Fangyuan Mao

• PhD
• Research fellow at Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology , Chinese Academy of Sciences

Tritylodontidae are a cosmopolitan group of derived cynodonts that thrived during the Mesozoic Era. Among the tritylodontids, the genus Bienotheroides is distinguished by its short snout, reduced maxilla, and deep zygo-matic arch. Here we describe the endocranial anatomy (brain endocast, inner ear, blood vessels and cranial nerves) of Bienotheroide...

Several tritylodontid taxa have been reported from the Upper Jurassic of the Wucaiwan area in the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, northwestern China, including Yuanotherium minor. The original study described the partially preserved postcanine teeth in the middle of the left upper maxilla. After detailed re-examination of the specimen and by CT scanning...

Since the last comprehensive review of the then state-of-the-art progress in paleomammalogy in 2010, there has been substantial further advances in understanding the middle ear development and phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals, evolution of early primates, and so on. The post-dentary bone morphologies of two Jurassic mammaliaforms, Dianoconodon youngi...

The dual jaw joint of Morganucodon1,2 consists of the dentary–squamosal joint laterally and the articular–quadrate one medially. The articular–quadrate joint and its associated post-dentary bones constitute the precursor of the mammalian middle ear. Fossils documenting the transition from such a precursor to the mammalian middle ear are poor, resul...

Shuotheriids are Jurassic mammaliaforms that possess pseudotribosphenic teeth in which a pseudotalonid is anterior to the trigonid in the lower molar, contrasting with the tribosphenic pattern of therian mammals (placentals, marsupials and kin) in which the talonid is posterior to the trigonid1, 2, 3–4. The origin of the pseudotribosphenic teeth re...

The tritylodontids are a group of highly specialized, herbivourous derived synapsids. This group had a worldwide distribution during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, declined thereafter, and survived in northeastern Asia in the Early Cretaceous. Tritylodontids have been thought to be one of most closely related clades to mammals in phylogeny,...

Allotheria are an extinct group of mammaliaforms that originally comprised multituberculates, to which ‘haramiyidans’ and gondwanatherians were later added. Phylogenetic relationships of allotherians have remained controversial since the first reports of the allotherian fossils in the 1800s. Here we report a new euharamiyidan based on a skeletal sp...

Changes in fire ecology during warm and cold periods in the geological past are important because of their effects on terrestrial ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. We examined the charcoal concentrations of the Erden Obo section in Inner Mongolia to reconstruct the evolution of wildfire and their relationship to the regional vegetation from t...

For a hundred years the Saint Jacques area has been known to produce rich Oligocene vertebrate fossils, yet only a handful of previous studies have focused on this area. Since 2010, we have conducted 12 field expeditions to Saint Jacques, and here we report findings from our paleontological excavations and stratigraphical investigations. Twenty-two...

We report new allotherian tooth specimens from the Middle Jurassic White Limestone Formation at Woodeaton Quarry (Oxfordshire), United Kingdom. Two teeth are assigned to Kermackodon (=Eleutherodon) oxfordensis, a taxon whose original generic name (Eleutherodon) was preoccupied and is here assigned to Kermackodon to form a new binomial combination f...

Cimolodontan multituberculates are common in the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of central Asia; they are rarely known from regions south of the Mongolian plateau. Here, we report a new genus and species of multituberculate, Erythrobaatar ganensis gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, central China, representing th...

A new specimen of Lactodens sheni, the only known spalacolestine from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota, is reported from the Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning, China. The description focuses on the dental and mandibular morphologies from both the new specimen and the holotype, particularly those that were unknown or poorly known from the holotype wh...

The study on evolution of the mammalian middle ear has been fueled by continuous discoveries of Mesozoic fossils in the last two decades. Wang et al. 1 recently reported a specimen of Vilevolodon diplomylos (IMMNH-PV01699) 2 that adds to the increasing knowledge about the auditory apparatus of 'haramiyidans', an extinct Mesozoic group of mammaliafo...

We report a new Cretaceous multituberculate mammal with 3D auditory bones preserved. Along with other fossil and extant mammals, the unequivocal auditory bones display features potentially representing ancestral phenotypes of the mammalian middle ear. These phenotypes show that the ectotympanic and the malleus-incus complex changed notably during t...

