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April 1977 - present
Publications
Publications (482)
Grasses (Poaceae) comprise c . 11 800 species and are central to human livelihoods and terrestrial ecosystems. Knowing their relationships and evolutionary history is key to comparative research and crop breeding. Advances in genome‐scale sequencing allow for increased breadth and depth of phylogenomic analyses, making it possible to infer a new re...
The spatial distribution of species and their clades reflects the interaction of different ecological, evolutionary and stochastic processes that shape the current biogeographic patterns of biodiversity. Spatial patterns of alpha and beta phylodiversity can capture different historical processes such as niche conservatism, dispersal, diversificatio...
Studies of African material of the tribe Paniceae (Poaceae) resulted in the transfer of 12 species from Panicum, the description of a new species, and the conclusion that the genus Trichanthecium now consists of 52 species. The new Trichanthecium delimitation was confirmed by phylogenetic studies based on chloroplast ndhF and rbcL sequences. Morpho...
Climate change impact on species can be heterogeneous depending on their environments, exposure, and intrinsic characteristics. Likewise, global warming may have an uneven effect on lineages, depending on whether phylogenetic conservatism or divergence of ecological niches predominates during clade diversification, imposing a higher risk to species...
Anthropogenic climate change has been identified as one of the main threats to current biodiversity, particularly for mountain species, which are especially sensitive to reductions of suitable habitat. Climate change impact assessments through correlative models have become a widely used tool for evaluating vulnerability of species to global warmin...
The name Panicum, used by ancient Latin authors, referred to what is now called Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv., and the concept of Panicum of medieval botanists also corresponds to this species, commonly cultivated as a cereal. In this chapter we include a summary of the history of the genus, from ancient times, up to the present.
The following list does not include valid names, or synonyms treated under those in the main treatment. Taxa recently excluded from Panicum are considered for the Flora Neotropica area, currently treated as valid in other genera of tribes Paniceae and Paspaleae.
Panicum species are found approximately from 50° north latitude to 40° south latitude, from southeastern Canada and the USA to central Chile and Argentina; they grow from sea level to, exceptionally, 3500 m asl (P. chloroleucum Griseb.). Species of section Dichotomiflora are typical of open and humid environments; species of section Hiantes are fou...
Morphology of the genus is considered within this chapter, including features of habit, sheaths, ligules, and blades, inflorescences, spikelets, texture and ornamentation of the upper anthecium, with two figures incorporated, and the corresponding literature. Examples of different characteristics are also cited within the chapter.
The photosynthetic patterns C3 and C4 are a fundamental characteristic of variation within plants, with importance both at the level of biomes and genomes; knowing the distribution of these patterns, and their taxonomic implication, among wild species is a priority, to understand the patterns and processes of photosynthetic evolution and their role...
The present study includes a monographic analysis of the genus Panicum for Flora Neotropica, considering a total of 5 valid species in sect. Dichotomiflora, and 2 infraspecific taxa, 13 in sect. Hiantes, with 3 infraspecific taxa, 27 in sect. Panicum, with 4 infraspecific taxa, 4 in section Repentia, and 5 in sect. Rudgeana. On the other hand, "inc...
Numerous contributions in the last 20 years have corroborated the polyphyly of Panicum, highlighting exomorphological, anatomical, and physiological characters, as well as basic chromosome number data of the species. These characters also include differences in the Kranz syndrome, species C3 and C4, or intermediate C3–C4 previously grouped into sub...
The basic chromosome number in Panicum is x = 9, being uniform for the genus (Dubcovsky and Zuloaga 1991; Aliscioni et al. 2003). However, different non-multiple numbers of 9 were also reported, for example, in P. gouinii 2n = 20, 40 (Núñez 1952), P. repens 2n = 40 (Krishnaswamy 1941), and 2n = 45 (Tateoka 1955, 1956), P. virgatum 2n = 25, 30 (Brow...
