Faiez N. Hattab

Abstract Background: Evidence that human dentition differs from normal dentition is the noticeable difference in tooth color, leading people to seek treatment. Tooth discoloration varies widely in appearance, location, severity, and treatment. Aim: Tooth discoloration is a common dental finding associated with clinical and esthetic problems, affect...

Background: The first evidence of variation from normal in human dentition is usually a noticeable difference in tooth color. Tooth discoloration, a change in natural tooth color, is a common dental finding that is esthetically unpleasant, psychologically traumatic, and socially unacceptable, causing people to seek treatment. This condition affects...

Background: Tea is one of the most commonly consumed beverages. The main varieties of tea are black tea, green tea, and oolong tea produced from Camellia sinensis plant. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine fluoride (F) and other elements in commercially available black and herbal tea products and to evaluate their benefits and saf...

Background: Workers in the battery factory and phosphate fertilizer industry are exposed to harmful sulfuric acid and metal vapors in manufacturing units. Aims: To describe dental, oral, and general health hazards to underappreciated workers in these industries and factors associated with the occurrence and severity. Methods: Dental and oral condit...

Background: The widespread use of chewing gum has spurred interest in the use of chewing gum as a vehicle for a variety of drug delivery systems. Medicated chewing gum is an ideal dosage form for frequent dosing at low concentrations and has advantages due to ease of use and better human compliance. In dentistry, fluoride (F), chlorhexidine (CHX),...

Thalassemia is one of the most common genetic diseases in the world. It has a relatively higher incidence in the Mediterranean, Middle Eastern countries, and Southeast region; presenting a major public health and social challenge. This monograph updates various aspects of thalassemia, including types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, manag...

An Update on Fluorides and Fluorosis with Reference to Oral Health Status in the Gulf Region: Review Asian Journal of Dental Sciences 3(1): 27-48, 2020; Article no. AJDS.55665 Fluoride (F) has exerted the most significant impact on practice of dentistry because of its effectiveness in preventing dental caries. Despite improvements in the oral healt...

Background: Workers in industrial battery factories frequently exposed to a hazardous working environment that causes adverse effects on their oral and general health. Aim: The aim of this study is to highlight oral and general health status among battery workers exposed to sulfuric acid‑lead fumes and mists in the production site. Cases of deterio...

Local and Systemic Effects of Fluoride in Alginate Impression Materials: A Review Faiez N Hattab Abstract Aim: To review local and systemic effects of fluoride (F) in alginate impression materials. Background: Alginate is the most frequently used impression material in dental practices. The alginate powder contains F compounds as an integral ingre...

Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome: from then until now Faiez N. Hattab Stomatological Dis Sci 2019; 3:1. DOI: 10.20517/2573-0002.2018.22 Abstract Papillon-Lefévre syndrome (PLS) is a very rare autosomal recessive trait characterized by palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and severe generalized early-onset periodontitis leading to premature loss of both primary an...

Introduction Thalassemia is one of the most common genetic disorders worldwide and presents public health and social challenges in areas of high incidence. Thalassemia major (TM) type is associated with most severe clinical changes. Aim To evaluate dental and oromaxillofacial features of TM. Materials and methods The sample consisted of 54 childr...

Human tooth development is a continuous process begin at the sixth weeks in utero and extends to about sixth months after birth for the primary dentition and from sixteenth week in utero to late adolescence for permanent dentition. There is no other organ of the human body which takes so long to attain its ultimate morphology as dentition. Several...

Background. Thalassemia is one of the most common genetic disorders worldwide and presents public health and social challenges in areas of high incidence. The manifestations of the condition are modulated by several genetic, racial, and environmental factors. The homozygous type of β-thalassemia (thalassemia major, TM) is associated with most sever...

Thalassaemia is one of the most common genetic disorders worldwide and presents significant public health and social challenges in areas where incidence is high. The manifestations of the condition are modulated by several genetic, racial, and environmental factors. Thalassaemia almost exclusively affects people of particular ethnic origins and is...

To provide a description of mesiodistal crown diameters (MD) and tooth-size discrepancy (TSD) of the permanent dentition in patients with thalassemia major (TM) and to compare the results with those of unaffected control group. The sample consisted of 46 thalassemic patients, 25 males and 21 females aged 7.3 to 23.7 years (mean ± SD = 11.2 ± 3.9 ye...

