competed with ionic liquids due to their lower production cost, simple synthesis, and favorable biodegradability. Many studied showed their suitability in wide-ranging applications involving mass and heat transfer, catalysis as well as in the pharmac...

Synthesis of super-hydrophobic carbonaceous materials is gaining a broader interest by the research community due to its versatile application in separation processes, special coating technologies, and membrane distillation. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) may exhibit stable super-hydrophobic character due to their unique physio-chemical features which...

The move towards processes in small and micro devices has been increased recently due to the enhanced heat and mass rate of these devices. One particular area of application is liquid–liquid extraction. The efficiency of the solvent extraction as a result of two-phase flow in an intensified channel highly depends on the flow patterns. In this work,...

The thermal conductivities of selected deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were determined using the modified transient plane source (MTPS) method over the temperature range from 295 K to 363 K at atmospheric pressure. The results were found to range from 0.198 W·m−1·K−1 to 0.250 W·m−1·K−1. Various empirical and thermodynamic correlations present in lite...

The application of super-hydrophobic nanomaterials for synthesizing membranes with unique physiochemical properties has gained a lot of interest among researchers. The presence of super-hydrophobic materials inside the membrane matrix can play a vital role not only in the separation of toxins, but also to achieve higher water flux with lower foulin...

The charge/discharge characteristics for vanadium acetylacetonate in deep eutectic solvents were evaluated using an H-cell with an anion-exchange membrane separator for the first time. Coulombic (CE) and energy efficiencies (EE) of the electrolyte containing V(acac)3/0.5 M TEABF4 in DES3 (a hydrogen bonded eutectic between choline chloride and ethy...

To overcome the biofouling challenge which faces membrane water treatment processed, The novel superhydrophobic carbon nanomaterials impregnated on/powder activated carbon (CNMs/PAC) was utilized to successfully design prepare an antimicrobial membrane. The research was conducted following a systematic statistical design of experiments (DoE) techni...

Reline, a typical type III Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES), composed of urea and choline chloride, is widely-used and highly investigated for its thermo-physical properties and intermolecular interactions. Formation of hydrogen bonds between urea and chloride ion, and a strong suppression in the hydrogen bonds between urea molecules lead to a significa...

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Its superior efficiency, ease of scale-up by numbering-up as well as its continuous flow layout made the utilization of micro-technology promising in the field of chemical separation. This study examined the performance of polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) and a mixture synthesized by mixing 1:2 M ratio of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide salt and polye...

In this work, conditions for fabricating high hydrophobic carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) by CVD technique on nickel (Ni)-doped powder activated carbon (PAC) such as reaction temperature, reaction time, and H2:CH4 gas ratio were optimized to achieve the optimum contact angle (CA). The results showed that the optimal reaction temperature, H2:CH4 gas rat...

In this study, a novel adsorbent process was developed using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) system based on benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride (BTPC) as a functionalization agent of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for arsenic ion removal from water. The nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX) neural network strategy was used for the m...

Surface hydrophobicity is the most desirable characteristic for high DCMD performance. Superhydrophobic carbon nanomaterials/powder activated carbon (CNMs/PAC) has unique properties and believed to be the proper candidate to increase the membrane hydrophobicity with maintaining good mechanical properties and high porosity at the same time. In this...

In this work, diethanolamine was successfully used as a hydrogen bond donor to prepare three different deep eutectic solvents (DESs) using three quaternary ammonium salts at different molar ratios. Important physical properties of the prepared DESs including melting point, glass transition, crystallisation temperature, density, refractive index and...

Biodiesel is considered the most convenient biofuel, due to its direct use in existing combustion engines; however, its production is not economically optimal due to processes that utilize costly substrates, require high energy expenditure or achieve low biodiesel yields. We used primary sewage sludge for the production of biodiesel and compared yi...

This paper reports the volumetric properties such as density, molar volume and isobaric thermal expansion of non-aqueous system of DMF-DEA. The values of volumetric properties were reported for several mole fractions of DMF (x1) and DEA (x2) and temperature from 298.15 to 343.15 K. In order to investigate the significance of temperature and concent...

A solar water desalination unit was built and tested. The unit mainly consists of an inclined black plate, glass cover, and condenser. On the black plate, metallic strips were attached, which act as heating fins in order to increase water residence time and increase evaporation area. The evaporation was enhanced by blowing air through the unit carr...

In the pursuit of better solvents for use in the extractive desulfurization (EDS) of liquid fuel, the pyrollidinium and phosphonium based ionic liquids (ILs) have been improved by combining them with selected molecular compound modifiers. The modifiers, which are imidazole, poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG 200) and sulfolane were selected to induce previ...

Ultrasonic velocities have been measured for different binary mixtures of common choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs), namely, reline, glyceline and ethaline with water, in the range of temperature: 303.15–353.15 K. The experimental data measurements with different mole fractions of DES–water solutions were utilised in fitting four...

