Erik Haites

A mid-century net zero target creates a challenge for reducing the emissions of emissions-intensive, trade-exposed sectors with high cost mitigation options. These sectors include aluminium, cement, chemicals, iron and steel, lime, pulp and paper and petroleum refining. Available studies agree that decarbonization of these sectors is possible by mi...

The direct capture of carbon dioxide from the environment is increasingly becoming an urgent necessity to mitigate the worst effects of climate change. However, the high energy demands require creative implementation strategies to minimize the diversion of already-stretched conventional resources toward this cause. To alleviate these issues, creati...

Carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETSs) to limit emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are increasingly common. At the end of 2015, 17 GHG ETSs were operational in 55 jurisdictions, and 18 jurisdictions collected at least one carbon tax. This paper assesses the performance of carbon taxes and ETSs with respect to environmental effectivenes...

Systematic evidence relating to the performance of carbon pricing – carbon taxes and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading systems (ETSs) – is sparse. In 2015, 17 ETSs were operational in 55 jurisdictions while 18 jurisdictions collected a carbon tax. The papers in this special thematic section review the performance of many of these instruments o...

Two emissions trading systems ( ETS ) are linked if a participant in one system can use an allowance or a credit issued by either system for compliance. Linking ETS offers a number of potential benefits including, lower overall compliance cost, price protection, greater liquidity in the allowance market, and reduced emissions leakage. It is useful...

Geothermal, Hydro, Solar and Wind projects located in developing (4808 CDM projects) and developed (2952 Annex I projects) are compared in terms of size (capacity - MWe), capital intensity (US$/MWe) and average investment (US$ per project). The average investment in both CDM and Annex I projects increased rapidly between 2000 and 2012. Most investm...

The prevalence of technology transfer (TT) for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects is analysed, based on information in the project design documents (PDDs) of 3949 projects registered as of 31 March 2012. Responses to a follow-up survey indicate that the PDD statements that concern TT are reasonably accurate and at least 39% of the related p...

Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has assessed mitigation options for the past 20 years. This paper reviews its assessments of bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean energy, solar, wind, nuclear, and carbon capture and storage (CCS), respectively, over that period. The assessments of hydropower, nuclear, and geoth...

Low carbon technology transfer to developing countries has been both a lynchpin of, and a key stumbling block to a global deal on climate change. This book brings together for the first time in one place the work of some of the world's leading contemporary researchers in this field. It provides a practical, empirically grounded guide for policy mak...

The United Nations General Assembly declared 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for All”, officially recognising the urgent need to put energy at the centre of the global development agenda. In parallel, a strong international policy effort is being made to achieve the goal of universal energy access to modern energy services by 203...

Energy poverty is widely recognized as a major obstacle to economic and social development and poverty alleviation. To help inform the design of appropriate and effective policies to reduce energy poverty, we present a brief analysis of the current macro financial flows in the electricity and gas distribution sectors in developing countries. We bui...

This paper examines implementation of the Kyoto Protocol without Russia. It concludes that implementation without Russia is possible, although it requires political will on the part of the countries that wish to proceed with the Protocol. It would lead to higher compliance costs for Annex B buyer regions, but other regions, except Russia, would ben...

Within a few decades, tens of billions, and possibly over a hundred billion, dollars will be needed for climate change adaptation in developing countries. In recent international climate negotiations, US$100 billion per year by 2020 was pledged by developed countries for mitigation and adaptation. Even if this pledge is realized, it is not clear th...

Keeping the global temperature increase below 2 degrees C will require concerted mitigation action by both, developed and developing countries. In the UN Framework Convention, the Kyoto Protocol and the Copenhagen Accord, developed countries have an obligation to provide finance for mitigation measures in developing countries. Estimates of incremen...

Significantly increasing access to modern energy services in developing countries requires strong and immediate action. Energy access is crucial to enhance economic and social development, reduce poverty, and contribute to international security. To help provide clarity in this area, support political decision making, and inform the design of finan...