Purpose: To evaluate the relative performance of fluoride (F) dentifrices to promote remineralisation and enamel F acquisition using an in vitro pH-cycling model. Enamel surface morphology was investigated. Materials and methods: Thirty-six white spot lesions and 36 sound enamel sections from extracted premolars and molars were randomly assigned...

Dental development and physical growth are of particular interest in pediatric dentistry and orthodontics. This study evaluated these variables in patients with thalassemia major (TM). Physical growth was assessed in 54 patients (31 males and 23 females) aged 5.5 to 18.3 years and dental development was analyzed using panoramic radiographs from 39...

To assess the prevalence of periodontal disease, orofacial changes and craniofacial abnormalities in patients with thalassemia major (TM). Dental management is discussed The sample consisted of 54 patients with TM, 31 males and 23 females aged 5.5 to 18.3 years, with the mean age (+/- SD) of 1.6 +/- 3.2 years. The sample was divided into two subgro...

Thalassemia is a group of inherited hemoglobinopathies with thalassemia major representing the severe form of the disease characterized by craniofacial deformities. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed description of dental arch dimensions in subjects with thalassemia major. The sample consisted of 43 thalassemic subjects, 24 males and 19...

Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) is a very rare syndrome of autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis and early onset of a severe destructive periodontitis leading to premature loss of both primary and permanent dentitions. The etiology of PLS is multifactorial with genetic, immunological, and microbial are the m...

Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and severe early onset of destructive periodontitis leading to premature loss of both primary and permanent dentitions. The etiopathogenesis of the condition suggests that there is a genetic basis for susceptibility to specific v...

The co-occurrence of two rare recessive genetic conditions in apparently unrelated individuals or families is extremely rare. Two geographically distant and apparently unrelated families were identified in which individuals were simultaneously affected by two rare recessive mendelian syndromes, Papillon-Lefevre syndrome and type 1 oculocutaneous al...

We have previously reported that loss-of-function mutations in the cathepsin C gene (CTSC) result in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, an autosomal recessive condition characterized by palmoplantar keratosis and early-onset, severe periodontitis. Others have also reported CTSC mutations in patients with severe prepubertal periodontitis, but without any sk...

This paper describes an unusual case of 22-year old male in which the maxillary primary second molar was retained between erupted second premolar and first permanent molar in the same jaw quadrant with bilateral congenitally missing lateral incisors. This case present question concerning etiology of over-retention of primary teeth.

This study was performed to identify cephalometric and facial features of patients with beta-thalassaemia major. A total of 54 thalassaemic subjects were examined for craniofacial deformities, including 37 patients (24 males and 13 females, aged 5-16 years) who had lateral cephalometric radiographs. The thalassaemic groups were compared with a norm...

Transposition is an uncommon dental anomaly involving positional interchange of two teeth. The maxillary canine is the tooth more frequently transposed in man. Maxillary canine-first premolar appears to be the most common type of tooth transposition, followed by maxillary canine-lateral incisor transposition. Maxillary canine transpositions are fre...

This in vitro study on fluoride (F) release from conventional and metal-reinforced glass ionomer investigated the following: (1) the release of F in deionized water compared to artificial saliva, (2) the effect of various surface coatings on F release, (3) the uptake of released F by hydroxyapatite, (4) the expression of the release data in a mathe...

To investigate the prevalence and nature of oral health problems among workers exposed to acid fumes in two industries in Jordan. Jordan's Phosphate Mining Company and a main private battery factory. Comparison of general and oral health conditions between workers exposed to acid fumes and control group from the same workplace. The sample consisted...

A rare case of talon cusp on geminated permanent central incisor is described. These developmental anomalies cause clinical problems including unsightly dental appearance, occlusal interference, displacement of the affected tooth, attrition, periodontopathy, irritation of the tongue, loss of space and malocclusion. Clinical and radiographic charact...

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of dental caries in subjects with thalassaemia major. Clinical examination for dental caries, diagnosed according to the WHO criteria. A total of 54 thalassaemic patients, 23 aged 6-9 (14 males and 9 females) and 31 aged 12-18 (17 males and 14 females) were examined. dmft, DMFT and...