Morphological studies were based on herbarium specimens from the following institutions: ANSM, B, BA, BAA, BAB, BAF, BLA, BR, C, CEN, CEPEC, CHAPA, COL, CORD, CTES, F, G, GH, IAN, IBGE, ICN, ISC, K, LA, LE, LIL, LP, LPB, M, MA, MEXU, MO, MY, NY, P, PORT, R, RB, S, SI, SP, UB, US, VEN, and WIS (Thiers 2021), complemented by the study of species in t...
Herbarium collections shape our understanding of Earth’s flora and are crucial for addressing global change issues. Their formation, however, is not free from sociopolitical issues of immediate relevance. Despite increasing efforts addressing issues of representation and colonialism in natural history collections, herbaria have received comparative...
Given the accelerated rate of environmental degradation and climate change, there is an urgent need to protect biodiversity, especially endemic species with restricted ranges. However, which areas should be prioritized for protection remains a critical issue. A common approach to prioritizing conservation is to rank areas using species-level metric...
Generic limits of the South American tribe Eudemeae are critically evaluated based on a thorough examination of morphology in light of the most extensive recent molecular phylogenetic studies using nuclear and plastid markers. As a result, only five genera (Alshehbazia Salariato & Zuloaga, Aschersoniodoxa Gilg & Muschl., Gongylis Theophr. ex Molina...
Estimar patrones de biodiversidad constituye una herramienta fundamental para valoraciones y acciones de conservación, dado que definir dónde ubicar un área protegida requiere un conocimiento profundo de la distribución de taxones. Aquí, exploramos la diversidad de las gramíneas del Cono Sur estimando la diversidad filogenética (PDF), la cual indic...
Considering the progress of the Flora Vascular de la República Argentina project, we introduce the first interactive, multi-access key to the angiosperm families of the Argentinian Flora. The key is an open resource, built under Lucid ™ software, and available through the Flora Argentina site (https://clave.floraargentina.edu.ar/), with an on-line...
A nomenclatural update for 20 names related to the genus Axonopus for the Brazilian flora is here presented. Axonopus comprises around 90, mostly New World, species characterized by having solitary spikelets in an inverted position. In order to stabilize the nomenclature and, based on thorough study of original collections and pertinent literature,...
Subtribe Cenchrinae, so-called as the “bristle clade”, is a monophyletic group of panicoid grasses characterized by having sterile branches or bristles on the inflorescences in most of its species. Within this subtribe is also placed Panicum antidotale Retz., an “incertae sedis” species of Panicum L. which lacks bristles along the inflorescence. In...
A taxonomic revision and nomenclatural update for Paspalum L., group Caespitosa are presented. The group Caespitosa consists of perennial species, usually rhizomatous, with culms simple, erect, inflorescences terminal, pauci-racemose, and spikelets mostly ellipsoid to ovoid or obovoid. It is distributed from the southern United States to northeaste...
The informal group Caespitosa of Paspalum L. comprises 13–15 perennial species that are able to tolerate extreme climatic stresses, such as prolonged droughts, floods, and saltwater. Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested that the Caespitosa might not be monophyletic, but they did not analyze a large enough sample of taxa for a mean...
Generic boundaries of the African species Panicum deustum Thunb., Panicum trichocladum Hack. ex K. Schum., and Panicum vollesenii Renvoize are analyzed and compared with related genera of the tribe Paniceae and the subtribe Melinidinae. Based on morphological (vegetative and reproductive characters including habit, ligules, inflorescence, spikelets...
The flora of high mountain areas is one of the least known and one of the most threatened by climate change. In addition, the phytogeographic delimitation of the mountains is difficult and not accurate enough. In this work we describe the flora of the Altoandina province in the Southern Cone of South America based on the geographical distribution o...
Global warming, coupled with habitat destruction and human activity, are accelerating the rates of species extinction worldwide. Species-extinction risk assessment, using the IUCN Red List categories, together with the study of the spatial patterns of biodiversity, are fundamental approaches to identify conservation priorities and targeting governm...
Panicum sect. Dichotomiflora comprises a complex of annual and perennial species, distributed all over the world. They are characterized by its glabrous, ellipsoid to ovoid or lanceolate spikelets, with the lower glume 1/6 to 1/4(-1/3) the length of the spikelet, nerveless to 3-nerved, and upper glume and lower lemma subequal, 7-11(-13)-nerved. A t...
