F. Nobrega

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) | Fermilab · Magnet Systems Department

The US HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP) is fabricating the MQXFA magnets to be used in the Q1 and Q3 Inner Triplet elements of the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). This is the first production of Nb3Sn magnets for a particle accelerator, together with the MQXFB magnets for Q2a and Q2b. Here we show status and some results of MQXFA magnets fabr...

By the end of October 2022, the US HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP) had completed fabrication of ten MQXFA magnets and tested eight of them. The MQXFA magnets are the low-beta quadrupole magnets to be used in the Q1 and Q3 Inner Triplet elements of the High Luminosity LHC. This AUP effort is shared by BNL, Fermilab, and LBNL, with strand ve...

By the end of October 2022, the US HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP) had completed fabrication of ten MQXFA magnets and tested eight of them. The MQXFA magnets are the low beta quadrupole magnets to be used in the Q1 and Q3 Inner Triplet elements of the High Luminosity LHC. This AUP effort is shared by BNL, Fermilab, and LBNL, with strand ve...

In this White Paper for the Snowmass 2021 Process, we propose the establishment of a magnet Leading-Edge technology And Feasibility-directed Program (LEAF Program) to achieve readiness for a future collider decision on the timescale of the next decade. The LEAF Program would rely on, and be synergetic with, generic R&D efforts presently covered - i...

The MQXFA Quadrupole magnets will be installed in High Luminosity LHC to form the Q1 and Q3 inner triplet optical elements in front of the interaction points 1 (ATLAS) and 5 (CMS). A pair of MQXFA units is assembled in a stainless steel helium vessel, including the end domes, to make the Q1 Cold Mass or the Q3 Cold Mass. The US HL LHC Accelerator U...

The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is the new flagship project of CERN. First endorsed in 2013 and approved in 2016, HL-LHC is an upgrade of the accelerator aiming to increase by a factor of ten the statistics of the LHC collisions at the horizon of 2035–2040. HL-LHC relies on cutting edge technologies: among them, large aperture su...

As part of the Jefferson Lab 12 GeV upgrade, the Hall B CLAS12 system requires two superconducting iron-free magnets — a torus and a solenoid. The physics requirements to maximize space for the detectors guided engineers toward particular coil designs for each of the magnets which, in turn, led to the choice of using conduction cooling. The torus c...

The development of Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets for the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade is a joint venture between the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) <sup xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">*</sup> and CERN with the goal of fabricating large aperture quadrupoles for the LHC interaction regions (IR). The inner triplet (low-β) NbTi quadru...

The U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) and CERN combined their efforts in developing Nb3Sn magnets for the high-luminosity LHC upgrade. The ultimate goal of this collaboration is to fabricate large aperture Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn quadrupoles for the LHC...

FNAL and CERN are developing a twin-aperture 11-T Nb3Sn dipole suitable for installation in the LHC. This paper describes the design and parameters of the 11-T dipole developed at FNAL for the LHC upgrades in both single-aperture and twin-aperture configurations, and presents details of the constructed dipole models. Results of studies of magnet qu...

The upgrade of the LHC collimation system includes additional collimators in the LHC lattice. The longitudinal space for the collimators can be obtained by replacing some LHC main dipoles with shorter but stronger dipoles compatible with the LHC lattice and the existing powering circuits, cryogenics, and beam vacuum. A joint development programme a...

The planned upgrade of the LHC collimation system includes additional collimators in the LHC lattice. The longitudinal space for the collimators could be obtained by replacing some LHC main dipoles with shorter but stronger dipoles compatible with the LHC lattice and main systems. A joint development program with the goal of building a 5.5mlong two...

FNAL and CERN are performing an R&D program with the goal of developing a 5.5 m long twin-aperture 11 T Nb3Sn dipole suitable for installation in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). An important part of the program is the development and test of a series of short single-aperture and twin-aperture models with a nominal field of 11 T at the LHC nominal...