Khat (Qat) is a plant that grows in the Southern Arabia and in East Africa. The inhabitants of these regions frequently chew Khat because of its stimulant and euphoric effects attributed to cathinone, an amphetamine-like alkaloid forming the principal psychoactive constituent in Khat leaves. Khat chewing induces a variety of somatic and psychic eff...

Thalassemia refers to a group of hereditary anemias resulting from defects in synthesis of either alpha or the beta polypeptide chains of hemoglobin. The homozygous form of beta thalassemia (thalassemia major) exhibits the most severe clinical symptoms. Odontometric analysis of subjects with thalassemia are lacking, despite the widely distribution...

This article presents an overview of etiologies associated with tooth wear. Specific types of wear based on clinical findings and patient history are described. The occurrence and pattern of tooth wear are related to cultural, dietary, occupational, and geographic factors. Examples of tooth wear related to these factors with regional specificity ar...

Khat (qat) leaves are chewed for their psychostimulative effects; there is an unconfirmed suggestion that they contain a high concentration of fluoride (F). Khat samples from Yemen were suspended in deionized water, spun, and the supernatants exposed to a chelator that decomplexes F, which was assayed with an F(-)-electrode coupled to an ion analys...

Unlabelled: Often the first evidence of variation from normal in human dentition is an observable difference in the color of the teeth. During the past decade, the demand for conservative esthetic dentistry has grown dramatically. Tooth discoloration is a frequent dental finding, associated with clinical and esthetic problems. It differs in etiolo...

Gag reflex is a normal involuntary defense mechanism to prevent foreign objects from entering the throat and pharynx. Gagging is triggered by tactile stimulation of certain intraoral structure including the soft palate and base of the tongue. The gag reflex may also be elicited by nontactile sensations such as visual, auditory, and olfactory stimul...

The purpose of this study was to investigate variables in third molar and arch dimensions among subjects with impacted and erupted mandibular third molars. Standardized panoramic radiographs were taken for 134 subjects (60 males and 74 females with 213 third molars) with an average age of 19.8 years. For the impacted group, only those who had mesio...

Alginate has been used in the pharmaceutical industry as sustained, controlled-release drug delivery systems and a vehicle for topical fluoride application. In this study, anesthetic solution was added to alginate mixing water in order to control patient's gagging reflex during impression taking (Full text: Hattab FN. Dental News 1999;6(1):21-22).

Nursing caries (also termed “early childhood caries”) is a specific form of rampant decay of the primary teeth of infants that develop rapidly and affect surfaces and teeth considered to be at low risk caries. The distinctive feature of nursing caries is that the four maxillary incisors are the most affected. The causal factors involved are the ina...

THIRD MOLAR DILEMMA: AN OVERVIEW. A b s t r a c t The third molar has been the most widely discussed tooth in the literature. Apart from being the last tooth to erupt into the oral cavity, it exhibits the greatest variation in human dentition in size,shape, position, time of development,time and path of eruption Third molars are the most common t...

Talon cusp is a developmental dental anomaly referring to an accessory cusp-like structure projecting from the cingulum area or cementoenamel junction of the maxillary or mandibular anterior teeth in either the primary or the permanent dentition. Talon cusp is composed of normal enamel and dentin and may or may not contain pulpal tissue. Talon cusp...

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC), also called chondroectodermal dysplasia, is a rare occurrence inherited as an autosomal recessive disease. Despite the fact that oral manifestations play an important role in the diagnosis criteria for EvC, few detailed reports have been published in the dental literature. This articles presents two siblings with E...

To measure changes in angular position and eruption status of mesially impacted mandibular third molars (M3) during 4-year follow-up period. Standardized panoramic radiographs were taken at the start of the study (the average age of the subjects was 19.7 years) and 4 years later. Angulation and degree of impaction of M3 were determined by their sag...

Oligodontia or severe hypodontia is a rare developmental dental anomaly commonly associated with syndromes and systemic abnormalities. This report presents two sister, aged 18 and 21, who collectively had 56 congenitally missing permanent teeth. Both patients exhibited pubertal hirsutism, menstrual disturbances, and enlarged ovaries with multicysti...

The use of a wood stick (meswak or chewing stick) for brushing the teeth continues to be an important tool for oral hygiene care in many Afro-Asian communities. It is inexpensive, customary and used for religious reasons as well. Despite the wide use of meswak, information on its chemical and pharmaceutical contents are scant, particularly in regar...