Mammaliamorpha comprises the last common ancestor of Tritylodontidae and Mammalia plus all its descendants1 . Tritylodontids are nonmammaliaform herbivorous cynodonts that originated in the Late Triassic epoch, diversified in the Jurassic period 2–5 and survived into the Early Cretaceous epoch6,7 . Eutriconodontans have generally been considered to...

Evolution of the definitive mammalian middle ear (DMME) as a textbook example in vertebrate evolution has been extensively studied during the last 200 years. Fossils provide the direct evidence on evolutionary stages of the DMME, but because of delicacy of the miniscule ossicles, unequivocal evidence about them has always been rare. Recent work on...

Schlosseria magister, Breviodon? minutus and Lophialetes expeditus are dominant species in the family of Lophialetidae, an extinct group of tapiroids widely distributed in the Eocene sediments of Asia. In this study, we provide insight into the paleodiet and palaeoecology of these Eocene lophialetids via microwear analysis of fossil teeth (N = 132)...

On the basis of multiple skeletal specimens from Liaoning, China, we report a new genus and species of Cretaceous stem therian mammal that displays decoupling of hearing and chewing apparatuses and functions. The auditory bones, including the surangular, have no bone contact with the ossified Meckel's cartilage; the latter is loosely lodged on the...

Making a mammalian ear Mammals have keen hearing owing to their complex inner ear. In our vertebrate ancestors, as in extant reptiles, the three bones that make up the inner ear were instead part of the jaw. Understanding the functional transition of these bones is challenging given their small and delicate nature. Mao et al. describe a new genus a...

Lophialetidae is an extinct group of endemic Asiatic tapiroids that are widely distributed in the Eocene sediments of Asia. Schlosseria magister and Lophialetes expeditus are the most abundant species in this family. However, their dietary and ecological characteristics are largely unknown. For the first time, we reconstruct the palaeodiet and habi...

We report a new early-middle Eocene cylindrodontid rodent, Gobiocylindrodon ulausuensis, gen. et sp. nov., from the Ula Usu West locality, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Gobiocylindrodon ulausuensis is morphologically more primitive than known later cylindrodontids in having lower-crowned molars, less-rounded upper molars in occlusal view, a more...

Deperetellidae is a clade of peculiar, Asian endemic tapiroids from the early and middle Eocene. The previously published material mainly comprises maxillae, mandibles, and some postcranial elements. However, the absence of cranial materials and primitive representatives of the deperetellids obscures their phylogenetic relationships within Tapiroid...

Haramiyidans' are extinct mammaliaforms often clustered with Multituberculata as Allotheria, and with a fossil record extending from the Upper Triassic to possibly the Upper Cretaceous. For many decades, 'haramiyidans' were known only from isolated teeth, and their relationships to other mammaliaforms remain unclear. With the discovery of several e...

In this study, a new genus and species of euharamiyidans, Qishou jizantang gen. nov. et sp. nov., is reported from the Jurassic Yanliao Biota, China. The new taxon has a non-basined, ultimate upper premolar with an extra labial cusp denoted as AA1(C1). It is similar to Shenshou in that it has proportionally small cheek teeth and an occlusal pattern...

Extant perissodactyls (horses, rhinos, and tapirs) comprise a small portion of living mammals, but fossil perissodactyls were more diverse and commonly dominated Paleogene faunas. Unfortunately, the taxonomy and distribution of some Chinese Paleogene perissodactyls remain controversial and unclear, hampering the correlation of Asian paleofaunas wit...

The Paleogene is the first period after the Mesozoic Mass Extinction. Mammals become the dominant group in the terrestrial ecosystem with a rapid radiation, and Asia has been considered to be the origin place of several mammalian groups. The Paleogene System consists mostly of terrestrial deposits in Asia, especially in East Asia. A well-establishe...

Evidences for tooth replacement of known euharamiyidans are reported based on eight specimens of four species from the Jurassic Yanliao Biota, Liaoning Province, China. Tooth morphologies, eruptional and wear condition, and tooth germs are directly observed and/or revealed by Micro CT or slab CL scan. The euharamiyidan dentition has definite number...