FNAL and CERN are carrying out a joint R&D program with the goal of building a 5.5-m-long twin-aperture 11-T Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn dipole prototype that is suitable for installation in the LHC. An important part of the program is the development and test of a ser...

Fermilab and CERN have started the development of 11 T Nb3Sn dipoles to replace a number of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) NbTi dipole magnets and free space for the additional collimators anticipated for the LHC luminosity upgrades. An essential step in the design of these magnets is the development of the 40-strand, high aspect ratio cable needed to...

The upgrade of the LHC collimation system expects installation of additional collimators in the dispersion suppressor areas around the LHC ring. The longitudinal space for the collimators could be provided by replacing some 8.33 T Nb-Ti LHC main dipoles with shorter 11 T Nb 3 Sn dipoles compatible with the LHC lattice and main systems. To demonstra...

The planned upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collimation system will include installation of additional collimators in the dispersion suppressor areas. The longitudinal space for the collimators could be provided by replacing 15-m-long 8.33 T NbTi LHC main dipoles with shorter 11 T Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xm...

With the first test of LQS03, the long quadrupole (LQ) R&D by LARP (the US LHC Accelerator Research Program, a collaboration of BNL, FNAL, LBNL, and SLAC) is approaching conclusion. LQS03 is the third 3.7-m-long quadrupole, with 90mm aperture, using a full new set of Nb3Sn coils. The LQS03 coils were made using 108/127 RRP strand (with 108 Nb3Sn su...

The Accelerator Project for Upgrade of LHC (APUL) is a U.S. project participating in and contributing to CERN&apos;s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) upgrade program. FermiNational Accelerator Laboratory in collaboration with Brookhaven National Laboratorywas developing sub-systems for the upgrade of the LHC final focus magnet systems. Partof the upgra...

Fermilab (FNAL) and CERN have started the development of 11 T 11-m long Nb 3Sn dipoles to replace a number of LHC NbTi dipoles and free space for cold collimators in the LHC DS areas. An important step in the design of these magnets is the development of the high aspecept ratio Nb 3Sn cable to achieve the nominal field of 11 T at the nominal LHC op...

Fermilab and CERN started the development of 11 T 11-m long NbSn dipoles to replace few regular LHC NbTi dipoles and free space for cold collimators in LHC DS areas. An important step in the design of these magnets is the development of the high aspect ratio NbSn cable to achieve the nominal field of 11 T at the nominal LHC operating current of 11....

The planned upgrade of the LHC collimation system includes additional collimators to be installed in the dispersion suppressor areas of points 2, 3 and 7. To provide the necessary longitudinal space for the collimators, a replacement of 8.33 T Nb-Ti LHC main dipoles with 11 T dipoles based on NbSn superconductor compatible with the LHC lattice and...

After the successful test of the first long NbSn quadrupole magnet (LQS01), the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has assembled and tested a new 3.7 m-long NbSn quadrupole (LQS02). This magnet has four new coils made of the same conductor as LQS01 coils, and it is using the same support structure. LQS02 was tested at the Fermilab Vertical...

Fermilab and CERN started the development of 11 T ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ dipoles 11 m long to replace a few regular LHC NbTi dipoles and free space for cold collimators in LHC dispersion suppression (DS) areas. An important step in the design of these magnets is the development of the high aspect ratio ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ cable to achieve the no...

The upgrade of the LHC collimation system foresees additional collimators in the LHC dispersion suppressor areas. The longitudinal space for the collimators could be provided by replacing some NbTi LHC main dipoles with shorter 11 T Nb 3 Sn dipoles. To demonstrate this possibility Fermilab and CERN have started a joint program to develop a Nb 3 Sn...

Accelerator quality Nb3Sn quadrupole models of TQC series have been fabricated and tested at Fermilab. The magnet design includes 90-mm aperture two-layer coils supported by a stainless steel collar, iron yoke and stainless steel skin. TQC models are the first Nb3Sn quadrupoles using the collar-based structure. This paper describes the design and f...

