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Publications (99)
The report provides an assessment of biological recovery from acidification in freshwater environments in Europe. The report consists of two parts, a regional data analysis based on an international dataset of biological and water chemical records, and a collection of national contributions on monitoring and assessment of biological recovery in dif...
The riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux is of similar magnitude to the terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO2, but the factors controlling it remain poorly determined and are largely absent from Earth system models (ESMs). Here, we show, for a range of European headwater catchments, that electrolyte solubility theory explains how declining p...
This project set out to collect, process and supply to NRW ecological and environmental data from a network of 16 lake sites across Wales, in support of NRW’s integrated monitoring programme for protected sites (SACs and SSSIs), the Water Framework Directive, Nitrates Directive, Biodiversity Action Plans and other legislative and policy drivers. In...
There has been a considerable reduction in anthropogenic lead (Pb) emission to the atmosphere in recent decades. However, reduction in Pb inputs to many lakes does not match this as Pb stored in catchment upper soil layers, derived from previous deposition, has become an important source although it is difficult to assess quantitatively. This work...
Llyn Anafon lies within the Eryri SAC, North Gwynedd, Wales (500 m amsl). Originally a natural lake, the level was raised by approximately 1.5 m in 1929 to provide potable water. Although now out of active commission for water supply, the site owners Dwr Cymru / Welsh Water (DCWW) maintain the responsibility for the dam and the site remains within...
The funded chemical and biological sample collection, analysis and data collation, quality control and archiving proceeded without any problems at Llyn Llagi during the period from April 2016 to March 2017. In February 2017 the outflow logger and stageboard were removed pending building works for a National Trust micro-hydro scheme at the site. Sub...
This project set out to collect, process and supply to NRW ecological and environmental data from a network of 14 lake sites across Wales, in support of NRW’s integrated monitoring programme for protected sites (SACs and SSSIs), the Water Framework Directive, Nitrates Directive, Biodiversity Action Plans and other legislative and policy drivers. In...
Gaudet Luce Golf & Leisure Complex is located in the county of Worcestershire (Figure 1), southeast of Droitwich Spa town. Founded in 1995, the golf course has undergone an extensive transformation which has included a new Par Three course, reconfiguration of the 18 hole Phoenix Course and the planting of over 50,000 trees across the golf complex,...
Wild and prescribed fires can cause severe deterioration in water quality, including increases in sediment, nutrients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Due to the unpredictability of wildfires, few studies have been able to employ before-after, control-intervention experimental designs, or to evaluate fire-induced water-quality changes in the con...
This project set out to collect, process and supply to NRW ecological and environmental data from a network of 14 lake sites across Wales, in support of NRW’s integrated monitoring programme for protected sites (SACs and SSSIs), the Water Framework Directive, Nitrates Directive, Biodiversity Action Plans and other legislative and policy drivers. In...
This report provides details of work performed on the SEPA contract to ENSIS Ltd. involving the preparation and analysis of historic (September 1994 – August 2010) Environmental Change Network diatom samples from the River Clyde at the Tidal Weir. Diatoms were collected from the site by SEPA, forwarded to ENSIS Ltd and prepared for analysis followi...
Many previous attempts to understand how ecological networks respond to and recover from environmental stressors have been hindered by poorly resolved and unreplicated food web data. Few studies have assessed how the topological structure of large, replicated collections of food webs recovers from perturbations. We analysed food web data taken from...
Wychwood Wild Garden (WWG) is an area of woodland and historic garden which once formed part of Shipton Court, but is now managed and owned by the local community. Within the Wild Garden are two ponds, both artificial in creation, but dating back to the 19th century. In addition to the ponds, the water flows north through “The Lifts”, a series of t...
Ecological and biogeochemical processes in lakes are strongly dependent upon water temperature. Long-term surface warming of many lakes is unequivocal, but little is known about the comparative magnitude of temperature variation at diel timescales, due to a lack of appropriately resolved data. Here we quantify the pattern and magnitude of diel temp...
Chemical and biological sample collection, analysis and data collation, quality control and archiving proceeded without any problems at Llyn Llagi during the period from April 2015 to March 2016. The Network was notified of an application for a micro-hydro scheme on the outflow of Llyn Llagi. Whilst the majority of monitoring occurs in the lake its...
The Glyn Rhonwy Pumped Storage scheme is a proposed hydroelectric facility within Glyn Rhonwy Quarry, a disused slate quarry north-west of Llanberis, Gwynedd. The scheme requires the creation of two large water reservoirs utilising the existing quarries Q1 (SH5595060552) and Q6 (SH5665060855) which will be sealed and dammed to enable increase reten...
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in upland surface waters in many northern hemisphere industrialised regions are at their highest in living memory, provoking debate over their “naturalness”. Because of the implications for drinking water treatment and supply there is increasing interest in the potential for mitigation through local lan...
