Eun-Ju Ko

• D.V.M., Ph.D.
• Professor (Assistant) at Jeju National University

Lactobacillus johnsonii is a commensal bacterium isolated from the vaginal and gastrointestinal tracts of vertebrate hosts, including humans. It is a potential anti-inflammatory bacterium. As reported in many animal studies, L. johnsonii supplementation reduces inflammation in the intestine and enhances the epithelial barrier. However, in this stud...

Background Despite the importance of influenza vaccination in asthma patients, the efficacy of this vaccine in asthma has not been well elucidated. We aimed to compare the efficacy of an influenza vaccine of the asthmatic and control mice. We also evaluated the efficacy of AddaVax™ as an adjuvant candidate, which is equivalent to the MF59 influenza...

Natural adjuvants have recently garnered interest in the field of vaccinology as their immunostimulatory effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential use of Peyssonnelia caulifera (PC), a marine alga, as a natural adjuvant for an inactivated split A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1 influenza vaccine (sPR8) in a murine model. We administered...

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) which is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, and its activity is inhibited by obesity and low-grade chronic inflammation. Ginsenoside Rg3, the primary constituent of Korean red ginseng (steamed Panax ginseng CA Meyer), has shown therapeutic potential in combating inflammatory and metabolic diseases. However, it re...

Marine algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are widely used as sources of food, cosmetics, and drugs. However, their biological and immunological effects on immune cells have not been fully elucidated. To unravel their immunological activity and broaden their application, we generated antigen‐presenting cells (APCs), including dendrit...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy, but they are currently unlicensed as adjuvants in influenza vaccines. This study aimed to investigate whether a combination of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL, a TLR4 agonist) and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C, a TLR3 agonist) can enhance the protective e...

Background Allergic asthma, one of the most common types of asthma, is thought to be highly susceptible to respiratory viral infections; however, its pathological mechanism needs to be elucidated. Recent studies have found impaired T-cell function in asthmatic mice. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the way by which asthma induction affects T-cell...

Background: Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been used as adjuvants to modulate immune responses in both animals and humans. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of the TLR 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and the TLR 3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on equine peripheral blo...

Adjuvants are required to increase the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccination and enable vaccine dose sparing. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), a toll-like receptor 3 agonist, is a promising adjuvant candidate that can induce cell-mediated immune responses; however, it remains unlicensed owing to its low stability and toxicity. Calci...

Introduction: Vaccination continues to be the most effective method for controlling COVID-19 infectious diseases. Nonetheless, SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to evolve and emerge, resulting in significant public concerns worldwide even after more than two years since the COVID-19 pandemic. It is significant to better understand how different COVID-1...

Despite vaccination, equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus (EHV) infections still cause highly contagious respiratory diseases in horses. Recently, concurrent vaccination with EIV and EHV was suggested as a new approach; however, there have been no reports of concurrent vaccination with recombinant canarypox EIV and inactivated EHV va...

Seasonal vaccination is ineffective in the elderly population and in conferring cross-protection against antigenically different influenza viruses. Therefore, the cross-protective efficacy of influenza vaccines needs to be improved. Here, we compared the effects of different adjuvants (QS-21+MPL, CpG+MPL, BCG CWS, Saponin VSA-1, Quil-A, and Alum) o...

Vaccination against influenza viruses suffers from low efficacy in conferring homologous and cross-protection, particularly in older adults. Here, we compared the effects of three different adjuvant types (QS-21+MPL, CpG+MPL and bacterial cell wall CWS) on enhancing the immunogenicity and homologous and heterosubtypic protection of influenza vaccin...

Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the types of innate immune cells to remove pathogen-infected cells and modulate inflammatory immune responses. Recent studies have revealed that NK cells could enhance vaccine efficacy by coordinating the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we have evaluated the efficacy of intranasal ovalbumin...

Simple Summary Many research groups have investigated and developed new adjuvant candidates to promote vaccine efficacy, but only few of them were licensed. A combination of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can be a promising vaccine adjuvant candidate by stimulating innate immune cells and inducing antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI). I...

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and the cell wall skeleton (CWS) derived from BCG are known to enhance nonspecific immune activation and anti-cancer immunity; however, their roles as a vaccine adjuvant are largely unknown. Here, we report that BCG-CWS acts as a strong immune adjuvant by promoting the protective immune responses in mouse models with...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection caused severe acute respiratory disease in children and the elderly. There is no licensed vaccine. It has been a challenging problem to avoid vaccine enhanced respiratory disease in developing a safe and effective RSV vaccine. Here, we investigated the impact of MF59-like oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant Ad...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pulmonary disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine trials failed due to vaccine enhanced respiratory disease, but the underlying immune mechanisms remain not fully understood. In this study, we have used wild type C57BL/6 and CD4 knockout (CD4KO) m...