ABSTRACT Objective: Odontometric data on Jordanians and Arabs in general are scant. The aim of the present study was to determine the mesiodistal crown diameters (MD) in the deciduous and permanent teeth in Jordanians and to compare the findings with other populations. Methods: The sample comprised of 84 children with deciduous dentition and 198 s...

The increase prevalence of dental caries and the occurrence of dental fluorosis in certain areas in Jordan have made evaluation of fluoride levels in drinking water and in other sources an important issue. There were considerable variations in the fluoride concentrations of drinking water, ranging between 0.13 and 0.5 ppm in 11 provinces. In Aqaba,...

The increase prevalence of dental caries and the occurrence of dental fluorosis in certain areas in Jordan have made determination of fluoride levels in drinking water and in other sources an important issue. There were considerable variations in the fluoride concentrations of drinking water, ranging between 0.10 and 2.15 ppm. With the exception of...

Talon cusp is an uncommon anomaly in the primary dentition. The present report describes a case of bilateral talon cusps on the maxillary primary central incisors of a 17‐month‐old Jordanian‐Arab boy, bringing to seven the total cases reported in the literature. Both central incisors exhibited a sharp prominent accessory cusp on the palatal surface...

Talon cusp is a developmental dental anomaly referring to an accessory cusp-like structure projecting from the cingulum area or cementoenamel junction of the maxillary or mandibular anterior teeth in either the primary or the permanent dentition. Talon cusp is composed of normal enamel and dentin and may or may not contain pulpal tissue. Talon cusp...

Mesiodistal crown diameters were measured from dental casts of the permanent teeth of 198 Jordanians (86 males and 112 females), aged 13.4-19.1 years. The differences in the crown diameters between the right- and left-hand sides of the dental arch were not significant, suggesting that either right- or left-side measurements could be taken to repres...

The oral and dental abnormalities associated with a distinct variety of severe short-limb dwarfism are described. The patient, a 9-year-old Arab boy, had delayed development and eruption of teeth, severe oligodontia of permanent dentition, hypodontia, microdontia, supplemental incisor, enamel hypoplasia of primary teeth, doubled and abnormal frenal...

This report describes an unusual nasal foreign body in a 4-year-old boy discovered incidentally in a routine dental radiograph. A small piece of rubber eraser was lodged in the right nasal cavity, causing unilateral nasal obstruction and discharge, sneezing, snoring and breathing difficulty. In this case, discovery of unknown intranasal object was...

This report describes 4 cases of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) affecting 2 Jordanian families with a total of 8 children. In family A, 3 girls out of 6 siblings were affected; and in family B, the eldest of 2 brothers. The patients were between 4 1/2 and 12 years old, and their parents, who are first cousins, were not affected. Diagnosis was dete...

Talon cusp is a rare dental anomaly manifested as an accessory cusplike structure on the tooth crown. This article reports four cases of talon cusp that caused clinical problems related to appearance, occlusal interference, tooth displacement, caries, and tongue irritation. The cases presented were associated with other dental abnormalities, sugges...

The status of third molars was studied radiographically in 108 male and 124 female Jordanian students (mean age, 20.4 years). The results showed that 9.1% of third molars were congenitally missing. Approximately 73% of the subjects had all four third molars, 12% had three third molars and 11% had two third molars. Only 1.7% had agenesis of all thir...

Supernumerary teeth are a developmental abnormality referred to teeth formed in excess number of that found in the normal dental formula. They are considered one of the most significant dental anomalies affecting the primary and mixed dentition because of the clinical problems they can create. Most problems associated with supernumerary teeth are d...

Papillon-Lefévre syndrome (PLS) is a very rare autosomal recessive trait characterized by palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and severe generalized early-onset periodontitis leading to premature loss of both primary and permanent dentitions. The etiopathogenesis of the disorder is multifactorial with genetic, immunological, and microbial factors playing a...

Fluoride release from a glass-ionomer cement was measured in vivo during an 8-day period. Maxillary acrylic resin appliances, each carrying four glass-ionomer cement specimens, were worn by four subjects at night. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected before the subjects retired to bed (pretreatment samples) and in the morning (posttreat...