The Andean region is one of the most biodiverse areas, displaying high levels of endemism and spatial turnover of species. Tribe Eudemeae includes nine genera and 40 species distributed from the northern Andes in Colombia to the southernmost portion of the Andes in Argentina and Chile. Here, we generated a species-level phylogenetic tree to study t...
Biodiversity loss due to climate change is one of the most critical current environmental problems. Global warming is causing substantial species-range shifts and local extirpations, especially for species with restricted distribution ranges. Studies of impact of the climate change on species ranges and environmental suitability has become fundamen...
Grasses are widespread on every continent and are found in all terrestrial biomes. The dominance and spread of grasses and grassland ecosystems have led to significant changes in Earth’s climate, geochemistry, and biodiversity. The abundance of DNA sequence data, particularly chloroplast sequences, and advances in placing grass fossils within the f...
The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver-sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo-nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impedi...
We present an updated worldwide phylogenetic classification of Poaceae with 11,783 species in 12 subfamilies, seven supertribes, 54 tribes, five supersubtribes, 109 subtribes, and 789 accepted genera. The subfamilies (in descending order based on the number of species) are Pooideae with 4126 species in 219 genera, 15 tribes, and 34 subtribes; Panic...
The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver-sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo-nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impedi...
Herbarium collections shape our understanding of the world's flora and are crucial for addressing global change and biodiversity conservation. The formation of such natural history collections, however, are not free from sociopolitical issues of immediate relevance. Despite increasing efforts addressing issues of representation and colonialism in n...
Global warming, coupled with habitat destruction and human activity, are accelerating the rates of species extinction worldwide. Species-extinction risk assessment, using the IUCN Red List categories, together with the study of the spatial patterns of biodiversity, are fundamental approaches to identify conservation priorities and targeting governm...
Field photographs of plant species are crucial for research and
conservation, but the lack of a centralized database makes
them difficult to locate. We surveyed 25 online databases of
field photographs and found that they harboured only about
53% of the approximately 125,000 vascular plant species of
the Americas. These results reflect the urg...
Field photographs of plant species are crucial for research and conservation, but the lack of a centralized database makes them difficult to locate. We surveyed 25 online databases of field photographs and found that they harboured only about 53% of the approximately 125,000 vascular plant species of the Americas. These results reflect the urgent n...
Chromosome numbers and ploidy levels of 24 accessions of 17 species of tribe Panicoideae from Argentina, Cuba, and Brazil are given. Most of the studied species are endemics. The studied taxa are: Axonopus aureus P. Beauv., Dichanthelium aequivaginatum (Swallen) Zuloaga, D. stipiflorum (Renvoize) Zuloaga, D. surrectum (Chase ex Zuloaga & Morrone) Z...
Some localities associated to cells with high crucifer richness. A, “Espinazo del Diablo” in “Sierra del Aguilar”, Jujuy Province (c1) (~23.21°S 65.60°W). B, “Abra del Infiernillo” in “Tafi”, Tucumán province (c2) (~26.73°S 65.76°W). C, Canyon of the “Ocre” river, “Sierra de Famatina”, La Rioja province (c5) (~28.91°S 67.68°W). D, Near “Portillo Ar...
Some endemic genera of Argentina. A, Chilocardamun patagonicum. B, Delpinophytum patagonicum. C, Lithodraba mendocinensis. D, Parodiodoxa chionophila. E, Petroravenia eseptata. F, Zuloagocardamum jujuyensis. Except for Chilocardamum, all other genera are monospecific. Photos by Fernando O. Zuloaga (A, F), Diego L. Salariato (B, C, E), and Soledad C...
The urge to organise the world around us is an essential part of human nature. Naming and categorising enable us to store and access information ef ciently. The need to name and categorise extends to the natural world and, in particular, to living organisms. The science underpinning this area of knowledge is called Taxonomy, and is as old as humani...