Vaccine strategies targeting the mucosal portal of entry may prevent HIV acquisition and systemic infection. Macrophages in cervicovaginal compartments are one of the first cell types to encounter virus upon vaginal exposure. Their activation can lead to recruitment of additional macrophages and CD4⁺ T-cells susceptible to viral infection. However,...

Lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei DK128 isolated from fermented vegetable foods was suggested to stimulate innate immune responses. Here, we investigated whether heat-killed DK128 would exhibit adjuvant effects on enhancing the efficacy of influenza vaccination. Immunization of mice with split influenza virus vaccine in the presence of heat-...

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells help combat opportunistic infections. Thus, MAIT cells are of interest in HIV/SIV vaccination and infection. We investigated MAIT cell dynamics and function in rhesus macaque blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) following mucosal adenovirus (Ad)-SIV recombinant priming, intramuscular SIV envelope boosti...

Because of microbicide noncompliance and lack of a durable, highly effective vaccine, a combined approach might improve HIV prophylaxis. We tested whether a vaccine-microbicide combination would enhance protection against SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Four macaque groups included vaccine only, vaccine-microbicide, microbicide only, and controls...

We investigated the adjuvant effects of MPL (TLR4 agonist) and CpG (TLR9 agonist) on promoting protection after vaccination of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice with inactivated influenza split virus or human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines. Adjuvant effects of combination MPL and CpG (MPL+CpG) on improving protective vaccine efficacy were evident...

Effective CD8⁺ T-cell responses play an important role in determining the course of SIV/HIV viral infection. Here we identified a unique population of dysfunctional CD8⁺ T-cells in lymphoid tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of rhesus macaques with chronic SIV infection characterized by co-expression of CD6 and PD-1. The frequency of CD6 and...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) pathogenesis but also play a critical role in orchestrating innate and adaptive vaccine-specific immune responses. Effective HIV/SIV vaccines require strong antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses, cytotoxic activity of CD8 T cells, and neutralizing/non-neutra...

NK cells are essential for controlling viral infections. We investigated NK cell and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) dynamics and function in rhesus macaque rectal tissue and blood following mucosal priming with replicating adenovirus (Ad)-SIV recombinants, systemic boosting with SIV envelope protein, and subsequent repeated low-dose intravaginal SIV ex...

Neuraminidase is the second major surface antigen on influenza virus. We investigated the immunogenicity and cross protective efficacy of virus-like particle containing neuraminidase derived from 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (N1 VLP) in comparison with inactivated split influenza vaccine. Immunization of mice with N1 VLP induced antibody resp...

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic, pro-inflammatory metal ubiquitous in the diet that accumulates in body organs due to inefficient elimination. Responses to influenza virus infection are variable, particularly severity of pneumonia. We used a murine model of chronic low-dose oral exposure to Cd to test if increased lung tissue Cd worsened inflammation in re...

Incorporation of membrane-anchored flagellin molecules into the surfaces of influenza virus-like particles (VLP) was previously reported to promote T helper (Th) 1-biased IgG antibody production and protective efficacy of co-presented vaccine antigens. Herein, we investigated the potential adjuvant effects and mechanisms of flagellin-expressing VLP...

Clinical trials with alum-adjuvanted formalin-inactivated human respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) vaccine failed in children due to vaccine-enhanced disease upon RSV infection. In this study, we found that inactivated, detergent-split RSV vaccine (Split) displayed higher reactivity against neutralizing antibodies in vitro and less histopathology...

Alum adjuvanted formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination resulted in enhanced respiratory disease in young children upon natural infection. Here, we investigated the adjuvant effects of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and oligodeoxynucleotide CpG (CpG) on vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease after fusion (F) protein prime vac...

Inducing strong mucosal immune responses by vaccination is important for providing protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). A replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant vector (Ad5hr) expressing SIV proteins induced mucosal immune responses in rectal tissue associated with delayed SIV acquisition in female rhesus macaques, but t...

B1 cells spontaneously produce protective natural antibodies which provide the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens. Although these natural antibodies share similar autoreactive features with several HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies, the role of B1 cells in HIV/SIV disease progression is unknown. We report the presence of human...

Current influenza vaccines including live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) provide suboptimal protection against drift and potential pandemic strains. We hypothesized that supplementing LAIV with a highly conserved antigenic target M2 ectodomain (M2e) would confer cross-protection by inducing humoral and cellular immune responses to conserved anti...

