Ernesto Panadero

• Professor
• Professor at Dublin City University

The use of learning strategies is crucial for students' academic performance and promoting deeper learning approaches. The self-regulated learning models offer comprehensive theoretical backgrounds. These enable more holistic approaches to the use of learning strategies. In this paper, Zimmerman's (2000; 2003; Zimmerman & Moylan, 2009) cyclical mod...

Formative feedback fosters writing and student motivation, but differential effects on writers with varying achievement levels are under-researched. It remains unclear to what extent time-efficient methods such as rubric and exemplar feedback support less-proficient writers. Our study addresses this gap by comparing the effects of different formati...

The students’ dominant language might influence how they use and process a rubric and its subsequent effect on task performance. However, our knowledge about these effects is limited. This study investigates how the dominant language of students is associated with their rubric reading patterns and their task performance in a written landscape analy...

This study explores the impact of peer feedback content (concise general vs elaborated specific), assessee gender (male vs female), and fictitious assessor gender (male vs female vs anonymous) on essay revisions and perceptions of peer feedback. A total of 284 undergraduate students (nMen = 138, nWomen = 146) from two private universities in the Ph...

This tribute celebrates the unwavering dedication and contributions of Dale H. Schunk to educational psychology. His research has fundamentally transformed how school-based practitioners support student learning. By pioneering effective teaching strategies and interventions, he has called educators to create dynamic learning environments that culti...

This study examines the impact of anonymity on students’ social-affective processes, as well as their perceptions and preferences regarding peer assessment and grading for both formative and summative purposes. 177 higher education students participated in this quasi-experimental study. They participated in two peer assessment activities after rece...

This study analyzes the impact of the supervised practicum on the assessment conceptions and practices of pre-service secondary education teachers, using the theoretical rationale of assessment literacy. We conducted a qualitative study with eighteen pre-service physical education teachers in Spain. The results revealed the difficulties and the var...

Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a key competence for pre-service teachers to develop, both for their own activities as learners and for their future activities as teachers. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how pre-service teachers can be supported in acquiring SRL competence in their initial training. To reach this aim, we conducted a system...

Self-assessment accuracy is crucial for effective learning and performance. However, learners tend to be inaccurate in their self-assessment, calling for effective interventions to increase their accuracy. Over the past three decades, research has shown that providing feedback can guide and improve self-assessment accuracy. However, the magnitude a...

While self-assessment is a widely explored area in educational research, our understanding of how students assess themselves, or in other words, generate self-feedback, is quite limited. Self-assessment process has been a black box that recent research is trying to open. This study explored and integrated two data collections (secondary and higher...

Many peer feedback studies examined students’ perceptions. Yet, little is known about how perceived and actual learning are related, and how they are influenced by individual and contextual characteristics including success level, educational level, gender, and academic major. This exploratory study addressed this research gap. Students from a Dutc...

Rubrics play a crucial role in shaping educational assessment, providing clear criteria for both teaching and learning. The advent of online rubric platforms has the potential to significantly enhance the effectiveness of rubrics in educational contexts, offering innovative features for assessment and feedback through the creation of erubrics. This...

Self-assessment is a widely explored topic in educational research. However, more research is needed on some of the self-assessment practices and their relationship with academic performance. This study aims to fill the research gap by analysing students’ self-assessment training, what type of self-assessment processes they report, and how they use...

Rubrics are widely used as instructional and learning instrument. Though they have been claimed to have positive effects on students’ learning, these effects have not been meta-analyzed. Our aim was to synthesize the effects of rubrics on academic performance, self-regulated learning, and self-efficacy. The moderator effect of the following variabl...

Introduction. This research aims to adjust and validate the Situated Goals Questionnaire to the Colombian higher education population and compare the results with those obtained previously in the Spanish population Method. A total of 500 university students from the Faculty of Education of the National Pedagogic University of Colombia participated....