Maximum likelihood tree generated with nrITS sequences and RAxML 8.2.10 showing the monophyly of South American Physaria. Values on branches correspond to Bootstrap support ≥ 50%. Units of branch length are proportional to nucleotide substitutions per site.
Univariate climatic niche comparisons in the environmental space among delimited lineages of South American Physaria. a, density plots computed for each independently evolving lineage using the PCenv1, PCenv2, PCenv3, elevation, annual mean temperature (BIO1), and annual mean precipitation (BIO12). b, p-values from Kruskal-Wallis test together with...
Geographic range overlap of delimited lineages of South American Physaria for the present time. Binary (presence/absence) distributions maps for delimited lineages derived from the species distribution modelling (SDM) in MaxEnt using the maximum training sensitivity plus specificity as threshold. Blue and green cells indicate presence of only one l...
Maximum likelihood trees generated with RAxML 8.2.10 showing the phylogenetic placement of sampled specimens of South American Physaria. a, nrITS dataset. b, cpDNA dataset (trnL-F/trnH-psbA/trnG intron/trnS-trnG). c, concatenated nrITS+cpDNA dataset. Values on branches correspond to Bootstrap support ≥ 50%. Units of branch length are proportional t...
Maximum clade credibility trees obtained from the analyses with MrBayes 3.2.6 showing the phylogenetic placement of sampled specimens of South American Physaria. a, nrITS dataset. b, cpDNA dataset (trnL-F/trnH-psbA/trnG intron/trnS-trnG). c, concatenated n rITS+cpDNA dataset. Circles on branches correspond to posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 50%. Uni...
Geographic range overlap of delimited lineages of South American Physaria for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (~ 21 kya). Binary (presence/absence) distributions maps for delimited lineages derived from the species distribution modelling (SDM) in MaxEnt using the maximum training sensitivity plus specificity as threshold. Blue and green cells indica...
Distribution map of South American Physaria and delimited area corresponding to the 50 km1423 buffered minimum convex polygon (study area) used in the niche analyses and geographic range comparisons.
Results from the climatic niche analyses in the environmental space obtained using the PCA env method. a–c, Correlation circles showing the contribution of environmental variables on the first three axes of the PCA-env and the percentage of inertia explained. a, PC1 vs PC2. b, PC1 vs PC3. c, PC2 vs PC3. d, Bar plot from the broken-stick analysis. P...
Phylogenetic placement of sampled specimens of South American Physaria. a, Primary concordance tree from the BUCKy analyses using the 6002 trees from the nrITS and the cpDNA datasets obtained in the MrBayes analyses and under α = 1. Concordance factor values (CF) ≥ 0.5 are shown on branches. Units of branch length are proportional to the concordanc...
Analyzing the roles of ecology and geography on speciation and lineage diversification can shed light on the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Additionally, lineages rapidly diversifying across unstable habitats provide substantial challenges for resolving evolutionary histories and delimiting species. Physaria is represented in So...
Global warming, coupled with habitat destruction and human activity, are accelerating the rates of species extinction worldwide. Species-extinction risk assessment using the IUCN Red List categories, together with the study of the spatial patterns of biodiversity, are fundamental approaches for identifying conservation priorities and targeting gove...
Axonopus P. Beauv. comprises nearly 90, mostly New World, species characterized by having spikelets with the inverse position (i.e., the backs of the upper glume and the upper lemma turned away from the rachis). The genus has been divided into four sections, five series, and three subseries, based exclusively on morphological features. Previous phy...
Generic boundaries of the South American species Panicum longipedicellatum Swallen are explored and compared with allied genera of the tribe Paniceae. On the basis of morphological, anatomical, and molecular characters a new genus, Cnidochloa Zuloaga, is proposed. The phylogenetic position of the new genus within the Paniceae is evaluated.
Within the Andean crucifers, Weberbauera (Tribe Thelypodieae) comprises 18 species distributed along the central Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Of these, Weberbauera spathulifolia has the largest geographical range in the genus that extends ca. 3000 km along the Andean highlands from La Rioja Province in Argentina to the Ancash Depar...