Ionic liquids analogues known as Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are gaining a surge of interest by the scientific community, and many applications involving DESs have been realized. Moisture content is one of the important factors that affects the physical and chemical characteristics of these fluids. In this work, the effect of mixing water with th...

The molar heat capacities of three tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC)‐based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their binary water mixtures were investigated in this work. Results showed a linear dependence of the molar heat capacity with temperature for all water compositions as well the pure components. The molar heat capacity decreased with increa...

Free fatty acids (FFA) in low grade oil could be reduced by using an esterification reaction with glycerol, which itself is a waste product of biodiesel synthesis to give mono- and di-glycerides. This study investigated, for the first time, the reaction between oleic acid as a FFA with glycerol, using a phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvent (DES)...

In this work, physical properties such as density, refractive index and viscosity of aqueous diethanolamine sarcosinate (DEA-SAR) solution were measured at different temperatures. The knowledge of physical properties is necessary for the process design and simulation of acid gas absorber plant. Various concentrations of aqueous DEA-SAR solutions (0...

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are ionic liquids analogs that have been the subject of a growing interest in the scientific community. Governed by their favorable chemical and physical properties, they were utilized in a wide variety of fields. DESs possessing both desirable and undesirable properties for a specific application are not uncommon. As...

In this work, the extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel was investigated using a new polymeric DES based on the salt tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB). Two different light grades of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as hydrogen bond donors. Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to optimize the operating conditions. The solvents showed...

Several novel applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have emerged recently. With a growing interest in the field, there is an urge to understand formation and functioning of these solvents at molecular level, which in turn would assist in further designing of DESs. We herein performed molecular dynamics simulations on three of the commonly u...

The desulfurization of liquid fuels with deep eutectic solvent (DES) newly synthesized from inexpensive constituents of imidazole and tetrabutylammonium bromide salt was conducted via liquid-liquid extraction. The aim of the work is to lower the sulfur content of liquid fuels to below the environmental regulation using DES in a process with low ene...

Different fuel types are usually produced in refineries containing various sulfuric compounds, which have acute negative impact on the ecosystem and human beings in general. Extractive desulfurization (EDS) is a recently used technology in the treatment of these compounds. This research targets investigating experimentally the desulfurization of li...

In this work, physical properties such as density, refractive index, and viscosity of aqueous blends of potassium sarcosinate (K-Sar) and 2-piperidineethanol (2-PE) were measured at temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 333.15 K. Several concentrations of K-Sar and 2-PE blends were prepared in terms of mass fraction (0.04 + 0.16, 0.08 + 0.12, 0.12 +...

Flow patterns and pressure drop measurements in a circular 1.22 mm ID glass channel were investigated for two immiscible liquids; namely: simulated fuel and a deep eutectic solvent (DES). The effect of the inlet junction and initial channel saturation phase were studied by using two different configurations (T and cross) and two initial saturation...

The increase in demand for crude oil and the depletion of light crude oil reserves have led to increase in the production of heavy crude oils. This has resulted in an interest in decreasing the pumping costs by techniques such as heating, dilution and/or mixing with water. Among the aforementioned methods, emulsification of heavy crude oil with wat...

Ionic liquids analogues known as Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are increasingly realized in many chemical and industrial applications. The physical and chemical characteristics of these fluids are affected considerably by their moisture content. This study focuses on the evaluation and prediction of the density of choline chloride-based DES aqueous...

Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is one of the promising alternative and heavily researched desulfurization technologies. This is partly due to its ability to preferentially oxidize and ease the removal of refractory sulfur compounds with the aid of a suitable solvent. Despite its long list of advantages, challenges in different research areas withi...

The manuscript examines the formation of deep eutectic solvents based on molecular dynamics simulations and sheds light on the hydrogen bonding pattern existing within these solvents. Further, the effect of water on molecular interactions of the solvents has been thoroughly investigated and correlated with the experimental findings of the past. Our...

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have shown potential promise for various industrial applications. Abundant research works were carried out on Type III DES employing choline chloride as the quaternary ammonium salt in combination with a variety of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs). Despite the fact that they are cheap, biodegradable, and have a wide applica...

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are gaining interest in various applications due to their tuneable properties and affordable preparation cost. Developing low cost new DESs is vital for some potential industrial applications. This work introduces a new type III DESs based on choline chloride as a quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) and calcium chloride hex...

The conventional Rackett model for predicting liquid molar volume has been modified to cater for the effect of molar composition of the Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES). The experimental molar volume data for a group of commonly used DES has been used for optimizing the improved model. The data involved different molar compositions of each DES. The val...

In this work, the molar heat capacity of type III deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for three quaternary salts was investigated in the temperature range of 298.15-353.15 K. Several hydrogen bond donors were used with the three salts to prepare the DESs. Melting and/or glass transition points of the DESs were also measured and presented. The results sho...