Chemical and biological sample collection, analysis and data collation, quality control and archiving proceeded without any problems at Llyn Llagi during the period from April 2014 to March 2015. Sponge samples from the site, collected in 2012 and sent off to Karen Evans, a PhD student at Liverpool University, were identified as being of two specie...
Despite the extensive geographical range of palaeolimnological studies designed to assess the extent of surface water acidification in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, little attention was paid to the status of surface waters in the North York Moors (NYM). In this paper, we present sediment core data from a moorland pool in the NYM that provide...
Executive Summary
• BICCO-Net Phase II presents the most comprehensive single assessment of climate change impacts on UK biodiversity to date.
• The results provide a valuable resource for the CCRA 2018, future LWEC report cards, the National Adaptation Programme and other policy-relevant initiatives linked to climate change impacts on biodiversi...
This report was commissioned by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) and provides an assessment of the conservation status of selected water bodies within Northern Ireland. A total of 72 water bodies were surveyed, all of which were surveyed as part of the Northern Ireland Lakes Survey (NILS) (1988-1992). Nineteen of the 72 sites were sur...
The WHAM-FTOX model uses chemical speciation to describe the bioavailability and toxicity of proton and metal mixtures (including Al) to aquatic organisms. Here, we apply the previously parameterised model to 45 UK and Norwegian upland surface waters recovering from acidification, to compare its predictions of the maximum species richness of the ma...
We assess the recovery of UK lakes from acidification using the combined data from sediment cores and sediment traps to track changes in diatom assemblages in 11 UK upland lakes from pre-acidification times (prior to ca. 1850 AD) to the present (2008 AD). We projected the data into a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of diatom assemblage data from...
This paper deals with the 20-year (1988–2008) record of macroinvertebrate sampling from the UK's Acid Waters Monitoring Network. At 12 of the 22 sites a significant temporal trend in the macroinvertebrate community is now evident. Indices of acidification suggest biological recovery at five of the 11 streams sites and at five of the lakes. All 10 s...
In this special issue we present papers based on data from the UK's Acid Waters Monitoring Network (UK AWMN) and other UK acid waters. The AWMN was set up in 1988. It was designed to monitor the chemical and biological response of acidified surface waters in the UK to the planned reduction in the emission of acidic sulphur and nitrogen gases as req...
Upland waters are located upstream of the areas of direct human disturbance and intensive land use through industry, agriculture and urbanisation and are valued particularly as sources of potable water and as biodiverse freshwater habitats. Nonetheless, the impact of human activity can be detected even in some of the most remote lakes on the planet...
1. This is the final report to the Loweswater Care Project (in support of the Catchment Restoration Fund for England) ECRC-ENSIS Project 298, 'Loweswater 12-13'. The study was concerned with the spatial and temporal concentrations of sediment phosphorus (P) in the lake and the use of P measurements from the water column and inflow and outflow sampl...
Luronium natans is native to the UK and is protected by UK and European law under Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive, Appendix I of the Bern Convention, Schedule 4 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats, etc.) Regulations 1994, and Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. It is also listed as UK priority BAP species and the cur...
A palaeolimnological study of Lake Khall was undertaken to reconstruct impacts from five thousand years of climate change and human activity in the Ol'khon region of Lake Baikal. Taiga biome dominated regional landscapes, although significant compositional turnover occurred due to the expansion of eurythermic and drought resistant Scots pine. Clima...
Salmonid populations are highly sensitive to the impacts of acidification. This has led to the loss of fish populations from heavily impacted areas. There is recent evidence of chemical recovery, but evidence of biological recovery and in particular recovery of fish populations has been rare. This has led fisheries groups to question whether acid r...
Liming is a common technique that has been used in many countries to raise the alkalinity of acidified surface waters and alleviate some of the damaging effects of acidification on salmonid fish populations. The most common liming substance used is calcite, a calcium carbonate compound that is relatively inexpensive, available in different particle...
This report provides details of work performed on the Environmental Change Network (ECN) contract to ENSIS Ltd. involving the preparation of historic (March 2007 – March 2012) ECN diatom samples and the analysis of diatom time-series from three river sites; the River Eden, Cumbria, the River Wye and the River Frome.
1. Debate surrounds the best way to deal with pond terrestrialization so as to maximize landscape-scale biodiversity. One way of addressing this issue is to re-set succession via management activities, but the merits of this approach relative to non-intervention and pond creation are little known.
2. Manor Farm in Norfolk, UK, possesses around 40 p...
Boreal ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate change, and severe
ecological impacts in the near future are virtually certain to occur. We
undertook a multiproxy study on an alpine lake (ESM-1) at the modern
tree-line in boreal, southern Siberia. Steppe and tundra biomes were
extensive in eastern Sayan landscapes during the early Holocene. Bore...
“The Trout Beck is a headwater stream of the River Tees which drains Great Dun Fell, Hard Hill and Knock Fell in the North Pennines (Figure 1). The ECN sampling point (Grid Ref NY758335) is at 535m altitude and the catchment above this covers 1146 ha, rising to 848 m altitude (Figure 2). The geology is alternating strata of Carboniferous limestones...