The remineralization effect of chewing gum containing fluoride (F) was studied on natural carious lesions. Maxillary acrylic appliances carrying the carious enamel sections were worn by three subjects. After 3 days of chewing 15 sticks of fluoride gum (Fluogum, containing 0.113 mg F/stick sweetened with xylitol/sorbitol), there was a significant re...

The oral retention of fluoride (F) following the topical application of a newly developed APF foam was compared with a conventional APF gel. Twenty adults aged 16-26 years participated in the study. Ten of the subjects received the F foam and gel treatments, on separate occasions, with a saliva ejector while another 10 subjects received the same tr...

Infusions made from 15 Chinese, 11 Ceylon/Indian and 6 herb teas (1 g/100 ml deionized water at 85 degrees C) were analyzed for F, P, Ca, Al, Mg, Mn and Zn. Chinese teas continued to release F throughout the first hour of infusion, whereas release of F from Ceylon/Indian teas was essentially completed after 5 minutes. After a 15-minute infusion, th...

Fluoride retention following topical application of a new APF foam Faiez N. Hattab 15th Jordanian Dental Conference, 1996. The oral retention of fluoride (F) following the topical application of a newly developed APF foam was compared with a conventional APF gel. Twenty adults aged 16-26 years participated in the study. Ten of the subjects received...

Formulating an effective toothpaste formula requires that fluoride (F) in toothpaste must be made available to the enamel microenvironment in reactive form (bioactive). The aims of this study were to evaluate the compatibility of F with the abrasives (cleaning and polishing agents) used in toothpaste formulations and to monitor the effect of ageing...

Fluoride (F) toothpastes, properly formulated and tested to show chemical activity, stability and clinical efficacy, are the most important components of caries prevention programmes. Analytical methods, based on the use of a F- -specific electrode, for the determination of various F species (ionic, soluble and total F) in toothpastes were investig...

The formation of caries-like lesions around restorative materials. Secondary caries formation around restorations is a major cause of their replacement, which comprised 50-60% of all replacement restorations in the dental practice. Risk factors for secondary caries are similar to those for primary caries development. The secondary caries consists...

The beneficial effect of fluoride-containing amalgam in preventing recurrent dental caries depends on the ability of the material to deliver fluoride (F). A two-chamber diffusion cell has been employed to monitor the diffusion of F in freshly prepared amalgam sections (membranes) as well as in amalgam sections stored in F solution for 15 d. The dif...

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of application times on fluoride (F) uptake by sound enamel exposed in vitro to APF gels. Two groups of 12 teeth each were treated with one of the following 1.23% APF gels: Minute-Gel TM (gel A) and Nupro ® (gel B). The F treatment times were 1, 2, and 4 min and the F concentrations and en...

In vivo enamel fluoride (F) uptake as a function of time after a single application of a new topical APF gel, Minute- Gel TM (gel A) , was compared to a control APF gel, Nupro ® (gel B). The retained F in enamel after different post-treatment intervals also was assessed. Forty orthodontic patients aged 10-16 with four premolars scheduled for extrac...

There is concern that the ingestion of fluoride (F) from topical application of 1.23% APF gel may cause gastric irritation and other side effects. In this in vitro study, a newly developed APF-based foam was tested. Sound human enamel was treated for 4 min with APF foam or a conventional APF gel (Nupro), both containing 1.23% F. Enamel biopsies wer...

Hattab FN, Wei SHY. Enamel fluoride uptake from a new APF foam. IADR. J Dent Res 1988; 67, #15.

The morphological appearance of human enamel treated with topical fluoride (F) agents was studied. Maxillary acrylic appliances carrying the enamel sections were worn for 24 h following 5-min application of neutral NaF gel-drops, APF gel and Duraphat varnish. All F treatment induced surface coatings composed of globules, suggestive of CaF2. The siz...

Dried seafoods are a rich source of fluoride (F). The systemic availability of F from seafoods was studied in 3 healthy adults. The plasma concentration and urinary excretion of F for 24 h following the ingestion of 3.87±0.32 mg F (mean ± SD) in seafoods were compared with plasma and urine data following oral administration of 3 mg F in aqueous sol...

Background: School-based fluoride (F) mouth rinsing is one of the most widely measures practiced in dental public programs. to reduce caries in school children who reside in areas where the water supply has low F content. Aim: To investigate the effect of one school year rinsing with 0.2% NaF on enamel solubility, enamel F concentration, salivary F...