Previous research has demonstrated the benefits of peer feedback for improving student work. Gender, as an individual characteristic, is now receiving increased attention due to its influence on the peer feedback process. This study examined the effects of gender and peer assessment training on the amount and content of peer feedback provided by as...

Developing the ability to self-assess is a crucial skill for students, as it impacts their academic performance and learning strategies, amongst other areas. Most existing research in this field has concentrated on the exploration of the students’ capacity to accurately assign a score to their work that closely mirrors an expert’s evaluation, typic...

This study explored the effects of three factors (feedback occasion, type of feedback, and year level) on self-efficacy and emotions when university students self-assessed. Higher education students from three different year levels self-assessed their performance on a writing task two times (before and after receiving feedback). Self-efficacy and e...

Students are the central agent in self-assessment; therefore, their perceptions are crucial for successful self-assessment. Despite the increasing number of empirical studies exploring how students perceive self-assessment, systematic reviews synthesising students’ perceptions of self-assessment and relating them to self-assessment implementation a...

The potential of web-based peer assessment platforms to aid in instruction and learning has been well documented in literature. Evidence proposed that the use of web-based peer assessment is beneficial for both teachers and students in several aspects, but some findings also suggest that it might present a number of challenges. The aim of this chap...

The growing number of peer assessment studies in the last decades created diverse design options for researchers and teachers to implement peer assessment. However, it is still unknown if there are more commonly used peer assessment formats and design elements that could be considered when designing peer assessment activities in educational context...

Peer assessment is a popular research topic as it takes place in multiple educational settings around the globe. Due to its nature, a number of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors are involved. Empirical research on these factors has been increasing and our aim was to systematically review them to extract conclusions about the relationships bet...

This study explores the effects of feedback type, feedback occasion and year level on student self-assessments in higher education. In total, 126 university students participated in this randomized experiment under three experimental conditions (i.e., rubric feedback, instructor's written feedback, and rubric feedback plus instructor's written feed...

A number of studies have expressed that gender might be a source of difference and bias in peer assessment activities. However, evidence supporting this remains mixed and scant. The present study examined gender difference and accuracy bias between men and women assessors’ peer scoring of same-sex or opposite-sex writing samples using a quasi-exper...

Teachers across educational systems struggle to find time to provide quality feedback to their students. Asking students to create their own feedback has been shown to enhance students' performance. In this experimental study, we explored the effects of rubrics and exemplars on writing performance, encouraging students to employ these tools for sel...

The Self-Regulation for Learning Online (SRL-O) questionnaire was developed to encompass the breadth of motivational beliefs and learning strategies that are often used in online and/or blended learning contexts. No current measure meets all these needs. This study used two non-duplicate samples to provide evidence of the psychometric properties of...

This meta-analysis examined the effect of self-assessment (SA) and/or peer-assessment (PA) interventions on academic performance. The synthesis included 626 effect sizes from 175 independent studies, either using an experimental/quasi-experimental design or a repeated measures design, and involved 19,383 participants in total. Results indicated tha...

The design and implementation of assessment is one of the main challenges for university teachers, who claimed needing more and better professional development courses in such area. Our study aimed to analyse at a nationwide level how public universities (N = 50) design and implement their assessment professional development courses and programmes....

Higher education students need to be more autonomous when they change to this new learning environment. This is one of the reasons why many students find the transition to higher education a challenging experience, also shown by the high dropout rate in the first year of higher education. Researchers in this area have pointed out different academic...

This study explores the effects of the shift to emergency remote teaching on assessment practices due to COVID-19 lockdown. A total of 936 Spanish teachers from all educational levels ranging from early childhood to university participated in this nationwide survey. Four aspects were explored: (1) changes in the use of assessment instruments (e.g....

This study explores the effects of the shift to emergency remote teaching (ERT) on teachers’ levels of well-being, emotions, and motivation. A total of 936 Spanish teachers participated in this nationwide survey from all educational levels, thus allowing comparison among levels, which is a novelty and strength of our study. Four aspects were explor...