Aim Recent papers have used large palaeolimnological datasets to reveal the biodiversity patterns of aquatic microorganisms. However, scant attention has been paid to the influence of time on these patterns. Where lake surficial sediment samples are used as integrals of diversity, the time interval of each sample varies according to differences in...
Chemical and biological sample collection, analysis and data collation, quality control and archiving proceeded without any problems at Llyn Cwm Mynach during the period from April 2007 to March 2008.
This report presents the results from the Stream Water Quality component of the Loch Laidon catchment land-use experiment which commenced in 1992. The experiment was established with the aim of examining the effects of cattle grazing on the aquatic and terrestrial habitats and biota of a moorland area of upland Scotland.
A key concern in the assessment of the recovery of acidified lakes from the effect of acid deposition is the reference pH of acidified lakes and how reference values can be used to establish targets for restoration. In this paper we evaluated the accuracy of three different, although overlapping, diatom-pH transfer functions using UK Acid Waters Mo...
At most sites there have been marked changes in the diatom epilithon data throughout the period of observation (1988-2008). At some sites, however, the trend change has occurred following a period of relative stability at the beginning of monitoring while others have changed most in the first few years of monitoring.
A large amount of variation i...
This report was commissioned by Mott MacDonald in response to concerns over the structural integrity of the dam at Llyn Anafon, a now disused water supply reservoir owned by Dwr Cymru Welsh Water and lying within the Eryri Special Area of Conservation (SAC), North Gwynedd, Wales (SH697698). Llyn Anafon is classified as “Oligotrophic to mesotrophic...
1 This report was commissioned by CCW in 2007 to provide an assessment of the current conservation status of 16 Welsh standing waters, 15 of which are designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). The report presents a series of data reports and condition assessments (employing Common Standards Monitoring (CSM) methods (JNCC, 2005)) for...
The UK has a national series of protected sites, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). These sites are designated under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). SSSI selection and management is devolved to regional conservation agencies. In England, English Nature (EN) (now Natural England) is responsible for carrying out the mon...
This data report summarises pond survey information gathered over the course of seven daytime visits (24/4/04, 25/4/04, 30/4/05, 1/5/05, 2/5/05 1/4/06 and 2/4/06) to Manor Farm, Melton Constable, North Norfolk. The primary reason for the surveys was to determine the location and number of ponds occupied by amphibians, specifically Great Crested New...
The UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network (UKAWMN) has been operating continuously since 1988. During the first ten years biological and chemical data were summarised in an annual series of printed reports From the year 2000 annual data reports have also been available from the UKAWMN web page. These are of a similar format to earlier annual reports bu...
This report summarises the findings of the UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network (AWMN) 15 year data interpretation exercise. The AWMN is funded by the UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs. The report also incorporates an analysis of data collated by the UK Acid Deposition Network (ADN) run by NETCEN.
We report biological changes at several UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network lakes and streams that are spatially consistent with the recovery of water chemistry induced by reductions in acid deposition. These include trends toward more acid-sensitive epilithic diatom and macroinvertebrate assemblages, an increasing proportional abundance of macroinve...
Analogue matching is a palaeolimnological technique that aims to find matches for fossil sediment samples from a set of modern surface sediment samples. Modern analogues were identified that closely matched the pre-disturbance conditions of eight of the UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network (AWMN) lakes using diatom- and cladoceran-based analogue match...
1. Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition may have several impacts on upland moorland ecosystems, including changes in vegetation composition, eutrophication and surface water acidification through nitrate leaching, but few studies linking N deposition to key biogeochemical processes have been published.
2. A stable isotope tracer (15N) was used to...
In 1992 the Rannoch Trust established the Loch Laidon catchment land-use experiment, which is investigating the effects of summer cattle grazing on the terrestrial and aquatic upland environment. Situated in Perthshire, Scotland, the study area falls within a number of designations, including the Rannoch Moor Special Area of Conservation and Site o...
A stratigraphic study of spheroidal carbonaceous fly-ash particles (SCP) in a sediment core section from high mountain lake Nizne Terianske Pleso (1941 m a. s. l., High Tatra mountains), spanning the last similar to 150 years, revealed a rapid increase in SCP starting 1935-1940 AD. This increase coincided with a rise in ferrimagnetic, paramagnetic...
The UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network (UKAWMN) has been in continuous operation since 1988. For the first ten years biological and chemical data were summarised in an annual series of printed reports and these were followed by a detailed analysis of data in an interpretative report (Monteith and Evans, 2000), which is available on the UKAWMN web pa...
This report presents the results from a short sediment core taken at Crazy Well Pool, Dartmoor. In addition to physical sediment analysis (loss on ignition and dry weights), siliceous microfossils (diatoms) have been used in an attempt to reconstruct lake pH changes and other water quality parameters. The core has also been dated using a technique...
Aim: To assess the sediment depth and character at ten pre-determined locations in the Barrow reservoirs.