Intramuscular (IM) vaccination with formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) failed in clinical trials due to vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease. To test the efficacy of skin vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we investigated the immunogenicity, efficacy, and inflammatory disease after microneedle (MN) patch d...

Antigenic stability of FI-RSV after coating onto solid MN. The antigenic stability of FI-RSV coated onto solid stainless MN was determined by reactivity of FI-RSV de-coated and dissolved off from MN in PBS for RSV fusion (F) protein specific monoclonal antibody palivizumab. The data are representative out of 3 multiple tests and we observed reprodu...

NC3Rs ARRIVE guidelines checklist 2014 (PLOS)(9 14 181). (PDF)

Complement is the well-known innate immune defense system involved in the opsonization and lysis of pathogens but is less studied in establishing adaptive immunity after vaccination. Influenza virus HA-based vaccination confers protection via strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, whereas M2e-based vaccination induces a broad spectrum of protecti...

Influenza virus M2 protein has a highly conserved ectodomain (M2e) as a cross-protective antigenic target. We investigated the antigenic and immunogenic properties of tandem repeat M2e (5xM2e) proteins and virus-like particles (5xM2e VLP) to better understand how VLP and protein platform vaccines induce innate and protective adaptive immune respons...

Adjuvants are included in vaccine formulations to enhance the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines. MF59® is an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant and licensed for use in pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines in many countries. MF59 is safe and well tolerated in humans. MF59-adjuvanted vaccination spares vaccine dose and enhances hemagglutination...

BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic, pro-inflammatory metal ubiquitous in the diet that accumulates in body organs due to inefficient elimination. Many individuals exposed to dietary Cd are also infected by seasonal influenza virus. The H1N1 strain causes mild to severe pneumonia which can be fatal. OBJECTIVES To determine the influence of low-dose...

Annual vaccination is not effective in conferring cross-protection against antigenically different influenza viruses. Therefore, it is of high priority to improve the cross protective efficacy of influenza vaccines. We investigated the adjuvant effects of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and oligodeoxynucleotide CpG (CpG) on promoting homologous protec...

The roles of interferons (IFN) remain poorly understood in generating long-term protective immune responses to vaccination despite their well-known anti-viral innate immunity. We investigated the roles of IFN receptor (IFNR) signaling in inducing adaptive immune responses and protective immunity to influenza virus-like particle (VLP) vaccination by...

Vaccination of young children with alum-adjuvanted formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) induced vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) after natural infection during epidemic season, resulting in hospitalizations and two deaths. There is no licensed RSV vaccine. VED was also observed in previous reports with fusion (F) protein RSV vacc...

Current influenza vaccines do not provide broad cross-protection. Here, we report that intranasal vaccination with virus-like particles containing the highly conserved multiple ectodomains of matrix protein 2 (M2e5x VLP) of influenza virus induces broad cross-protection by M2-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. M2e5x VLP intranasal vacc...

Efficacy of T cell depletion. Groups of mice (n = 3, BALB/c mice) were treated with CD4 T cell depleting antibody (200 μg in 200 μl, Clone GK1.5), IgG isotype control (Clone LTF-2, rat IgG2b), or buffer (PBS) two times (days 0 and 2). At day 7, the T cell levels were determined in bloods by flow cytometry. (PDF)

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the common probiotics. Here, we investigated the antiviral protective effects of heat-killed LAB strain Lactobacillus casei DK128 (DK128) on influenza viruses. Intranasal treatment of mice with DK128 conferred protection against different subtypes of influenza viruses by lessening weight loss and lowering viral loads....

Influenza virus M2 extracellular domain (M2e) has been a target for developing cross-protective vaccines. However, the efficacy and immune correlates of M2e vaccination are poorly understood in the different host genetic backgrounds in comparison with influenza vaccines. We previously reported the cross-protective efficacy of virus-like particle (M...

Intracellular cytokine staining of CD8+ T cells in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Flow cytometry profiles of interferon (IFN)-γ- and granzyme B-secreting CD8+ T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and lungs. After gating CD8+ cells, IFN-γ+ or granzyme B+ cells were measured by flow cytometry of intracellularly stained cells.

Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and oligodeoxynucleotide CpG are toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and 9 agonist, respectively. Here, we investigated the effects of MPL, CpG, and combination adjuvants on stimulating in vitro dendritic cells (DCs), in vivo innate and adaptive immune responses, and protective efficacy of influenza vaccination. Combination of M...