Comprender la influencia que tienen las acciones del maestro en el aula en los procesos educativos de los estudiantes permite proyectar acciones de formación y cualificación docente para mejorar la enseñanza. Este trabajo estudia la influencia del entorno instruccional en la universidad, definido por el Estilo de Enseñanza y el Clima Motivacional d...

The positive effect of feedback on students’ performance and learning is no longer disputed. For this reason, scholars have been working on developing models and theories that explain how feedback works and which variables may contribute to student engagement with it. Our aim with this review was to describe the most prominent models and theories,...

The analysis of exemplars of different quality is a potentially powerful tool in enabling students to understand assessment expectations and appreciate academic standards. Through a systematic review methodology, this paper synthesises exemplar-based research designs, exemplar implementation and the educational effects of exemplars. The review of 4...

A number of models has been proposed to describe various types of feedback along with mechanisms through which feedback may improve student performance and learning. In this review we compare fourteen most prominent models with the goal to classify and integrate shared elements into a new comprehensive model. As a result of our synthesis, we offer...

The role of the academic discipline is a major factor in the assessment design and implementation in higher education. Unfortunately, a clear understanding of how teachers from different disciplines approach assessment is still missing; this information can lead to teacher training programmes that are better designed and more focussed. The present...

This study examined differences in the assessment criteria used by the USA and Spanish university instructors to assign course grades. The US sample included two hundred and fifty course syllabi (159 from universities and 91 from 4-year colleges) developed by randomly selected instructors from five academic disciplines (education, math, science, ps...

Formative assessment practices have been theoretically connected to the development of self-regulation with mounting empirical evidence. Co-regulation is the process whereby a more capable individual (e.g., teacher or peer) attunes the behaviours, emotions, or cognitive processes of an individual (a student) to align with goals or expectations and...

This study aims to identify different profiles of higher education teachers based on the way they design their assessment methods. It also explores differential characteristics in each profile and differences in the assessment methods preferred by the teachers and those implemented in their subjects. Seventeen teachers from four universities partic...

This study’s aim was to analyse the decisions higher education students make about learning strategies. We focus on research questions related to the strategies that students report, their strategy adaptability to different learning situations, and the association of learning strategies with students’ self-regulated learning and academic performanc...

Processes involved in the regulation of learning have been researched for decades, because of its impact on academic and workplace performance. In fact, self‐regulated learning is the focus of countless studies in health professions education and higher education in general. While we will always need competent individuals who are able to regulate t...

The literature regarding formative assessment and Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) has focused on the ways in which formative assessment improves SRL. This study, on the other hand, evaluated whether SRL characteristics impact successful engagement with formative assessment, and subsequent summative performance in both online and blended learning cont...

Teachers are playing crucial roles in the implementation of formative assessment, which has been widely recognised as a valuable strategy in enhancing students' learning outcomes. However, systematic analysis on factors that might facilitate or hinder teachers' intentions and implementations regarding formative assessment is scarce. This review cov...

Resumen Medir el aprendizaje autorregulado es fundamental para mejorar nuestras intervenciones educativas. Los cuestionarios de autoinforme han sido el principal método para su evaluación, con la mayoría de los instrumentos construidos a partir de modelos teóricos generales. Frente a estos, el presente estudio valida un modelo basado en situaciones...

Measuring self-regulated learning is crucial to improve our educational interventions. Self-report has been the major data collection method and a number of questionnaires exist. Importantly, the vast majority of the questionnaires are constructed from general theoretical models. Our aim was to develop a model and its questionnaire –i.e. Deep Learn...

The effects of relevant factors related to self-assessment have not been systematically investigated. We explored four factors and their effects on self-assessment and self-efficacy: (1) feedback (with vs without), (2) subject matter (Spanish vs mathematics), (3) year level (K7 vs K10 vs K11), and (4) gender. The participants included 64 secondary...