The clean development mechanism (CDM) contributes to technology transfer by financing emission reduction projects using technologies not available in the host countries. This paper provides the most comprehensive analysis of technology transfer in the CDM to-date, covering 3296 registered and proposed projects. Roughly 36% of the projects accountin...

Linking emissions trading schemes allows the combined emissions cap to be achieved at lower cost. Linking is usually environmentally neutral, but some design features can lead to higher aggregate emissions if schemes are linked. Technical solutions to limit the potential emissions increases due to design differences implemented when schemes are lin...

Linking emissions trading schemes has attracted interest as a means of reducing costs and expanding market size and liquidity. A number of studies have explored the compatibility of schemes, although little attention has been devoted to the implementation of links. Most trading schemes provide for unilateral recognition of certified emission reduct...

This article was submitted without an abstract, please refer to the full-text PDF file.

This article was submitted without an abstract, please refer to the full-text PDF file.

International aviation and shipping emissions are large and growing rapidly. They may be regulated by domestic emissions trading schemes or by trading schemes established by the relevant international organizations. Under a domestic trading scheme, the international aviation/shipping sector would be linked to the other sectors covered by the scheme...

A number of greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes have been implemented or proposed for Canada, the USA and Mexico. Links between those schemes make sense, given the close economic ties between the countries. All of the existing and proposed schemes, except Alberta's, include provisions for unilateral use of credits and/or allowances from other...

Past, current and proposed emissions trading schemes include allowance banking provisions that range from no banking to unlimited banking. Some schemes establish a maximum lifetime, 2 to 10 years, for allowances and so limit the scope for banking. Allowance banking and life provisions affect environmental performance, economic efficiency and emitte...

Technology development and transfer is an important feature of both the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol. Although the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) does not have an explicit technology transfer mandate, it may contribute to technology transfer by financing emission reduction projects using t...

The Kyoto Protocol, if it enters into force, will establish international emissions trading for quota that can be used for compliance with Protocol commitments. Concern that the non-compliance regime might not be sufficient to deter overselling led to adoption of the commitment period reserve requirement. This paper analyses the commitment period r...

The deployment of carbon capture and sequestration (CC&S) technologies is greatly affected by the marginal cost of controlling carbon emissions (also the value of carbon, when emissions permits are traded). Both the severity and timing of emissions limitations and the degree to which emissions limitation obligations can be traded will affect the va...

Policies adopted by Annex B Parties to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are likely to increase costs for industries vulnerable to international competition in domestic or export markets. Domestic emissions trading, by enabling the aggregate emissions target to be met at least cost, helps to reduce the adverse impacts on these industries....

This articles begins with a description of the regulatory programmes: the programme for ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in Canada and the forthcoming programme for NOx and SOx emissions by electricity generators in Ontario. Next the voluntary pilot programmes and described: the pilot emission-reduction trading programme (PERT) in Ontario and the G...

This chapter analyzes possible strategies of Kyoto Protocol Parties to induce the United States to adopt a more stringent greenhouse gas target in 2010. Possible strategies analyzed are trade measures, adoption of developing country commitments, and sharing the benefits of research spending. Each potential strategy has a benefit or cost to the Unit...

To reduce the risk of overselling in the context of international greenhouse gas trading under the Kyoto Protocol, Parties have agreed to a commitment period reserve requirement. The commitment period reserve requires each Annex B Party to hold in its national registry quota equal to the lower of (a) X% of five times the Party's most recently revie...

The Kyoto Protocol to the climate convention makes provision for sink enhancement activities to contribute to meeting the greenhouse gas emissions limitation commitments of industrialised countries. This paper analyses the potential contribution of sink enhancement activities to meeting commitments of industrialised countries. Six scenarios coverin...

To reduce the costs of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the Kyoto protocol, international trades of emissions quotas are allowed. The revenue from the sale of quotas may exceed the sanctions for non-compliance if these penalties are weak or poorly enforced. Under these circumstances emissions trading enables a country to benef...