The planned upgrade of the LHC collimation system includes additional collimators inthe LHC lattice. The longitudinal space for the collimators could be obtained by replacingsome LHC main dipoles with stronger dipoles compatible with the LHC lattice and mainsystems. A joint R&D program with the goal of building a 5.5 m long twin-aperturedipole prot...

In December 2009 during its first cold test, LQS01, the first Long Nb₃Sn Quadrupole made by LARP (LHC Accelerator Research Program, a collaboration of BNL, FNAL, LBNL and SLAC), reached its target field gradient of 200 T/m. This target was set in 2005 by the US Department of Energy, CERN and LARP, as a significant milestone toward the de...

A series of 90-mm TQC quadrupole models with a collar-based mechanical structure has been fabricated and tested within the framework of the US-LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) using quadrupole-symmetric stainless steel collar laminations. This paper describes the design features, construction and test of TQC02Eb, the first TQC made with dipo...

Several 90-mm quadrupole coils made of 0.7-mm Nb₃Sn strand based on the “Restack Rod Process” (RRP) of 108/127 design, with cored and non-cored cables and different cable insulation, were fabricated and individually tested at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) using a test structure designed to provide a quadrupole magnetic...

As part of the effort towards the development of Nb ₃Sn magnets for future LHC luminosity upgrades, the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has fabricated and tested the quadrupole magnet LQS01. The magnet implements 3.4 m long Nb ₃Sn coils contained in a support structure characterized by an external aluminum shell segmen...

The US-LHC accelerator research program (LARP) built and tested the first 3.7-m long Nb₃Sn quadrupole model of LQ series with a 90 mm bore diameter and a target field gradient of 200 T/m. The LQ series, developed in collaboration among FNAL, LBNL and BNL, is a scale up of the previously tested 1-m long technology quadrupoles of TQ series...

The Accelerator Project for Upgrade of LHC (APUL) is a U.S. project participating in and contributing to CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) upgrade program. In collaboration with Brookhaven National Laboratory, Fermilab's part of the upgrade includes several current lead design efforts. A concept of main and auxiliary helium flow was developed that...

The LHC collimation upgrade foresees additional collimators installed in dispersion suppressor regions. To obtain the necessary space for the collimators, a solution based on the substitution of LHC main dipoles for stronger dipoles is being considered. CERN and FNAL have started a joint program to demonstrate the feasibility of Nb 3 Sn technology...

The test of the first LARP (LHC Accelerator Research Program) Long Quadrupole is a significant milestone toward the development of Nb₃Sn quadrupoles for LHC (Large Hadron Collider) Luminosity Upgrades. These 3.7-m long magnets, scaled from the 1-m long Technological Quadrupoles, are used to develop our capabilities to fabricate and assem...

The LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has been engaged in the fabrication of the 3.7 m long quadrupole magnet LQS01 in order to demonstrate that Nb₃Sn magnets are a viable option for future LHC Luminosity upgrades. The LQS01 design, a scale-up of the 1 m long Technology Quadrupole TQS, includes four 3.4 m long cos(theta) coils cont...

Fermilab is developing Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets for the planned upgrade of interaction regions of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Two distinctly different approaches have been employed, one using quadrupole‐symmetric and one using dipole‐symmetric collar laminations. This paper describes the design features of both collar types, collaring techniqu...

As part of the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) to build a high performance quadrupole magnet with Nb₃Sn conductor, a pair of 3.6 m-long Nb₃Sn racetrack coils has been made at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and installed in two shell-type support structures built by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL). The...

Fermilab has finished the first phase of Nb₃Sn technology scale up by testing 2-m and 4-m long shell-type dipole coils in a dasiamagnetic mirrorpsila configuration. The 2-m long coil, made of Powder-in-Tube (PIT) Nb₃Sn strand, reached its short sample limit at a field level of 10 T. The 4-m long coil, made of advanced Nb<sub>3...