Final Year level of the University Preparatory cycle (FYUP) –in Spanish 2º Bachillerato– is one of the most challenging academic courses. It is extremely demanding academically in itself and by the end of it students must also pass the university entry exam. Yet research has not investigated how students experience this year. We thus explored, usin...

Over the past few decades, educational research has made considerable progress in describing activities that promote more effective student learning. Two fields of research that have made significant contributions to this progress have been self-regulated learning (SRL) (Panadero, 2017; Schunk & Greene, 2018a) and educational assessment (Brown, 201...

Self-regulated learning (SRL) is associated with increased academic achievement and improved learning outcomes for students. Thus, it is import to find ways to improve SRL, such as through training. Face-to-face training, discipline-dependent training, and paper-and-pencil diaries are limited in the number of students they can reach. The current ra...

Teachers’ conceptions can affect any teaching practice, including assessment. Compared with the previous learning stages in Spain, the accreditation-based focus increases in secondary education. Therefore, it is necessary to study the conceptions teachers have of assessment during this stage and the role these play in their teaching practices. The...

Many interventions have been designed to facilitate higher education students’ self-regulation, so it would be beneficial to identify what approaches have been evaluated in previous research, and understand more about the components of self-regulation they have targeted. This study presents a systematic review of this previous research. A search of...

Teaching style is conceptualized as the teacher’s specific instructional approach that influences students’ motivation, learning, and performance. The main aim of this study is to explore the sources of structural validity of the of the Teaching Styles Inventory for Higher Education (TSIHE) using confirmatory techniques. A total of 3312 university...

Rubrics are widely used in classrooms at all educational levels across the globe, for both summative and formative purposes. Although the empirical support for the benefits of using rubrics has been steadily growing, so have the critiques. The aim of this review is to explore the concerns and limitations of using rubrics as proposed by the critics,...

Título: Desarrollo y validación del Inventario de Estilos de Enseñanza pa-ra Educación Superior (IEE). Resumen: El Estilo de enseñanza se entiende como la forma particular de enseñar del docente, influyendo en la motivación, el aprendizaje y el ren-dimiento. El articulo presenta el estudio sobre las fuentes de validez estruc-tural del Inventario de...

This chapter proposes moving our conceptualization of self-assessment to that of self-feedback, in which the final goal is for students to produce and search for feedback to close the gap between their current and desired performance. We propose six main venues to achieve self-feedback: (a) making the implicit aspects of self-assessment explicit to...

Peer assessment has proven to have positive learning outcomes. Importantly, peer assessment is a social process and some claim that the use of anonymity might have advantages. However, the findings have not always been in the same direction. Our aims were: (a) to review the effects of using anonymity in peer assessment on performance, peer feedback...

Peers carry potential in enhancing students’ self-assessment development, but few studies have explored how peer scaffolding is enacted in the process. This qualitative study explores peer assessment effects on the self-assessment process of 11 first-year undergraduates and the factors limiting peer influence. Drawing on the data from students’ jou...

Classroom assessment is crucial to understand how students approach course materials, even more so in a competitive environment such as higher education. Our aim was to explore the current situation of assessment in higher education to consider further institutional and training actions. Every syllabus from all public universities in Spain was ente...

Recently, the concept of evaluative judgement has gained attention as a pedagogical approach to classroom formative assessment practices. Evaluative judgement is the capacity to be able to judge the work of oneself and that of others, which implies developing knowledge about one’s own assessment capability. A focus on evaluative judgement helps us...

This paper has two aims: (1) to characterize the research done on self-regulated learning competencies and (2) to describe the characteristics, limitations and orientations of intra-curricular programs for the promotion of self-regulated learning in university students. The method is a systematic review of articles published between 2010 and 2016,...

Self-assessment is a crucial skill that students need to develop during their educational years, especially at those educational levels where the curriculum leads to future jobs. By being able to assess their own performance, students can become self-regulated learners and continue their professional development throughout their careers. This chapt...