The Kyoto Protocol allows a group of Annex B countries to fulfill their emissions limitation commitments jointly by forming a “bubble” equal to their collective commitment. Annex B countries, whether members of a bubble or not, can use the Kyoto mechanisms to help meet their emissions limitation commitments. I argue that Kyoto mechanism rules shoul...

This article examines the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) defined by the Kyoto Protocol. It examines the substantive, procedural and institutional issues raised by the CDM in the light of decisions adopted by the fourth Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change held in Buenos Aires. The article suggests practical...

This paper assesses the suitability of different sources of non-energy greenhouse gases for emissions trading. Different forms of emissions trading are defined and criteria for determining whether a source is suitable for emissions trading are proposed. The suitability for emissions trading is assessed for: methane (CH4) from oil and gas production...

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change calls for ``stabilization of greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system...''. A standard baseline scenario, that assumes no policy intervention to limit greenhouse-gas emissions has 10TW (10 × 101...

Large, irreversible changes in climate may have a major effect on the economies of the world. The social costs of climate change will vary dramatically from country to country. This landmark assessment from Working Group III of the IPCC addresses the costs of climate change, both in terms of society and equity issues, and the economic burden of com...

The papers suggest that limiting global emissions of greenhouse gases to current levels over the next 20 to 40 years would be a very challenging target. Energy efficiency improvement is the most cost-effective means of limiting greenhouse gas emissions over this period. However, the sectoral papers suggest that the growth in demand for energy servi...

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The United Nations Environment Program and the World Meterological Organization set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to provide an authoritative international consensus of scientific opinion on climate change. This report, prepared by IPCC Working Groups I and II, reviews the latest scientific evidence on the followin...

Calcul et etude comparative des couts de trois scenarios de politique energetique : absence de controle des emissions de CO 2 , stabilisation des emissions en l'an 2000 et reduction de 60% des emissions par rapport a celles de 1990, en 2050

Over the past several years state utility regulators have become increasingly concerned with the environmental externalities associated with electricity generation. Currently, 26 states have requirements in place, although these vary considerably in scope and complexity. The vast majority apply only to the selection of new resources; the most detai...

This paper considers cost-effective policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. At the international level, tradeable carbon emission allowances are proposed. Domestically, tradeable allowances for carbon dioxide are proposed for large sources, while a carbon tax, linked to the market price of allowances, is suggested for small sources. Trading of...

Growing public and scientific concern over the prospects of climate change – the greenhouse effect - have led to calls to reduce CO 2 emissions by approximately 20 percent from 1988 levels by the year 2005. Studies of ways to achieve such reductions in Canada were undertaken by The DPA Group and ROBBERT Associates. This paper examines the implicati...

Transport and Economy: The Turnpike Roads of Eighteenth Century Britain. By PawsonEric. New York, Academic Press, 1977. Pp. xx + 407. $18.75. Canal Ports: The Urban Achievement of the Canal Age. By Douglas PorteousJ.. New York, Academic Press, 1977. Pp. xviii + 250. $14.65. - Volume 52 Issue 3 - Erik Haites

This paper analyzes 1850 cost data for a sample of 36 steamboats operating on five routes. The results indicate no economies or diseconomies of scale. Substantial differences in the cost per ton-mile are found between routes. These differences are largely explained by differences in capacity utilization.

This study indicates that profit rates in western river steamboating were typical of the returns earned in other antebellum business activities, and that returns were much higher on tributary than on trunk steamboating routes.

Estimates of costs and revenues for steamboating in the Louisville-New Orleans trade indicate that after the 1820's the steamboat transport market experienced the long–run equilibrium characteristic of purely competitive industries.

Thesis--Purdue University. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-209). Photocopy of typescript.

13 atmosphere, approximately 40% of total North American emissions in 2003 and 10% of total global 14 emissions. Electricity generation is responsible for most (90-95%) of North America's energy 15 extraction and conversion emissions. 16 • Carbon dioxide emissions from energy extraction and conversion in North America are currently rising. 17