Gliding is a distinctive locomotion type that has been identified in only three mammal species from the Mesozoic era. Here we describe another Jurassic glider that belongs to the euharamiyidan mammals and shows hair details on its gliding membrane that are highly similar to those of extant gliding mammals. This species possesses a five-boned audito...

ooth enamel is composed of elongated, hexagonal crystallites of hydroxyapatite. Some crystallites are arranged into various regual structures and futher formed a composite structure in a hierarchical manner. The hierarchical system can provide a basis for analysis different levels of structural complexity from varitaiton of particular crystallite s...

The Erden Obo section is one of the best known Paleogene sections in central Asia since 1920s, but we still do not have a unified understanding of the division of strata in this area. During the last decade, numerous rodent fossils have been systematically collected from the Erden Obo section. Three separate rodent assemblages of different ages ran...

New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis from the Paleocene of Inner Mongolia, China and the tooth enamel microstructure of Lambdopsalidae

Incisor enamel microstructures of three euharamyidans, Shenshou lui, Xianshou linglong, and X. songae, from the early Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota, Liaoning Province, China, are reported. The enamel of the three species consists of columnar divergence units that are delimited by planes of crystallite convergence and have irregular shapes and sizes,...

Perissodactyls first appeared at the beginning of the early Eocene and reached their highest diversity, dominating contemporaneous mammalian faunas in species richness during the middle Eocene. Tapiroidea is an important perissodactyl group that includes earliest-Eocene forms, such as Orientolophus as well as extant taxa (such as Tapirus), that pre...

A new genus and species of eurymylid (Mammalia, Glires) from the upper Paleocene of Xinjiang, northwestern China, is reported. Eurymylids are a group of basal Glires, containing stem taxa to rodents. The new taxon is based on an anterior part of a skull with poorly preserved dentition. The preserved dental morphologies are sufficient to show that t...

Here we report a new genus and species, Mina hui gen. et sp. nov., of basal Glires from the Middle Paleocene of Qianshan, Anhui, China. The new taxon is characterized by combination of the following characters: medium-sized mimotonidan; upper dental formula 2.0.3.3; dI2 transversely narrow and having smooth labial surface without longitudinal groov...

The incisor enamel microstructure of Mina hui Li et al., 2016 from the upper Wanghudun Formation, Middle Paleogene of Qianshan, Anhui is described following the hierarchical system ranging from crystallites to Schmelzmuster. The enamel sample was taken from the upper incisor of the holotype. The enamel consists of a very thin prismless external lay...

The Ulantatal area is well-known for its extraordinarily rich Oligocene mammalian fossils. The Ulantatal fauna was originally considered to be the representative fauna for the Chinese Land mammalian Age, Ulantatalian. However, the abundant fossils collected in the 1980s lack coordinates and/or detailed stratigraphic levels, and have been lumped tog...

Tooth enamel microstructure is a reliable and widely used indicator of dietary interpretations and data for phylogenetic reconstruction, if all levels of variability are investigated. It is usually difficult to have a thorough examination at all levels of enamel structures for any mammals, especially for the early mammals, which are commonly repres...

Phenacolophidae is a group of little known archaic ungulates from the Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene of Asia. Its phylogenetic relationships with other altungulates have remained uncertain, partly because most phenacolophids are represented by poorly preserved material. Here we report a new phenacolophid, Sanshuilophus zhaoi gen. et sp. nov., from...

Mimotonids share their closest affinity with lagomorphs and were a rare and endemic faunal element of Paleogene mammal assemblages of central Asia. Here we describe a new species, Mimolagus aurorae from the Middle Eocene of Nei Mongol (China). This species belongs to one of the most enigmatic genera of fossil Glires, previously known only from the...

Multituberculates are the most diverse and best known group of Mesozoic mammals; they also persisted into the Paleogene and became extinct in the Eocene, possibly outcompeted by rodents that have similar morphological and presumably ecological adaptations. Among the Paleogene multituberculates, those that have the largest body sizes belong to taeni...

Molar enamel samples of three Asian coryphodontid species, Asiocoryphodon conicus Xu, 1976, Heterocoryphodon flerowi (Chow, 1957) and Eudinoceras mongoliensis Osborn, 1924, were histologically studied in order to investigate the patterns of formation of their multi-cusped tooth crowns and estimate their tooth crown formation times. The third upper...

Key words Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol; early Eocene; Arshanto Formation; Irdin Manha Formation; Coryphodontidae The English summary can be seen in the attachment.