El Proceso de Bolonia concibe la evaluación como parte del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, denominándose ‘evaluación formativa’, pudiendo ser la autoevaluación una parte esencial del mismo. Esta se entiende como dos acciones: metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje; o autocalificación, evaluándose cuantitativamente con repercusión en la nota final....

Evaluative judgement is the capability to make decisions about the quality of work of oneself and others. In this paper, we propose that developing students’ evaluative judgement should be a goal of higher education, to enable students to improve their work and to meet their future learning needs: a necessary capability of graduates. We explore eva...

The Bologna Process understands assessment as a part of the teaching and learning process. It is so-called formative assessment, being self-assessment an essential part of it. Self-assessment can be conceived having two potential actions. First, as a teaching and learning method, being its purpose to teach students how to assess their own work. Sec...

We have known for a long time that a relationship exists between how learning is assessed and the learning processes and strategies students employ when engaged in those assessments. Black and Wiliam pointed out in 1998 that self-regulated learning should be a primary goal of formative assessment (FA). Since then, a growing body of research on this...

Teaching a large class can present real challenges in design, management and standardisation of assessment practices. One of the main dilemmas for university teachers is how to implement effective formative assessment practices with accompanying high-quality feedback consistently over time with large classroom groups. This article reports on how el...

Although previous research has indicated that providing anonymity is an effective way to create a safe peer assessment setting, continuously ensuring anonymity prevents students from experiencing genuine two-way interactive feedback dialogues. The present study investigated how installing a transitional approach from an anonymous to a non-anonymous...

La rúbrica es un instrumento de evaluación que permite transmitir las expectativas sobre una tarea a los estudiantes y que, de este modo, puedan planificar adecuadamente su trabajo y evaluar su progreso. Sin embargo, únicamente su empleo desde la perspectiva de la evaluación formativa garantiza un incremento en el aprendizaje y el rendimiento acadé...

tMAIL [Teacher Mobile Application for Innovative Learning] developed and tested a mobile application and online platforms supporting policy, teacher education, and primary school teachers in implementing classroom practices that stimulate students’ self-regulated learning (SRL). The tMAIL theoretical framework explains the underlying principles, ro...

This study explores the relationship between students’ perceptions of peer assessment (PA) and its social nature. A quantitative survey study (N = 3680) was conducted in secondary education in Flanders, examining the students’ perceptions of PA interpersonal variables and their beliefs on the educational value of PA. The structural equation modelin...

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of co-creating rubrics against just using rubrics. By co-creating rubrics, the students might have the opportunity to better internalize them and have a voice in the assessment criteria. Two groups undertaking a degree in Sport Sciences (N = 65) participated. Results showed that the students who co-c...

Self-regulated learning (SRL) includes the cognitive, metacognitive, behavioral, motivational, and emotional/affective aspects of learning. It is, therefore, an extraordinary umbrella under which a considerable number of variables that influence learning (e.g., self-efficacy, volition, cognitive strategies) are studied within a comprehensive and ho...

Read full publication via http://bit.ly/2lSnkTX This study explores the effects of peer assessment (PA) practice on peer feedback (PF) quality of 11th grade secondary education students (N = 36). The PA setting was synchronous: anonymous assessors gave immediate PF using mobile response technology during 10 feedback occasions. The design was quasi...

First-year higher education (HE) students experience different challenges during their studies. These challenging learning situations can trigger self-regulated learning (SRL) skills, which students use to handle these situations. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate (a) first-year HE students’ cognitive, motivational and emotional challen...

Peer assessment (PA) is one of the central principles of formative assessment and assessment for learning (AfL) fields. There is ample empirical evidence as to the benefits for students’ learning when AfL principles are implemented. However, teachers play a critical role in mediating the implementation of intended policies. Hence, their experiences...

This paper reviews current known issues in student self-assessment (SSA) and identifies five topics that need further research: (1) SSA typologies, (2) accuracy, (3) role of expertise, (4) SSA and teacher/curricular expectations, and (5) effects of SSA for different students. Five SSA typologies were identified showing that there are different conc...