Although neuraminidase (NA) is the second major viral glycoprotein of influenza virus, its immune mechanism as a vaccine target has been less considered. Here we compared the properties of antibodies and the efficacy of cross protection by N1 and N2 NA proteins, inactivated split influenza vaccines (split), and tandem repeat extracellular domain M2...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein is suggested to be a protective vaccine target although its efficacy and safety concerns remain not well understood. We investigated immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of F proteins in a soluble form or on virus-like particle (F-VLP). F VLP preferentially elicited IgG2a antibody and T helper ty...

Vaccine-enhanced disease has been a major obstacle in developing a safe vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This study demonstrates the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines containing RSV F (F VLP), G (G VLP), or F and G proteins (FG VLP) in cotton rats. RSV specific antibodies were effectively i...

Cellular immune correlates conferring protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) but preventing vaccineenhanced respiratory disease largely remain unclear. We investigated cellular immune correlates that contribute to preventing disease against human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by nanoparticle vaccine delivery. Formalin-inactivated...

Vaccine adjuvant effects in the CD4-deficient condition largely remain unknown. We investigated the roles of combined monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and aluminum hydroxide (Alum) adjuvant (MPL+Alum) in inducing immunity after immunization of CD4 knockout (CD4KO) and wild-type (WT) mice with T-dependent influenza vaccine. MPL+Alum adjuvant mediated Ig...

Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 is seasonally active in the United States, affecting millions of people each year and claiming tens of thousands of lives since the 2009 pandemic. Public health efforts have focused on vaccination, but exposed individuals who become sick face severe inflammation and possibly death. Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous heavy m...

Influenza is a significant health concern worldwide. Viral infection induces local and systemic activation of the immune system causing attendant changes in metabolism. High-resolution metabolomics (HRM) uses advanced mass spectrometry and computational methods to measure thousands of metabolites inclusive of most metabolic pathways. We used HRM to...

Importance: Molecular mechanisms that control B cell activation to produce protective antibodies upon viral vaccination remain poorly understood. The CD47 molecule is known to be a ligand for the inhibitory receptor signal regulatory protein α and expressed on the surfaces of most immune cell types. CD47 was previously demonstrated to play an impo...

Importance: MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines were licensed for human vaccination, but the detailed mechanisms are not fully elucidated. CD4(+) T cells are required to induce antibody isotype switching and long-term memory responses. In contrast, we discovered that MF59 was highly effective in inducing isotype-switched IgG antibodies and long-ter...

A safe and effective vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) should confer protection without causing vaccine-enhanced disease. Here, using a cotton rat model, we investigated the protective efficacy and safety of an RSV combination vaccine composed of F-encoding plasmid DNA and virus-like particles containing RSV fusion (F) and attachmen...

Importance: It has been a difficult challenge to develop an effective and safe vaccine against RSV, a leading cause of respiratory disease. Immune correlates conferring protection but preventing vaccine-enhanced disease remain poorly understood. RSV F VLP would be an efficient vaccine platform conferring protection. Here we investigated the protec...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major leading cause of infantile viral bronchiolitis. However, cellular phenotypes contributing to the RSV protection and vaccine-enhanced disease remain largely unknown. Upon RSV challenge, we analyzed phenotypes and cellularity in the lung of mice that were naïve, immunized with formalin inactivated RSV (F...

The mechanisms of protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are poorly understood. Virus-like nanoparticles expressing RSV glycoproteins (eg, a combination of fusion and glycoprotein virus-like nanoparticles [FG VLPs]) have been suggested to be a promising RSV vaccine candidate. To understand the roles of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in in...

Clodronate treatment partially depletes AMs in the airways. Notes: (A) Flow cytometry profiles gating AM phenotypic cells. (B) Percentages of AMs in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. CL was intranasally given to mice 4 hours prior to RSV infection, and a control group was intranasally administered PBS. AMs were analyzed by flow cytometry 5 days la...

The action mechanisms of adjuvants have not been well understood yet. We hypothesized that an effective adjuvant would overcome a defect in CD4+ T cell help for the induction of immune responses and protection by T cell dependent vaccines. We found that current influenza split vaccine was not able to induce antibodies and protection in a CD4+ T cel...

Heat-killed Lactobacillus casei strain lactic acid bacteria DK128 was investigated as potential probiotics to determine its antiviral effects on influenza virus. Intranasal pretreatment of mice with heat-killed DK128 resulted in the recruitment of various innate immune cells into the airways, conferring broad protection against lethal infection wit...

Current influenza vaccines including live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) do not provide cross-protection against drift and potential pandemic strains. We hypothesized that supplementing LAIV with a highly conserved protective antigenic target M2 ectodomain (M2e) would confer broad cross-protection by inducing humoral and cellular immune respon...