The 3.7 m long quadrupole magnet LQS01 represents a major step of the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) towards the development of long Nb₃Sn accelerator quadrupole magnets for a LHC Luminosity upgrade. The magnet support structure is a scale up of the 1 m long Technology Quadrupole TQS design with some modifications suggested b...

The U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has started the fabrication of 3.7-m long Nb₃Sn quadrupole models. The Long Quadrupoles (LQ) are ldquoProof-of-Principlerdquo magnets which are to demonstrate that Nb₃Sn technology is mature for use in high energy particle accelerators. Their design is based on the LARP Technolo...

This paper describes the development and test of TQC01b and TQC02E, the second and third models in the TQC series. ANSYS analysis of the mechanical structure, its underlying assumptions, and changes based on experience with TQC01 are presented and discussed. Construction experience, in-process measurements, and modifications to the assembly since T...

A major milestone for the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) is the test, by the end of 2009, of two 4 m-long quadrupole magnets (LQ) wound with Nb₃Sn conductor. The goal of these magnets is to be a proof of principle that Nb₃Sn is a viable technology for a possible LHC luminosity upgrade. The design of the LQ is based on...

Fermilab is working on the development of accelerator magnets using shell-type dipole coils and the wind-and-react method. As a part of the first phase of technology development, Fermilab built and tested six 1 m long dipole model magnets and several dipole mirror configurations. The last three dipoles and two mirrors reached their design fields of...

Development of high-performance Nb₃Sn quadrupoles is one of the major goals of the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP). As part of this program, long racetrack magnets were made in order to check the fabrication steps for long Nb₃Sn coils, that the changes in coil length that take place during reaction and cooldown are cor...

A major milestone for the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) is the test, by the end of 2009, of two 4 m-long quadrupole magnets (LQ) wound with Nb3Sn conductor. The goal of these magnets is to be a proof of principle that Nb3Sn is a viable technology for a possible LHC luminosity upgrade. The design of the LQ is based on the design of the LAR...

A series of 1-m long Nb3Sn dipole models has been built at Fermilab in an attempt to refine the wind-and-react technology for Nb3Sn accelerator magnets. Three models made with Powder-in-Tube Nb3Sn strand reached their design field of 10 T demonstrating a good reproducibility of magnet quench performance and field quality. Recently a new dipole “mir...

Accelerator magnets based on Nb3Sn supercondutor are being developed at Fermilab. Six nearly identical 1-m long dipole models and several mirror configurations were built and tested demonstrating magnet performance parameters and their reproducibility. The technology scale up program has started by building and testing long dipole coils. The result...

The high performance NbSn strand produced by Oxford Superconducting Technology (OST) with the Restack Rod Process (RRP) is presently considered as a baseline conductor for the Fermilab's accelerator magnet R&mp;mp;mp;D program. To improve the strand stability in the current and field range expected in magnet models, the number of subelements in the...

After successful testing of a 1 m long dipole mirror magnet and three dipole models based on two-layer Nb₃Sn coils, Fermilab has started a Nb₃Sn technology scale-up program using the dipole mirror design and the developed Nb₃Sn coil fabrication technology based on the wind-and-react method. The scale-up will be perf...

As part of the LHC accelerator research program (LARP), three US national laboratories (BNL, FNAL, and LBNL) are currently engaged in the development of superconducting magnets for the LHC interaction regions (IR) beyond the current design. As a first step towards the development of long Nb₃Sn quadrupole magnets, a 3.6 m long structure,...

In support of the development of a large-aperture superconducting quadrupole for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) luminosity upgrade, two-layer quadrupole models (TQC and TQS) with 90 mm aperture are being constructed at Fermilab and LBNL within the framework of the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP). This paper describes the construction an...

The LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has a primary goal to develop, assemble, and test full size Nb₃Sn quadrupole magnet models for a luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A major milestone in this development is to assemble and test, by the end of 2009, two 4 m-long quadrupole cold masses, which will be the first...

Development of high-performance Nb₃Sn quadrupoles is one of the major goals of the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP). As part of this program, long racetrack magnets are being made in order to check that the change in coil length that takes place during reaction is correctly accounted for in the quadrupole design and to check for l...

In 2004, the US DOE established the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) with the goal of developing a technology base for future upgrades of the LHC. The focus of the magnet program, which is a collaboration of three US laboratories, BNL, FNAL and LBNL, is on development of high gradient quadrupoles using Nb₃Sn superconductor. Other...

As part of the US LHC Accelerator Project, Fermilab is nearing the completion of the Q2 optical elements for the LHC interaction region final focus. Each Q2 element (LQXB) consists of two identical high gradient quadrupoles (MQXB) with a dipole orbit corrector (MCBX). This paper summarizes the test results for the LQXB/MQXB program including quench...

In 2003 a simple digital level system was developed to allow for rapid roll measurements of all dipoles and quadrupoles in the Tevatron. The system uses a Mitutoyo digital level and a PC running MS WINDOWS XP and LAB VIEW to acquire data on the upstream and downstream roll of each magnet. The system is sufficiently simple that all 1,000 magnets in...

Fermilab is building eighteen full length cold masses for the LHC Interaction Region inner triplets. One prototype and several production assemblies have been completed. This paper summarizes the construction details. Topics include coil fabrication, ground insulation, collaring, instrumentation, electrical testing, and final assembly. In-process m...

Fermilab and LBNL are in the midst of a model magnet program to develop and prove the design of quadrupoles for use in the LHC Interaction Region inner triplets. These magnets have a nominal gradient of 205 T/m in a 70 mm bore, and operate in superfluid helium at 1.9 K. The R&D program addresses magnetic, mechanical, thermal design and quench prote...

Three short models of the MQXB quadrupole magnet for the LHC interaction regions have been built and tested at Fermilab. In this paper we present the magnetic field measurement results and compare them with expectations based on as-built dimensional parameters and with a preliminary table of field quality requirements

Fermilab and LBNL are in the midst of superconducting magnet R&D program to test and optimize the design of quadrupoles to be used in the LHC Interaction Region inner triplets. The magnets are required to deliver a 215 T/m gradient across a 70 mm aperture. Five quadrupole short models have been fabricated and four of them have been tested. This pap...

Superconducting quadrupole magnets operating in superfluid helium at 1.9 K, with 70 mm bore and nominal field gradient of 205 T/m at collision optics, are being developed by the US LHC Accelerator Project for the Interaction Regions of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A magnet model program to validate and optimize the design is underway. This pape...

A quadrupole is being developed for the LHC low-ae inser-tions by Fermilab and LBNL. A series of short model mag-nets is being built to optimize the design and refine assem-bly methods. This paper presents results of two short model magnet tests performed in normal and superfluid helium, summarizing the quench and mechanical performance of the shor...

The first two short models of the MQXB quadrupole mag-nets for the LHC interaction regions have been built and tested at Fermilab. In this paper we present the magnetic field measurement results and compare them with expecta-tions based on as-built dimensional parameters and with a preliminary table of field quality requirements.

A collaboration of Fermilab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory is engaged in the design of a high gradient quadrupole suitable for use in the LHC interaction regions. The cold iron design incorporates a two-layer, cos(2θ) coil geometry with a 70 mm aperture operating in superfluid helium. This paper summarizes...

Laboratories measured the performance of a Tevatron interaction region (IR) quadrupole at temperatures from 1.8 K to 4.4 K. These studies included measurement of their performance as a function of temperature as well as measurement of the effectiveness of the protection heaters. Heater diffusion times were measured for various temperatures, current...