Water Fluoridation, Systemic Fluorides and Fluoride Metabolism. Fluoride (F) has exerted the single most significant impact on the practice of dentistry because of its effectiveness in preventing dental caries, the most common childhood diseases. In industrialized countries, dental caries has steadily declined over the last three decades. This main...

A rapid and precise method using the fluoride (F) ion-specific electrode has been developed for determination of F in the dental materials in powder form. The method, termed “release-in-acid”, involved dissolution of the sample in diluted HCl (0.5 M). Values of F concentrations obtained by this method were compared with alkali fusion and HMDS-diffu...

Hattab FN, Wei SHY, Chan DCN: SEM study of enamel after topical fluoride treatment in vivo. J Dent Res 1987; 66, # 262. The morphological appearance of human enamel treated with topical fluoride (F) was studied. Extracted permanent teeth were sectioned longitudinally in buccolingual direction using water-cooled circular sew. Twenty-six intact ename...

The fluoride (F) uptake by, and the appearance of polished human enamel which was exposed to topical F agents directly or via an artificial membrane was studied in vitro. The topical F agents used included Duraphat® varnish, Gelution® APF gel and an experimental alginate-based formula (EF), which were applied for 5 min. In addition, Duraphat was ap...

Laser, light amplification by the stimulated emission, has been applied in experimental dentistry for the last two decades. Its effect on the particular type of tissue depends on the wavelength and power of the laser beam, duration of application, tissue distance, and the color and interval structure of the tissue. Acquired fluoride was measured in...

The diffusion of fluoride (F) from sodium fluoride, sodium fluorosilicate, and sodium monoflurophosphate solutions (containing 0.1 per cent F in physiological saline) was studied using a two-chamber diffusion cell separated by enamel membrane. The diffusion coefficient, D in cm2s-1, of F was determined under steady-state conditions over 3 weeks. Th...

The permeability of human dental enamel was studied by following the diffusion of [51Cr]-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), F and [14C]-chlorhexidine using two-chamber diffusion cells. The [51Cr]-EDTA served as a marker to control the change in enamel permeability during the diffusion process. An average increase in enamel permeability of about 1....

A two-chamber diffusion cell has been employed to monitor the diffusion of fluoride (F) from F-containing agents. The F which diffused from fluoridated alginate-base formula, F-containing gel (Gelution) and varnish (Duraphat) was determined within the first 6 or 20 min in unstirred conditions. A comparative analysis of the data showed that the algi...

Sodium fluoride (NaF) tablets were introduced as alternative to water fluoridation for children living in areas where the water supply is deficient in fluoride (0.3 ppm or less). Most tablets contain sodium fluoride as an active ingredient with fluoride content 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg fluoride. When used constantly and reliably, has been shown to have...

A series of in vitro studies were carried out to determine the effect of commerically available alginate impression materials and gels on enamel solubility. This was performed by 4-min topical application of the tested products on partially demineralized enamel surfaces. The difference in the amounts of calcium and phosphorus dissolved in acetate b...

A simple and sensitive malachite green method was adapted for the determination of phosphate in enamel demineralizing solutions. Comparison with other methods indicates that malachite green was about 60 times more sensitive than Fiske and Subbarow's method and 10 times more than that of Chen et al. The high sensitivity of this method allows very sm...

A simple and sensitive malachite green method was adapted for the determination of phosphate in enamel demineralizing solutions. Comparison with other methods indicates that malachite green was about 60 times more sensitive than Fiske and Subbarow's method and 10 times more than that of Chen et al. The high sensitivity of this method allows very sm...

An experimental powder formula (EF) based on alginate was tested as a vehicle for topical application of fluoride (F) or a combination of F and chlorhexidine (CH) in rats. The active ingredient incorporated in the EF powders was 1% F (as NaF), or 1% F (as NaF) and 3% CH in diacetate form. A powder formula containing no active i...

Background. Laboratory wares are made of glass and plastic materials. Two types of Lab glassware are used: Hard-glass like Pyrex and soft-glass also named soda-lime glass. Both glasses are borosilicate glass but hard glass has a higher proportion of silicone dioxide (SiO2) and boron trioxide (B2O3) than the soft glass. Pyrex is tempered glass that...