Ginseng has been used in humans for thousands of years but its effects on viral infection have not been well understood. We investigated the effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection using in vitro cell culture and in vivo mouse models. RGE partially protected human epithelial (HEp2) cells from RSV-induced...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major viral agent causing significant morbidity and mortality in young infants and the elderly. There is no licensed vaccine against RSV and it is a high priority to develop a safe RSV vaccine. We determined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of combined virus-like particle and DNA vaccines presenting...

Formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) immunization is known to cause severe pulmonary inflammatory disease after subsequent RSV infection. Ginseng has been used in humans for thousands of years due to its potential health benefits. We investigated whether ginseng would have immune modulating effects on RSV infection in mice prev...

Major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient (MHC-II KO; Aβ-/-) mice were used to assess the roles of MHC-II molecules in inducing protective immune responses to vaccination. After vaccination with influenza A/PR8 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, in vivo and in vitro vaccine antigen-specific IgG isotype antibodies were not detected in MHC-...

The ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) of influenza virus is suggested to be a rational target for a universal influenza A vaccine. However, there are some concerns that M2e vaccines might not be highly effective in the general population with diverse genetic backgrounds. Here we examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the baculovi...

Panax ginseng has been known to have a number of immuno-modulatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether Panax Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) has in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. KRGE improved the survival of human lung epithelial cells against RSV infection and inhibited RSV replic...

Current influenza vaccines do not provide good protection against antigenically different influenza A viruses. As an approach to overcome strain-specificity of protection, this study demonstrates significantly improved long-term cross protection by supplementing split vaccines with a conserved molecular target, a repeat of the influenza M2 ectodoma...

The generation of memory B cells by vaccination plays a critical role in maintaining antigen specific antibodies and producing antibody responses upon re-exposure to a pathogen. B cell populations contributing to antibody production and protection by vaccination remain poorly defined. We used influenza virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine in a transge...

Ginseng herbal medicine has been known to have beneficial effects on improving human health. We investigated whether red ginseng extract (RGE) has preventive effects on influenza A virus infection in vivo and in vitro. RGE was found to improve survival of human lung epithelial cells upon influenza virus infection. Also, RGE treatment reduced the ex...

Maternal immunization of mice with formalin inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) resulted in the passive transfer of RSV antibodies but not cellular components to the offspring. The offspring born to FI-RSV immunized mothers showed serum RSV neutralizing activity, effectively controlled lung viral loads without vaccine-enhanced disease,...

Vaccination is one of the most effective and cost-benefit interventions that prevent the mortality and reduce morbidity from infectious pathogens. However, the licensed influenza vaccine induces strain-specific immunity and must be updated annually based on predicted strains that will circulate in the upcoming season. Influenza virus still causes s...

Abstract To find an effective mucosal adjuvant for influenza virus-like particles (VLPs), we compared the effects of known adjuvants Alum, CpG DNA, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), poly IC, gardiquimod, and cholera toxin (CT). Mice that were intranasally immunized with Alum, CpG, MPL, and CT adjuvanted VLPs showed higher levels of antibodies in both s...

Lactobacillus plantarum DK119 (DK119) isolated from the fermented Korean cabbage food was used as a probiotic to determine its antiviral effects on influenza virus. DK119 intranasal or oral administration conferred 100% protection against subsequent lethal infection with influenza A viruses, prevented significant weight loss, and lowered lung viral...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection and deaths in infants. Since the failure of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) due to vaccine-enhanced pulmonary eosinophilia and pneumonia during 1960s, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV. In this study, we analyzed immune cell phenotypes and cytokines...

Mycobacterial cell-wall skeleton (CWS) is an immunoactive and biodegradable particulate adjuvant and has been tried to use for immunotherapy. The CWS of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette- Guerin (BCG-CWS) was studied as an universal vaccine vehicle for antigen conjugation, to develop potentially effective and safe vaccine. Although a variety of...

Although chemotherapeutic anticancer agents are effective, they also attack normal immune cells due to a lack of selectivity. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a representative anticancer agent that induces immunosuppression in cancer patients as a side effect. Fucoidan is an algae-derived sulfated polysaccharide that has recently been recognized as a hemat...

Dendritic cells(DCs) derived from myeloid cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells. In the mouse, it is possible to differentiate a number of DCs from bone marrow. However, the horse has trouble in sacrificing with economic problems. To our knowledge, the culture of equine DCs has not been performed yet in our country. Furthermore, the cy...