For the practical application of ionic liquids as possible solvents for the removal of thiophenic compounds in the diesel fuel, the liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of such systems is necessary for the design and optimization of process equipment. In this work, LLE experiments were carried out on four ternary systems consisting of one of two py...

Despite the potentials of deep eutectic solvent (DES) for application in variety of fields, the perfect DES with the exact desired properties is hard to come by. This is due to lack of understanding of their exact nature, which would allow for appropriate choice of the DES constituents to obtain the desired properties. One way DES properties can be...

This study introduces a new class of heat transfer fluids by dispersing functionalised graphene oxide nanoparticles (GNPs) in ammonium and phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) without the aid of a surfactant. Different molar ratios of salts and hydrogen bond donors (HBD) were used to synthesise DESs for the preparation of different conce...

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are one of the immerging promising industrial green solvents that are gaining considerable attention. These novel liquids have been synthesized from a variety of quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts in combination with one or more complexing agents. Amino acids may act as good hydrogen bond donors and hence can be...

The charge/discharge characteristics for vanadium acetylacetonate in deep eutectic solvents were evaluated using an H-cell with an anion-exchange membrane separator for the first time. Coulombic (CE) and energy efficiencies (EE) of the electrolyte containing V(acac)3/0.5 M TEABF4 in DES3 (a hydrogen bonded eutectic between choline chloride and ethy...

The temperature dependence of the density, dynamic viscosity and ionic conductivity of several deep eutectic solvents (DESs) containing ammonium-based salts and hydrogen bond donvnors (polyol type) are investigated. The temperature-dependent electrolyte viscosity as a function of molar conductivity is correlated by means of Walden's rule. The oxida...

The extractive desulfurization of simulated fuel containing dibenzothiophene (DBT) and thiophene as sulfur compounds was carried out using SnCl2.2H2O – based Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed for the quantitative monitoring of the sulfur compounds in the fuel. The results showed that the DES exh...

Deep Eutectic Solvents are promising greener and cheaper alternatives to ionic liquids. The applications involving these solvents depend largely on their physical and chemical properties. However, a DES may possess both desirable and undesirable properties for a certain application. In such situations, mixing two DESs, each possessing a unique set...

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are novel ionic liquid analogues that are gaining an increasing interest in the scientific community. Many novel applications have been reported for successfully using these solvents in diversity of fields. In this work, a new correlation is introduced for predicting their densities as a function of temperature. The con...

The emerging utilization of ionic liquid analogues in different separation and chemical applications urges a thorough understanding of their rheological properties. In this study, the rheological properties of Reline as an example of deep eutectic solvents are considered under the effects of varying shear rate, temperature and the existence of soli...

The oxidation of ferrocene (Fc/Fc+) and reduction of cobaltocenium (Cc+/Cc) under different temperatures has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and double potential step chronoamperometry in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) consisting of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide salt with tri-ethylene glycol, glycerol or ethylene glycol as hydrogen bond dono...

Extractive Desulfurization (EDS) of thiophene (T), benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) in simulated fuel using two phosphonium and two pyrrolidinium ionic liquids was investigated. A set of exploratory experiments was carried out to determine factors that significantly affect the EDS process. Furthermore a response surface methodology (R...

The extractive desulfurization of simulated fuel containing dibenzothiophene (DBT) and thiophene as sulfur compounds and commercial diesel was carried out using FeCl3–based Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES). The study was conducted using the response surface method of experimental design technique, which aided in the modeling and optimization of the desu...

Upon the completion of the transesterification reaction, the produced biodiesel has to be purified from the by-product glycerol before being employed as a potential diesel substitute. The glycerol content must meet the limit set by the international biodiesel standards; namely EN 14214 and ASTM D6751. The conventional purification methods such as w...

Biodiesel is produced through transesterification of triglyceride and methanol in the presence of alkali catalyst to form glycerol and biodiesel. Purification methods are implemented to remove undesired products that are retained inside biodiesel. The purified biodiesel grade should adhere to international standard specifications EN 41214 and ASTM...

In this work, a viscosity model for choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was developed. In addition to temperature, the new model presented here considers the composition of the salt in the DES, which was not the case for all previously reported viscosity models. Two forms of the proposed model were optimized and fitted to viscosity...

The effects of water content, shear rate, temperature, and solid particle concentration on viscosity reduction (VR) caused by forming stable emulsions were investigated using Omani heavy crude oil. The viscosity of the crude oil was initially measured with respect to shear rates at different temperatures from 20 to 70 °C. The crude oil exhibited a...

The predictive Soave–Redlich–Kwong (PSRK) model was applied to predict CO2 solubility in imidazolium-based ionic liquids containing bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Tf2N], tetrafluoroborate [BF4], and hexafluorophosphate [PF6] anions. The UNIFAC PSRK matrix was extended to include these new groups. Binary interaction parameters were obtained by r...